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1.
A one-dimensional mathematical model, termed sediment transport rate-based model, is developed for determining rainfall-induced soil erosion and sediment transport. The model is comprised of (1) the kinematic-wave equation for overland flow, (2) a transport rate-based advection equation for rainfall-induced soil erosion and sediment transport, and (3) a semi-Lagrangian algorithm for numerical solution of the soil erosion and sediment transport equation. A series of soil flume experiments under simulated rainfalls were conducted to simulate the overland flow and sediment transport and to test the sediment transport rate-based model. Numerical results of sediment transport rate-based model indicate that (i) hydrographs display an initial rising limb, followed by a constant discharge and then a recession limb; (ii) sediment transport rate graphs exhibit the distributions similar to the hydrographs; and (iii) sediment concentration graphs show a steep-receding limb followed by a constant distribution and a receding tail. The numerically simulated hydrographs, sediment transport rate and concentration distributions are in good agreement with those measured in laboratory experiments, demonstrating the efficacy of the transport rate-based model. 相似文献
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不同坡度坡面径流输沙能力对集中流流量变化的响应 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
坡面水流的输沙能力是影响土壤侵蚀过程的重要参数之一,加强坡面集中水流输沙能力的研究有助于深入理解集中流发生机理,并为防治集中流侵蚀发生提供科学依据。采用室内集中流放水冲刷试验,以黄土高原典型黄绵土为研究对象,研究了集中流输沙能力与放水流量和坡度以及与单宽流量和坡度之间的关系,同时对集中流水力参数和输沙能力的相应关系进行了研究。结果表明:集中流输沙能力随着坡度和放水流量的增加而增加。多元统计分析建立输沙能力与坡度和放水流量之间的幂函数关系发现坡度指标对输沙能力相对放水流量影响更大,而在坡度和单宽流量作用下,由于集中流在大坡度时汇集作用的影响下,坡度指标影响减小。水流功率是描述集中流输沙能力最好的水动力学参数,其次为单位水流功率和水流剪切力,过水断面单位能描述效果最差。总体来说各水动力学参数均能够较好地拟合描述集中流输沙能力。 相似文献
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The effect of three plant lectins, soybean lectin (SBA), Japanese jack bean lectin (CGA), and wheat germ lectin (WGA), on the transport of various food factors, such as isoflavones, quercetin, dipeptides, and calcium ions, were investigated by use of an intestinal tract model, Caco-2 cell monolayers. The lectins increased the isoflavone transport but had no effect on aglycon transport. SBA increased the transport of quercetin glycosides, whereas CGA and WGA had no effect. The lectins increased the transport of calcium ions but showed no effect on the transport of dipeptides, carnosine, and anserine. Although SBA did not change the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) value of the Caco-2 cell monolayers, CGA and WGA decreased the TER value. These results indicate that plant lectins affect the transport of food factors in different manners, presumably due to their specific sugar binding activity. 相似文献
4.
边界层方法是描述土壤溶质迁移的简单方法,通过边界层距离与时间的关系可以估计溶质迁移参数。基于边界层方法,研究了土壤溶质迁移的数学模拟及相应参数估计问题。假定土壤溶质浓度剖面为指数函数,得到了描述溶质浓度分布的指数函数模型。各参数对边界层距离的影响分析表明,应选取较小的孔隙水流速度、短历时推求土壤溶质迁移参数;对不同模型预测土壤溶质分布进行比较,结果表明,在短距离处指数型解与精确解的误差比其它都要小。误差分析表明了指数函数模型的有效性和实用性。 相似文献
5.
