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1.
Ginger oil, obtained by steam distillation of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is used in the beverage and fragrance industries. Ginger oil displays considerable compositional diversity, but is typically characterized by a high content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, including zingiberene, ar-curcumene, beta-bisabolene, and beta-sesquiphellandrene. Australian ginger oil has a reputation for possessing a particular "lemony" aroma, due to its high content of the isomers neral and geranial, often collectively referred to as citral. Fresh rhizomes of 17 clones of Australian ginger, including commercial cultivars and experimental tetraploid clones, were steam distilled 7 weeks post-harvest, and the resulting oils were analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oils of 16 of the 17 clones, including the tetraploid clones and their parent cultivar, were found to be of substantially similar composition. These oils were characterized by very high citral levels (51-71%) and relatively low levels of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons typical of ginger oil. The citral levels of most of these oils exceeded those previously reported for ginger oils. The neral-to-geranial ratio was shown to be remarkably constant (0.61 +/- 0.01) across all 17 clones. One clone, the cultivar "Jamaican", yielded oil with a substantially different composition, lower citral content and higher levels of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Because this cultivar also contains significantly higher concentrations of pungent gingerols, it possesses unique aroma and flavor characteristics, which should be of commercial interest.  相似文献   

2.
[6]-Gingerol is the major pungent principle of ginger and frequently is ingested with various condiments and nutritional supplements. We report here that incubation of [6]-gingerol with NADPH-fortified rat hepatic microsomes gave rise to eight metabolites, which were tentatively identified by GC-MS analysis as two products of aromatic hydroxylation as well as the diastereomers of two aliphatic hydroxylation products and the diastereomers of [6]-gingerdiol. Hepatic microsomes from rats and humans fortified with UDPGA glucuronidated [6]-gingerol predominantly at the phenolic hydroxyl group, but small amounts of a second monoglucuronide involving the aliphatic hydroxyl group were also identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. Human intestinal microsomes formed the phenolic glucuronide only. Supersomes containing human UGT1A1 and 1A3 exclusively generated the phenolic glucuronide, albeit with very low activities, whereas UGT1A9 catalyzed the specific formation of the alcoholic glucuronide and UGT2B7 the predominant formation of the phenolic glucuronide with high activities. Our study indicates a rather complex metabolism of [6]-gingerol, which should be taken into consideration for the multiple biological activities of this compound.  相似文献   

3.
Changes in the yields of the oleoresin and content of pungent bioactive principles: [6], [8], [10] gingerols and [6] shogaol of Jamaican ginger ( Zingiber officinale) were investigated during different stages of maturity (7-9 months). Ethanolic oleoresin extracts were prepared (95%, w/w) by cold maceration of dried ginger powder, and their percentage yields were calculated (w/w). The pungent bioactive principles in the ginger oleoresin were extracted with methanol and quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ginger harvested at 8 months from Bourbon, Portland had the highest oleoresin yield (8.46 +/- 0.46%). [6] Gingerol was found to be the most abundant pungent bioactive principle in all the oleoresin samples investigated, with the 9 months sample from Bourbon, Portland containing the highest level (28.94 +/- 0.39%). The content of [6] gingerols was also found to be consistently high (7-9 months) in oleoresin samples from Johnson Mountain, St. Thomas (15.12 +/- 0.39 to 16.02 +/- 0.95%). The results suggest that Bourbon in Portland may be the most ideal location for cultivating ginger for high yields and quality, however, Johnson Mountain in St. Thomas could prove to be the least restrictive location, allowing for harvesting of good quality material throughout the maturity period (7-9 months).  相似文献   

