共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 207 毫秒
1.
生物多样性对生态系统功能及其稳定性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
生物多样性导致生态系统功能优化学说、组分有机体功能特点决定生态系统功能观点及一些中间观点的提出使生态学界对生物多样性与生态系统功能之间关系的研究结果各异,但关键种的丧失会严重损害生态系统功能是肯定的。对结构多样性的生态系统来说,关键种能稳定生态系统功能,并在一定程度上缓冲波动带来的压力。生物多样性与生态系统稳定性间关系的研究亦未形成共识,一般看法是生物多样性降低会导致生态系统稳定性下降。但也有与之不同的看法,认为多样性与稳定性间无任何关系。对局部多样性、区域多样性及全球范围内生物多样性改变及其相应保护措施的研究比较后认为,应为不同物种提供适合其繁殖条件的局部试验地块,用个体小的物种来控制区域生物多样性及通过各种自然试验方法增加不同范围内的生物多样性。 相似文献
2.
农业系统中生物多样性利用的研究现状与未来思考 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
"现代农业"生产力高,但生物多样性简单化、生物之间的相互作用及其生态学效应常常被忽略,其生产力的稳定性主要依赖于化学肥料、农药、灌溉和高产品种等的投入。传统农业则是利用当地生物多样性(物种多样性和遗传多样性)和生物之间的相互作用来产出食物和维持系统的稳定。因而现代农业能否借鉴传统农业对生物多样性利用的经验,将工业化模式的现代农业转换为生物多样性利用与现代技术相结合的农业受到关注。本文分析了农业系统中生物多样性的特点及农业方式对农业生物多样性的影响;综述了农业系统中生物多样性利用模式与效应方面的研究进展;讨论了在现代农业系统中,利用生物多样性需要开展的研究,即区域上如何布局农业景观多样性,农田内如何根据生物之间的互惠关系配置物种多样性的种养体系,如何建设与生物多样性利用相应的田间设施和发展新型的农业机械、并建立以信息化为基础的管理体系。 相似文献
3.
生物多样性与生态农业 总被引：21，自引：7，他引：21
冯耀宗 《中国生态农业学报》2002,10(3):5-7
根据数十年在云南所做的试验以及目前国际研究动态，阐述了生物多样性与生态农业之间的关系，生物多样性与农业生态系统的诸多功能如生产力、稳定性及病虫害发生等有密切的关系，故生物多样性对生态农业及农业可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。 相似文献
4.
为了科学地分析黄土高原人类活动与生物多样性的关系,对黄土高原生物多样性保护与生态环境质量改善提供科学依据。基于2000年、2010年、2018年土地利用遥感数据,借助人类活动强度模型测度研究区人类活动强度的时空分异特征,并结合多源遥感数据采用生境质量、物种多样性以及景观格局指数构建综合生物多样性指数,综合运用相关性分析和双变量空间自相关模型,探究了黄土高原人类活动与生物多样性的空间关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2018年,黄土高原人类活动强度整体呈减弱趋势,空间上以太原—西安轴线为界,轴线以西的区域人类活动强度偏低,以东的区域人类活动强度偏高;(2)2000—2018年黄土高原地区的综合生物多样性指数基本保持稳定,无剧烈变化; 生物多样性具有明显空间异质性,呈现出西北高、东部低的空间格局;(3)2000—2018年,黄土高原人类活动与生物多样性在空间上呈现显著负相关,二者之间有着显著的空间集聚效应,说明人类活动对黄土高原地区的生物多样性产生较大的负面影响。综上,整个黄土高原生物多样性基本保持稳定,但受人类活动强度影响仍然较大。 相似文献
5.