Mechanisms of solute transport affect small-scale abundance and function of soil microorganisms in the detritusphere 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
C. Poll J. Ingwersen M. Stemmer M. H. Gerzabek & E. Kandeler 《European Journal of Soil Science》2006,57(4):583-595
In the detritusphere, particulate organic matter offers new sites for microorganisms, whereas soluble substrates are transported into the adjacent soil. We investigated how mechanisms of solute transport affect microbial abundance and function in the detritusphere. In a first experiment, transport was restricted to diffusion, whereas in a second experiment it was dominated by convection. Two soil moisture contents were established in each experiment. When diffusion was the exclusive transport mechanism, the addition of maize litter induced distinct gradients in enzyme activities, soil organic C content and microbial biomass to a depth of 1.5–2.8 mm. Convection enlarged these gradients to 2.5–3.0 mm. The moisture regime modified the temporal pattern of diffusive C transport, microbial growth and enzyme release by inducing faster transport at large water contents. Convective transport seemed to be unaffected by soil moisture content. Using a convective‐diffusive transport model with first‐order decay, it was possible to simulate the observed activity profiles. The results indicate that the spatial dimension of the detritusphere is governed by the ratio between decay rate of available substrates and transport rate. Bacteria and fungi showed differing utilization strategies as revealed by coupling phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis with stable isotope techniques. Fungi assimilated C directly in the litter, whereas bacteria took up the substrates in the soil and therefore depended more on transport processes than fungi. Our results demonstrate the impact of physicochemical conditions on the abundance and function of microorganisms in the detritusphere. Furthermore, the combination of enzymatic measurements and mathematical transport modelling may offer a new way to measure substrate decay rates in soil. 相似文献
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黄河下游河道输沙功能受自然和人为因素的扰动,对黄河的入海泥沙通量产生深远影响。为探明近年来黄河下游河道输沙功能的演变及其主导因素,基于黄河下游河段各站点2007—2020年实测径流与泥沙资料,计算历年黄河下游河道输沙功能,并结合流域降水、水土保持和引水引沙的变化情况讨论了各因素对输沙功能演变的影响。结果表明:黄河下游河道输沙功能指标在2007—2020年显著下降了约57%,其中花园口—高村段输沙功能指标和其降幅均高于高村—艾山段和艾山—利津段; 黄河下游河道输沙功能演变的主导因素是河床粗化、水土流失综合治理面积增加和引水量增大,三者的相对贡献率分别达37.6%,21.6%,17.5%。河床粗化与引水量增大使输沙功能减弱,与水土流失综合治理对输沙功能的增强作用相反,三者综合作用下黄河下游河道输沙功能近年来呈退化趋势。 相似文献
8.
To improve the predictive capability of transport models in soils we need experimental data that improve their understanding of properties at the scale of pores, including the effect of degree of fluid saturation. All transport occurs in the same soil pore space, so that one may intuitively expect a link between the different transport coefficients and key geometrical characteristics of the pores such as tortuosity and connectivity, and pore‐size distribution. To understand the combined effects of pore geometry and pore‐size distribution better, we measured the effect of degree of water saturation on hydraulic conductivity and bulk soil electrical conductivity, and of degree of air saturation on air conductivity and gaseous diffusion for a fine sand and a sandy loam soil. To all measured data were fitted a general transport model that includes both pore geometry and pore‐size distribution parameters. The results show that both pore geometry and pore‐size distribution determine the functional relations between degree of saturation, hydraulic conductivity and air conductivity. The control of pore size on convective transport is more for soils with a wider pore‐size distribution. However, the relative contribution of pore‐size distribution is much larger for the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity than for gaseous phase transport. For the other transport coefficients, their saturation dependency could be described solely by the pore‐geometry term. The contribution of the latter to transport was much larger for transport in the air phase than in the water phase, supporting the view that connectivity dominates gaseous transport. Although the relation between effective fluid saturation and all four relative transport coefficients for the sand could be described by a single functional relation, the presence of a universal relationship between fluid saturation and transport for all soils is doubtful. 相似文献
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Takaishi N Yoshida K Satsu H Shimizu M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(13):5253-5259
Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) is used in dietary supplements or food with antioxidative functions. The mechanism for the intestinal absorption of alpha-lipoic acid was investigated in this study by using human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. LA was rapidly transported across the Caco-2 cell monolayers, this transport being energy-dependent, suggesting transporter-mediated transport to be the mechanism involved. The LA transport was strongly dependent on the pH value, being accelerated in the acidic pH range. Furthermore, such monocarboxylic acids as benzoic acid and medium-chain fatty acids significantly inhibited LA transport, suggesting that a proton-linked monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) was involved in the intestinal transport of LA. The conversion of LA to the more antioxidative dihydrolipoic acid was also apparent during the transport process. 相似文献
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M. Yavuz Corapcioglu Jason R. Vogel Clyde L. Munster Suresh D. Pillai Scot Dowd Sookyun Wang 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2006,169(1-4):47-65
The occurrence of human enteric viruses in ground water has been well documented in the literature. Bacteriophages such as MS-2 and PRD1 have properties similar to pathogenic human viruses suggesting that bacteriophages can be used as proxies for virus transport. The objective of this study is to investigate a “worst case scenario” for virus transport in a ground water aquifer, i.e., sand and gravel aquifer under a forced-gradient, by using bacteriophages. Field studies have been conducted to trace large-scale (34 m) and small-scale (10 m) virus transport under natural- and forced-gradients through a sand and gravel aquifer at a ground water research site at the Texas A&M University. Virus transport was monitored under natural and forced-gradient conditions using MS-2 and PRD-1 as virus tracers and bromide as a conservative tracer. Results indicate virus and bromide transport to down-gradient monitoring wells in both the large- and small-scale field tests. During the tests conducted, MS-2 transport appears to exhibit little longitudinal dispersion, showing a narrow peak at the well nest 34 m down-gradient in 13 days which is 20 days before the bromide breakthroughs, indicating that bacteriophage transport through the aquifer was mainly by advective flow. Differences in tracer transport can be attributed to the heterogeneity of the sand and gravel aquifer at the site, different injection methods, different sampling methods, and different tracer properties. Heterogeneity of the aquifer would cause virus transport through preferential flow paths. 相似文献
13.