4.
The pungent principal of galangal [Alpinia galangal (L.) Swartz] rhizomes was isolated and identified as 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (galangal acetate). Galangal acetate exhibits a unique pungent sensation, which is less intense than that of capsaicin and without a lingering effect. Applications of galangal acetate were tested in beverages, sweet goods, dressings, and personal care products. In many applications, galangal acetate is preferred to other pungent ingredients. It can be used as an alcohol enhancer or an alcohol replacer in alcohol and alcohol-free beverages. Galangal acetate is not stable in aqueous solutions and undergoes hydrolysis/isomerization reactions. Therefore, galangal acetate was absent in galangal essential oil obtained by steam distillation. However, galangal acetate was found as one of the major volatile components of the galangal rhizomes by headspace GC analysis. The stability of galangal acetate was studied under various conditions.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
This study has two novel findings: it is not only the first to demonstrate inflammatory cytokines, which are produced by the bronchial epithelium after exposure to phthalate esters and contribute to airway remodeling by increasing human bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMC) migration and proliferation, but it is also the first to reveal that ginger reverses phthalate ester-mediated airway remodeling. Human bronchial epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and HBE135-E6E7 (HBE) were treated with butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP), and the conditioned medium (CM) was harvested and then added to BSMC. Cultures of BSMC with BBP-, BEHP-, DBP-, and DEP-BEAS-2B-CM and DEP-HBE-CM increased BSMC proliferation and migration, which are major features in asthma remodeling. Exposure of BEAS-2B and HBE to DBP caused epithelial cells to produce inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and RANTES, which subsequently induced BSMC proliferation and migration. Depleting both IL-8 and RANTES completely reversed the effect of DBP-BEAS-2B-CM and DBP-HBE-CM-mediated BSMC proliferation and migration, suggesting this effect is a synergistic influence of IL-8 and RANTES. Moreover, [6]-shogaol, [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, and [10]-gingerol, which are major bioactive compounds present in Zingiber officinale , suppress phthalate ester-mediated airway remodeling. This study suggests that ginger is capable of preventing phthalate ester-associated asthma.  相似文献   

7.
For the first time, a sensitive reversed-phase HPLC electrochemical array method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of 8 major ginger components ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol, [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol, [6]-paradol, and [1]-dehydrogingerdione) in 11 ginger-containing commercial products. This method was valid with unrivaled sensitivity as low as 7.3-20.2 pg of limit of detection and a range of 14.5-40.4 pg for the limit of quantification. The levels of 8 ginger components in 11 different commercial products were quantified by use of this method. The results found that both levels and ratios among the 8 compounds vary greatly in commercial products.  相似文献   

8.
Gingerols and their corresponding dehydration products shogaols were considered as the active principles of ginger, the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. Ginger (Z. officinale) has been cultivated for thousands of years as a spice and for medicinal purposes in China. Tongling (Anhui province, China) has traditionally been regarded as an ideal cultivation place. "Tongling White Ginger" enjoys a reputation for being one of the top gingers in China for its thin white peel, tender flesh, rich juice, and flavor. In this study, we have isolated and identified two novel gingerdione dimers, bisgingerdiones A (1) and B (2); two new gingerol derivatives, (5R)-5-acetoxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one (3) and methyl (Z)-neral acetal-[6]-gingerdiol (4); and 38 known compounds (5-42) from rhizomes of Zingiber officinale collected from Tongling, China. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-4 showed weak cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 activities. Compounds 6, 8, and 26 showed inhibitory activities against human and mouse 11β-HSD1 (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases) with IC(50) values between 1.09 and 1.30 μM.  相似文献   

9.
Ginger, black pepper, and chili powder were extracted using near-critical carbon dioxide, propane, and dimethyl ether on a laboratory scale to determine the overall yield and extraction efficiency for selected pungent components. The temperature dependency of extraction yield and efficiency was also determined for black pepper and chili using propane and dimethyl ether. The pungency of the extracts was determined by using an NMR technique developed for this work. The volatiles contents of ginger and black pepper extracts were also determined. Extraction of all spice types was carried out with acetone to compare overall yields. Subcritical dimethyl ether was as effective at extracting the pungent principles from the spices as supercritical carbon dioxide, although a substantial amount of water was also extracted. Subcritical propane was the least effective solvent. All solvents quantitatively extracted the gingerols from ginger. The yields of capsaicins obtained by supercritical CO(2) and dimethyl ether were similar and approximately double that extracted by propane. The yield of piperines obtained by propane extraction of black pepper was low at approximately 10% of that achieved with dimethyl ether and CO(2), but improved with increasing extraction temperature.  相似文献   

10.
Accumulation of bioactive compounds and storage components during developmental stages of mango ginger ( Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome was investigated from 60 to 240 days, as a function of physiological maturity. Four distinct developmental phases were defined, namely, vegetative phase (up to 60 days from planting), initiation and development phase (60-150 days), maturation phase (150-180 days), and senescence phase (180 days). Difurocumenonol, a bioactive terpenoid compound and phenolics were identified as biomarkers, to determine the optimum physiological maturity to harvest mango ginger rhizome. Accumulation of phenolics was observed in newly initiated rhizomes (after 60 days from planting). The phenolic content was high in mango ginger pulp compared to its juice. Newly initiated rhizome contained no difurocumenonol, and it was observed after 120 days after planting. Peak accumulation of phenolics, difurocumenonol, and total protein were noticed in 180 day old rhizome. Accordingly, the abundance of these components on 180 days was set as an optimum maturity standard for harvest of mango ginger rhizome, compared with a conventional harvest period that ranges from 200 to 240 days.  相似文献   