近年来随着民众对良好生态环境和优质食品需求的增加,生态农场在我国蓬勃兴起。如何设计和建造生态农场成为新的研究领域。其中将生物多样性和生态系统服务整合到生态农场设计被认为是保障生态农场可持续生产的关键。本研究在回顾生态农场发展历程,分析生态农场中生物多样性的内涵,总结生态农场的景观结构、生物多样性和生态系统服务的关系及其应用的基础上,提出了以提升和利用生物多样性和生态系统服务为目标的生态农场景观结构优化的设计原则。研究建议生态农场的景观设计应主要包括农场与周围景观的关系、种植系统设计和有益生物栖息地的保护和重建3方面的内容,并具体提出了每个方面需遵循的一般设计原则。同时,研究以我国南方水稻主产区新建水稻生态农场设计为例,印证了上述原则和方法在实践中的可行性。研究表明,为了更好地将生物多样性整合到生态农场建设中,未来需要深入认识生物多样性及其生态功能,认识生物多样性与农业产量和收益的关系,开发利用能够促进有益生物多样性和生态系统服务的功能植物,并推动生态农场实施生物多样性保护的生态补偿政策的制定。本研究对推动将生物多样性保护和生态服务管理整合到生态农场设计提供了方法指导和实证,对生态农场的发展建设具有参考借鉴意义。 相似文献
6.
在对青海湖高寒湿地进行群落调查的基础上,研究了在群落梯度上高寒湿地的生物多样性与生产力的关系,并探讨了在同一区域内环境的整体性对高寒湿地的生物多样性与生产力关系的影响。运用SPSS软件进行曲线拟合,研究了青海湖内陆高寒湿地物种多样性和地上生物量的关系。研究结果表明,(1)无论是在群落尺度上还是在区域尺度上物种多样性指数与地上生物量呈显著的负相关。(2)在研究区内区域因素对物种多样性和生产力的影响较弱,但如果保持区域环境的整体性则可以有效地提高物种多样性和生产力的相关程度。 相似文献
7.
论生物多样性及其与水土保持和发展小流域经济的关系唐德富（东北农业大学，哈尔滨１５００３０）生物多样性是人类赖以生存的基础。保护生物多样性就意味着保护人类现在和将来可以利用的生物资源。所以，保护生物多样性已经成为全球重大环境保护问题之一，越来越引起国际... 相似文献
8.
生物多样性与生态系统功能一直是生态学研究的一个热点。近些年来的研究表明,植物多样性除了影响陆地生态系统地上部分的初级生产力等生态系统功能,还会间接影响地下生物多样性及土壤生态系统过程。本文概述了植物多样性对土壤动物的影响及其主要机制,归纳了植物多样性通过改变输入土壤中的资源数量与资源多样性、微生境结构、土壤环境因子等影响土壤动物的途径。目前关于土壤动物群落对植物多样性的响应仍存在很多问题和争议,本文总结了需要进一步深入研究的方向,特别指出了要加强研究影响植物多样性与土壤动物关系的生物与非生物因子、后续的生态效应和反馈、不同机制和途径的贡献定量化等。 相似文献
9.
农田边界与生物多样性研究进展 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
本文综述了农田边界内涵和不同类型农田边界的特点及其生物多样性保护的关系,并依据对生物的保护功能和管理方法,可以把农田边界分成昆虫栖息地、保育边行、作物边界、休耕边界、无植被边界、开花植被边界及无作物野生生物边界。同时根据我国耕地资源和农田特点,提出研究农田边界生态学功能的必要性和进一步研究方向;即：边界生态系统与其生物多样性维持的关系,边界的植被结构与有害生物的关系,边界杂草种群和群落与节肢动物的关系,边界内生物的食物链关系,边界的管理措施。 相似文献
10.
生物多样性的3个层次都与粮食安全有密切的关系,但世界生物多样性正面临威胁,将严重影响全球的粮食安全。所以从维护粮食安全的角度出发,首先应在思想上重视对生物多样性的保护,其次通过发展有机农业,用市场机制引导生物农药的使用,加强农业新技术的推广与应用,加强对外来物种的控制等手段保护生物的多样性,为维护粮食安全创造一个良好的环境基础。 相似文献
11.