黄土坡面细沟水流输沙能力变化特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
水流输沙能力是土壤侵蚀过程极其重要的参数之一,精确计算细沟水流输沙能力可以有效揭示细沟侵蚀过程机理,为建立坡面细沟侵蚀过程模型奠定重要基础。采用细沟水槽试验方法对黄土坡面细沟水流输沙能力变化特征进行研究。结果表明:不同坡度下,细沟水流输沙能力随流量增加而平缓增大,可用幂函数方程很好地描述;不同流量下,细沟水流输沙能力随坡度的增加而增大,可以用指数方程很好地描述;细沟水流输沙能力随流量及坡度变化的因子模型为二元幂函数方程,其中流量对细沟水流输沙能力的影响大于坡度的影响;ANSWERS模型中的输沙能力方程不能用于计算黄土陡坡细沟水流输沙能力。 相似文献
14.
The effect of gypsum amendment on transport of phosphorus (P) in a Pineda sand (loamy, silicious, hyperthermic Arenic Glossaqualf) was investigated in a leaching column experiment. Phosphorus was either placed on the surface of the soil or mixed with the surface 2 cm depth of soil in the column. Gypsum amendment decreased the transport of P in soil. Compared to the unamended soil, transport of P decreased by 35 and 54% in soils amended with 4.5 and 9.0 M.T./ha gypsum, respectively. The transport of P was further decreased by 74% when P was premixed with the surface 2 cm of soil. The transport of P was not influenced by the SO4 ion from gypsum amendment. Instead, formation of Ca-P precipitate appeared to be responsible for the decreased transport of P in the gypsum-amended soil. 相似文献
15.
河流输沙过程变化对河流系统的功能发挥具有重要意义,因此探究嘉陵江流域输沙时空变化及其驱动因素,对嘉陵江流域进一步治理具有重要指导作用。基于嘉陵江流域实测降雨输沙资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt突变检验分析输沙时空变化特征,采用双累积曲线法定量分析了典型区间内水文站点气候变化与人类活动对输沙变化贡献率。结果表明：嘉陵江流域各子流域年代输沙模数整体呈减少趋势,2007—2015年,仅武都—碧口区间输沙模数高达3 323.48 t/(km2·a)。典型区间内北碚、武胜、罗渡溪、小河坝4站1960—2015年输沙量呈极显著下降趋势,分别以3.40×106,1.80×106,4.0×105,3.40×105t/a的速率下降,以水土保持与水利工程措施为主的人类活动减沙贡献率为75.93%～96.43%,其输沙序列分别于1990年、1990年、1988年、1984年发生极显著突变。嘉陵江流域各子流域年代输沙模数整体呈减少趋势,干流修建多座大型控制性水库对河道输沙的影... 相似文献
16.
Henning Kage 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1997,160(2):171-178
Relative contribution of mass flow and diffusion to nitrate transport towards roots Experimental data from a field experiment with oats and faba beans were used to quantify the contribution of mass flow to nitrate transport towards roots. Two different approaches were used. The first was the calculation of apparent mass flow from average nitrate concentration and water uptake rate. The second was the computation of the increase of nitrate transport rate caused by mass flow. This was done using a mathematical model for nutrient transport. A comparison was made for a reference situation of transport by diffusion only. Calculation of apparent mass flow resulted in a nitrate transport to faba bean roots of 88 and 42 kg N-ha?1 in 1982 and 1983, respectively. This accounted for 27 and 16% of total N accumulation of the faba bean shoots. For oats a transport of 38 and 23 kg N-ha?1 by mass flow was calculated. These values correspond to 30 and 16% of total N uptake of oats in both years. The model calculations, however, showed that apparent mass flow overestimated the contribution of mass flow drastically when the nitrate concentration at the root surface is much lower than the average nitrate concentration of the soil solution as was found for faba beans in the soil layer 40–60 cm depth. In that case apparent mass flow overestimated the real increase of nitrate transport to roots by mass flow by a factor of 2.7. Under the given conditions diffusion was the more important process involved in the nitrate transport towards roots. The increase in maximum nitrate transport rate towards roots is much lower than apparent mass flow. 相似文献
17.