11.
Phenolic acid intake through the consumption of whole-wheat foods provides important health benefits associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular diseases and colon cancer. The genetic variation for phenolic acids was extensively studied in common wheat, but a comprehensive survey in tetraploid wheat is lacking. In this study we evaluated the genetic variability for individual and total phenolic acids concentration existing in a large collection of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). A 2-year evaluation was undertaken on the whole-meal flour of 111 genotypes belonging to seven T. turgidum subspecies including cultivars, landraces and wild accessions. Durum cultivars [T. turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) MacKey], had the highest average concentration of total phenolic acids (828.7 μg g?1 dm in 2012; 834.5 μg g?1 dm in 2013) with amounts varying from 550.9 μg g?1 dm to 1701.2 μg g?1 dm, indicating a variation of greater than threefold fold. The lowest concentration of phenolic acids was found in T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübler) Thell. Rivet wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. turgidum) had phenolic acid concentrations similar to those in durum, but less variation was noted among the accessions. On the other hand, the accessions of the four remaining subspecies showed lower phenolic acid concentrations and variation among the accessions as compared to durum. A total of six phenolic acids were identified across the wheat genotypes. The effects of genotype, year and year × genotype were estimated by ANOVA and resulted significant for all phenolic acids. The ratio of genotypic variance to total variance suggested the possibility of improving phenolic acid content in elite wheat germplasm through appropriate breeding programs. Moreover, significant correlations between phenolic acids and other quality characteristics of the grain were detected.  相似文献   

12.
腐植酸尿素对生姜产量及氮素吸收、同化和品质的影响   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  
在盆栽条件下,利用15N示踪技术研究了腐植酸尿素对生姜氮素吸收、同化和产量品质的影响。试验以莱芜大姜为材料,设5个处理:空白对照、等量腐植酸对照、尿素、腐植酸+尿素、腐植酸尿素。结果表明,施用腐植酸尿素显著增加了生姜植株各器官干重,提高了产量。施用腐植酸尿素增加了根系生物量,增强了根系活力,提高了根系对营养元素的吸收能力。15N示踪试验表明,施用腐植酸尿素后,氮肥利用率显著提高,与等氮量尿素相比,基施提高54.08%,追施提高24.50%,同时促进了生姜植株对土壤氮的吸收。施用腐植酸尿素增强了根系硝酸还原酶活性,提高了收获期植株各器官中氮素含量和氮素积累量,增大了氮素在根茎中的分配比例。施用腐植酸尿素根茎蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量显著提高,姜辣素含量增加,硝酸盐含量降低,品质得到了改善。  相似文献   

13.
Consumption of certain phenolics in the diet is considered beneficial to human health. In this study, individual phenolics were measured by diode-array HPLC at monthly intervals in the peel of Granny Smith, Lady Williams, and Crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees C for 9 months. The concentrations of total phenolics significantly differed among the cultivars examined, with Lady Williams peel having significantly more phenolics (over 4000 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) than Crofton (2668 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) and Granny Smith, which had the lowest concentration of total phenolics (1275 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight). There were also significant differences in individual phenolics among cultivars and during storage. Quercetin glycosides were the only flavonols identified, with quercetin rhamnoglucoside being the most abundant phenolic in the peel. Chlorogenic acid was the major cinnamic acid derivative, with high concentrations, up to 412 microg x g(-1)) peel fresh weight, in Crofton peel. A pre-storage diphenylamine (DPA) treatment had few significant effects on peel phenolic metabolism. Where differences did occur, fruit treated with DPA retained higher concentrations of total peel phenolics during storage than fruit not treated with DPA. Storage of all cultivars for up to 9 months in air at 0 degrees C induced few significant changes in the peel phenolic concentrations. This indicates that phenolic metabolism in apple peel is relatively stable, and the health benefits of phenolics in apple peel should be maintained during long-term storage.  相似文献   