J.A. Puppim de Oliveira O. Balaban C.N.H. Doll R. Moreno-Peñaranda A. Gasparatos D. Iossifova A. Suwa 《Biological conservation》2011,(5):1302-1313
City governments are fundamental to implement international environmental agreements, such as the convention on biological diversity (CBD). Even though many of them are not directly involved in the negotiation of international agreements, which are signed by national governments, most of those agreements are in fact implemented at the city level. The importance of city governance to tackle the challenges of biodiversity loss has increased as urban population has grown enormously in the last decades, particularly in developing countries. The way cities are designed, planned and governed influences the magnitude of their direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity.This paper analyzes the relationship between cities, local governance and biodiversity. Initially, we examine the relationships between cities and biodiversity by looking at the major influences cities have on biodiversity loss or conservation within and outside the city boundaries, as well as the benefits of biodiversity conservation to cities, such as the provision of ecosystem services. The paper then moves to understand what are the main urban processes and governance mechanisms that can be improved to make cities effective to implement the directives of the CBD.Urbanization creates new challenges for biodiversity conservation. As a large part of the world’s population moves from rural to urban areas, there are changes in the link between human activities and biodiversity, and consequently to the way we should think biodiversity conservation policies. However, scarce attention has been given to understand how to make cities more biodiversity friendly, both within the urban fabric, but particularly in faraway places. 相似文献
12.
Conservation biology is mainly interested in prioritizing sites on the basis of their high biodiversity. Although species richness is a commonly used criterion, it does not take other crucial aspects of identifying conservation priority sites into account, such as rarity or taxonomic distinctness. Additionally, management efforts are usually focused on the conservation of a small number of species, mainly vertebrates. However, the biodiversity patterns of these faunal groups and the main factors which determine them cannot be generalized to other faunal groups (e.g. aquatic invertebrates). Therefore, the objectives of the present study are: (1) to compare the response of 11 biodiversity metrics in order to know which ones are redundant, (2) to identify key environmental factors for biodiversity, and (3) to find out whether sites with high biodiversity values also have a good habitat condition and high protection status. The study was done at assemblage level (crustaceans and insects) in 91 wetlands in the NE Iberian Peninsula. Regression tree models were used to identify the key factors influencing biodiversity, including water, wetland and landscape characteristics as explanatory variables. Generalized Linear models were used to establish the relationship between biodiversity metrics and protection status and habitat condition. The results obtained by the two sampled seasons were compared. Conductivity was the main factor influencing biodiversity metrics. Positive significant relationships were found between some biodiversity metrics and wetland habitat condition, whereas there were none for protection status, indicating the inadequacy of conservation policies to protect wetland aquatic invertebrate biodiversity. 相似文献
13.
Xiaoli Shen Sheng Li Nyima Chen Shengzhi Li William J. McShea Zhi Lu 《Biological conservation》2012,145(1):160-170
A positive relationship between traditional cultures and biodiversity exists worldwide, but when traditional and formal conservation institutions coexist, how they interact and affect biodiversity remains poorly studied. From 2005 to 2007, we studied the relationship between Tibetan traditional practices and biodiversity. Specifically, how traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and scientific ecological knowledge (SEK) affect local biodiversity by affecting people’s attitudes and behaviors towards conservation. We interviewed 331 villagers in nine Tibetan villages in Sichuan Province, China. We used proxy questions to measure the traditional practices, TEK, SEK, conservation attitudes and behaviors of village residents. Meanwhile, we assessed the bird diversity around the villages by stratified sampling and point counts. The results indicate traditional practices exhibited a strong positive correlation with TEK, but a negative correlation with formal education and SEK. The villagers with high traditional practices had more positive attitudes towards conservation and more actively participated in conservation than villagers with low traditional practices, and villagers with medium traditional practices were the least concerned about, or participated in, conservation activities. Bird species richness, abundance, and the Shannon–Wiener diversity index were positively correlated with the traditional practice index of each village. The results of a negative binomial regression showed the traditional practice index was a positive correlative factor of bird species richness, while formal education was not a significant variable, after controlling for other potential sampling and environment factors. Government-sponsored conservation education was somewhat successful in raising people’s environmental awareness, but these efforts have yet to correlate with enhanced biodiversity measures. 相似文献
14.
《Biological conservation》2005,122(2):263-273
Conservation initiatives are failing to arrest the global loss of biodiversity. From our mechanistic studies of ecology and economics, we suggest that for grazing lands the root cause of this failure is a powerful economic deterrent to measures designed to protect diversity. We identify an exponential relationship between monetary returns and intensification of farming methods over an extremely wide range of grassland productivities and farm systems. At intermediate to high levels of fertility, however, this exponential increase in financial benefit from intensification is associated with a decline in biodiversity and an acceleration of the ecological processes driving species losses from grassland ecosystems. 相似文献
15.