基于GRNN的坡面径流输沙能力模型的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
坡面径流输沙能力是建立土壤侵蚀过程模型的重要水力学参数,研究定量计算坡面径流输沙能力的实用模型具有重要的理论和实践意义.通过室内模拟径流冲刷试验,计算不同坡度和流量条件下的裸地坡面径流输沙能力,利用平均影响值(MIV)方法对影响坡面径流输沙能力的因子进行分析,建立以干密度、能坡、进口流量、出口流量、水力半径、流速为输入,以坡面径流输沙能力为输出的广义回归神经网络(GRNN)模型,并应用Adaboost算法对模型进行优化.验证结果表明,所建模型能够用于对坡面径流输沙能力的模拟预测.与BP神经网络模型进行对比分析的结果表明:在试验训练样本条件下,广义回归神经网络(GRNN)模型的模拟预测结果优于BP神经网络模型;Adaboost算法能够有效减小广义回归神经网络(GRNN)模型的模拟预测误差. 相似文献
18.
Agro-chemical transport processes at different scales are discussed and relevant opening question are identified by literature review to make some suggestions concerning the improvement of research methods for filed scale solute transport by aid of evaluation of existing models,and examining transport behaviors of solute in vadose zones on different scales.The results indicate that present research progess and understanding on field scale solute transport have not yet been enough to guarantee the use of our models for the management of field soulte movement.Much more research work needs to be done,particularly,in aspects of high resolution of spatial structures relevant to the hydraulic and transport properties,explicit numerical simulation of actual structure on field scale and field measurement corroborated with model development. 相似文献
19.
坡度和流量对崩积体坡面细沟水流输沙能力的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为探究坡度及流量对崩岗崩积体土壤坡面细沟侵蚀输沙能力的影响,精确计算细沟水流输沙能力,建立坡面细沟输沙能力因子模型,以崩岗崩积体土壤为研究对象,进行室内水槽模拟试验研究。结果表明:(1)不同流量条件下,坡面细沟输沙能力随坡度的增大而增大,且增幅随坡度的增加而增大,可用一元线性方程表示;(2)不同坡度条件下,坡面细沟输沙能力随着流量的增大而增大,可用幂函数表示;(3)崩岗崩积体坡面细沟输沙能力因子模型为二元幂函数方程,其中流量(q)和坡度(S)的指数分别为1.054和0.617,流量对细沟输沙能力的影响大于坡度;(4)通过模型对比发现,Wu模型、ANSWERS模型及Zhang模型方程都无法很好地预测崩岗崩积体坡面细沟输沙能力。 相似文献
20.
温室表层土壤硝态氮运移的水、热耦合效应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨温室作物生产水肥管理和温度环境对土壤NO3--N向表层迁移的影响,选用5 a的温室土壤样品进行土柱蒸发模拟试验,研究蒸发温度、土壤初始含水量、初始NO3--N含量及其耦合效应对温室土壤迁移速率及其垂直剖面分布的影响。试验结果表明:蒸发温度和土壤初始含水量明显影响NO3--N向土壤表层的迁移,并随蒸发温度和土壤初始含水量的增加而加强;通过正交回归分析得出影响NO3--N迁移速率的因素依次为初始含水量、蒸发温度以及温度与含水量的交互作用;土壤初始NO3--N含量以及它与蒸发温度、土壤初始含水量的交互作用对NO3--N迁移速率的影响不显著,但它影响土壤中各层的NO3--N绝对含量;经过5 d蒸发后,NO3--N沿垂直剖面分布出现上高下低,并出现一小的回升后逐渐趋于稳定。本文建立了蒸发条件下NO3--N迁移速率的回归模型,利用该回归模型,可为温室土壤在不同环境及水肥条件下NO3--N向表层迁移速率的预测提供依据。 相似文献