14.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) continues to be used as an important cooking spice and herbal medicine around the world. Scientific research has gradually verified the antidiabetic effects of ginger. Especially gingerols, which are the major components of ginger, are known to improve diabetes including the effect of enhancement against insulin-sensitivity. Aldose reductase inhibitors have considerable potential for the treatment of diabetes, without increased risk of hypoglycemia. The assay for aldose reductase inhibitors in ginger led to the isolation of five active compounds including 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanol (2) and 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanoic acid (3). Compounds 2 and 3 were good inhibitors of recombinant human aldose reductase, with IC50 values of 19.2 +/- 1.9 and 18.5 +/- 1.1 microM, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds significantly suppressed not only sorbitol accumulation in human erythrocytes but also lens galactitol accumulation in 30% of galactose-fed cataract rat model. A structure-activity relationship study revealed that the applicable side alkyl chain length and the presence of a C3 OCH3 group in the aromatic ring are essential features for enzyme recognition and binding. These results suggested that it would contribute to the protection against or improvement of diabetic complications for a dietary supplement of ginger or its extract containing aldose reductase inhibitors.  相似文献   

15.
Antioxidant products such as simple phenolic compounds and avenanthramides in oat (Avena sativa L.) may have health‐promoting effects on humans. Therefore, it is very important to determine simple phenolics and avenanthramide concentrations of different genotypes of oats from different regions of the world. The aim of this research was to determine the concentrations of simple phenolics and avenanthramides of Turkish oat genotypes. According to the results, Turkish oat genotypes were significantly different for three major avenanthramides (Bc, Bp, and Bf) and the simple phenolic, ferulic acid (FA), while not significantly different for p‐coumaric acid (PCA). Ferulic acid concentrations of Turkish oat genotypes were higher than a standard U.S. cultivar, Belle. However, the major avenanthramide concentrations of Turkish oat genotypes were significantly lower than Belle.  相似文献   

16.
A new secoiridoid compound was isolated from the leaves of Olea europaea. This compound, not previously identified, is the bis methylacetal of oleuropein aglycone, the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyl [(2,6-dimethoxy-3-ethylidene)-tetrahydropyran-4-yl]acetate (3,4-DHPEA-DETA), and was found in different olive cultivar phenolic extracts as one of the major secoiridoid components. This compound was shown to be easily transformed in acidic aqueous media into 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, the major polyphenolic compound found in olive oil, and permitted us to increase the yield of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA isolation from the olive leaf extract. The antiradical activity of this new compound, evaluated by scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals, was much higher than the one found for 3,4-DHPEA-EDA or alpha-tocopherol. Results also call to attention the need for a careful identification of compounds by HPLC-MS, usually performed in acidic conditions.  相似文献   

17.
Selected physiological parameters and copper uptake by three chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) cultivars (two tetraploid????Lutea?? and ??Unknown?? and one diploid????Novbona??) exposed to 60 ??M Cu over 7 days were studied. Genome size was 10.6 and 5.5 pg DNA/2C and chromosome number 2n?=?36 and 2n?=?18 in tetraploids and diploid, respectively. Root tissue water content and dry biomass were more reduced in diploid cultivar. Soluble proteins were depressed by Cu excess in all cultivars without respect to ploidy. Lignin accumulation and cinnamylalcohol dehydrogenase activity was the highest in Novbona. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was stimulated in tetraploid but reduced in diploid roots. Diploid contained higher amount of Cu and soluble phenols in both shoots and roots. Sulphur-containing amino acids were stimulated in Cu-exposed shoots independently on ploidy level. Potassium content was more reduced in the diploid cultivar. Our data indicate that induction of phenolic metabolism is faster in diploid cultivar which also contained higher amount of Cu. In this view, polyploidisation is a good tool for the reduction of shoot metal accumulation and growth tolerance to Cu excess. Identity of Czech tetraploid cultivar ??Unknown?? is also discussed.  相似文献   