Nico Eisenhauer Karen Yee Mark Maraun Daniela Straube 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(2):462-465
The current decline in biodiversity is particularly pronounced in the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems. We explored the relationship between a naturally occurring plant diversity gradient in the understory vegetation of a deciduous forest and several above-and belowground ecosystem processes. We show that particularly soil microbial parameters and microarthropod densities are positively correlated with plant species richness. These results confirm recent findings in grassland ecosystems and highlight the intimate interconnectance between the diversity and functioning of above-and belowground compartments. We conclude that irrespective of a potential causal relationship between plant species richness and belowground processes, it is essential to consider the performance of soil biota in order to understand the relationship between herbaceous layer composition and ecosystem function. 相似文献
16.
农牧交错区地形土壤因子与植物群落关系研究——以丰宁小坝子为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对河北丰宁小坝子地区沙地植被恢复过程中植物与土壤环境性质进行了研究,选取15个指标,分别代表植被群落、地形因子和土壤性质。利用多元统计方法,对选取的指标进行了主成分分析和典范相关分析。结果表明沙漠化地区在植被恢复初期的植物多样性较低,土壤环境因子与物种多样性存在相关性,植被、地形和土壤因子相互影响:植被特征影响土壤理化性质的动态变化,反过来地形和土壤性质影响植被的分布和数量以及群落的结构。多元统计结果显示,地形、土壤养分与水分表现出较大的因子贡献率。不同因子指标集团的典范相关分析表明,坡位影响植被盖度,物种丰富度与土壤理化性质关系密切。 相似文献
17.
Byron J. Adams Richard D. Bardgett Diana H. Wall Stuart Bamforth Craig Cary Laurie Connell Jack W. Fell Ian D. Hogg Anthony O’Donnell Rodney D. Seppelt 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(10):3003-3018
Understanding the relationship between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is critical to predicting and monitoring the effects of ecosystem changes on important soil processes. However, most of Earth's soils are too biologically diverse to identify each species present and determine their functional role in food webs. The soil ecosystems of Victoria Land (VL) Antarctica are functionally and biotically simple, and serve as in situ models for determining the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem processes. For a few VL taxa (microarthropods, nematodes, algae, mosses and lichens), species diversity has been intensively assessed in highly localized habitats, but little is known of how community assemblages vary across broader spatial scales, or across latitudinal and environmental gradients. The composition of tardigrade, rotifer, protist, fungal and prokaryote communities is emerging. The latter groups are the least studied, but potentially the most diverse. Endemism is highest for microarthropods and nematodes, less so for tardigrades and rotifers, and apparently low for mosses, lichens, protists, fungi and prokaryotes. Much of what is known about VL diversity and distribution occurs in an evolutionary and ecological vacuum; links between taxa and functional role in ecosystems are poorly known and future studies must utilize phylogenetic information to infer patterns of community assembly, speciation, extinction, population processes and biogeography. However, a comprehensive compilation of all the species that participate in soil ecosystem processes, and their distribution across regional and landscape scales is immediately achievable in VL with the resources, tools, and expertise currently available. We suggest that the soil ecosystems of VL should play a major role in exploring the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and in monitoring the effects of environmental change on soil processes in real time and space. 相似文献
18.
北京山区生物多样性分析与碳储量评估 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
基于森林资源二类调查数据,应用InVEST模型对北京山区生物多样性和碳储量进行了评估和估算,并讨论了二者之间的相互关系。结果表明,在所有森林生态类型中,单位面积生物多样性得分最高的是天然桦树林,为0.76;得分最小是人工油松林,为0.49。北京山区总碳储量为49 193 742t,总碳储量最大的是人工经济林,为10 402 900t;得分最小的是天然针叶林,为423 132t。各森林类型的单位面积平均碳储量均较高。一般来说,生物多样性较大的森林生态类型碳储量也较大,生物多样性与碳储量有一定的相关性,但并不十分明显。 相似文献