18.
氮硫配施对生姜生长和氮素吸收的影响   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  
【目的】施肥显著影响生姜的产量及品质,在施氮的基础上合理增施硫肥可通过协调氮代谢的能力,促进干物质的合成与积累,从而提高生姜产量。本文在砂姜黑土区采用田间试验,研究氮硫配施对生姜不同生育期干物质积累、产量及氮素吸收的影响,为提高生姜产量及养分吸收提供理论依据。【方法】试验设置4个N水平(0、300、450、600 kg/hm2)和2个S水平(S 0、50 kg/hm2),在发棵期、根茎膨大期和收获期取样,测定茎、叶及根茎的干物质量及含氮量。【结果】生姜的茎和叶生长主要集中在前期,根茎膨大期时的茎和叶干物质量分别为5.49.3 g/plant和7.0 11.6 g/plant;根茎则在后期快速积累,至收获期时根茎干物质量达20.0 36.8 g/plant。随施氮量的增加,不同生育期茎和叶的干物质量均随之增加。适宜施氮量内,生姜根茎干物质量和产量表现出随施氮量增加而增加的趋势,以N450S50处理最高。相较于N0S0处理和N0S50处理,不同施氮量处理生姜增产率分别在33.1%74.3%和25.4%64.2%之间。同一施氮量下,增施硫肥处理的生姜干物质量和产量较高。氮硫配施对生姜根茎、茎和叶氮含量有不同影响。各器官中叶的氮含量在不同生育时期均高于根茎和茎,其中以根茎膨大期较高,为24.3 28.4 g/kg;而根茎和茎的氮含量均在发棵期较高,分别为18.3 24.5和16.3 22.2 g/kg。不同处理中,根茎氮含量在N600S50处理中较高,而茎和叶氮含量则是在N450S50处理中最高。收获期生姜各器官氮累积量表现为根茎叶茎,其中N450S50处理的根茎氮累积量高于其他处理,而茎和叶中则是N600S50处理的氮累积量最高。整株氮累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,N450S50处理最高,较N0S0处理和N0S50处理分别上升116.2%和99.0%,过量施氮反而降低氮素累积。增施硫肥能提高氮累积量,增加幅度在8.1%15.8%之间。【结论】生姜根茎干物质量主要在根茎膨大期积累,实际生产中在这一时期追施氮、钾肥,对于提高生姜根茎生物量,获得高产具有重要作用。氮和硫存在很强的内在联系,适宜施氮量下增施硫肥能够促进同化产物的形成,使养分向生长旺盛部位转移,从而提高生姜干物质积累和产量,促进植株对氮素的吸收。过量施氮或氮硫比例不合理则会导致产量提升受限。  相似文献   

19.
Saliva flow induced by 6-gingerol (pungent), hydroxy-α/β-sanshools (tingling), and citric acid (sour) was measured, and the time-dependent changes in the whole saliva proteome were analyzed by means of 2D-PAGE, followed by tryptic in-gel digestion and MALDI-TOF-MS peptide mass fingerprint analysis. The proteins showing significantly decreased abundance after oral 6-gingerol stimulation were identified as glutathione S-transferase P, the heat shock protein β-1, the heat shock 70 kDa protein 1, annexin A1, and cytoplasmic β-actin, whereas prolactin inducible proteins (PIP), short palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 2 (SPLUNC2), zinc-α-2-glycoproteins (Zn-α-GP), and carbonic anhydrase VI (CAVI) were found with increased abundance. As the effects of this study were observed instantaneously upon stimulation, any proteome modulation is very likely to result from the release of proteins from preformed vesicles and not from de novo synthesis. The elevated levels of SPLUNC2, Zn-α-GP, and CAVI might be interpreted to trigger innate protective mechanisms in mucosal immunity and in nonimmune mucosal defense and might play an important role during the initial stage of inflammation.  相似文献   

20.
Sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a major disease of rice worldwide. Silicon (Si) can enhance rice resistance to sheath blight, but the relation with phenolic metabolism is poorly known. Two rice cultivars with different levels of resistance to R. solani (resistant Teqing and susceptible Ningjing 1) were studied to determine the effects of Si on disease intensity (rated from 0 to 9) and the involvement of phenolic compounds in disease resistance. Variation in the concentrations of phenolics (including total soluble phenolics, flavonoids, and lignin) and in the activities of defense‐related enzymes polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) in rice leaf sheaths was investigated. The results show that Si application reduced sheath‐blight disease ratings of Ningjing 1 and Teqing by 2.96 and 0.65, respectively. In uninoculated plants, Si application alone had no significant effects on the concentrations of phenolic compounds or on the activities of PPO and PAL. In inoculated plants, Si application increased phenolics concentrations and PPO and PAL activities only in the susceptible cultivar Ningjing 1. We conclude that Si‐induced enhancement of phenolic metabolism contributed to the improved resistance of rice to sheath blight in the sensitive cultivar.  相似文献   

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