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1.
幼虫密度对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确小菜蛾幼虫密度对其种群增长的影响,在室内条件下[温度(22±1)℃,RH70%~80%,光周期12L∶12D]对不同幼虫密度[1头.皿1、10头.皿1、20头.皿1、30头.皿1、40头.皿1(直径为9 cm)]饲养的小菜蛾生长发育及繁殖进行了研究。结果表明,幼虫密度对小菜蛾幼虫、蛹的发育历期和存活率、蛹重及成虫生殖等有显著影响。幼虫和蛹历期均以10头.皿1处理最短,且随幼虫密度增加而显著延长。幼虫至蛹的存活率以10头.皿1、20头.皿1处理较高,显著高于1头.皿1和40头.皿1处理。蛹重以1头.皿1处理最重,并随幼虫密度的增加而显著变轻。不同幼虫密度下羽化的成虫畸形率差异显著,以10头.皿1处理最低,其余随幼虫密度的增加而升高。成虫产卵量以1头.皿1处理最高,随着幼虫密度增加,产卵量逐渐下降。雌、雄蛾寿命分别以40头.皿1、10头.皿1处理最长,密度过高时或过低雌雄蛾寿命显著缩短。生命表分析表明,幼虫密度对小菜蛾种群增长指数影响显著,以10头.皿1处理种群增长指数最高,幼虫密度过高或过低,种群增长指数下降。因此,幼虫密度是影响小菜蛾种群增长的重要因子之一。 相似文献
2.
不同寄主植物与斜纹夜蛾喜食程度、生长发育及存活率的关系研究 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：23
研究了不同寄主植物与斜纹夜蛾喜食程度、生长发育及存活率的关系结果表明 ,斜纹夜蛾喜食植物依次为槟榔芋 >莲藕 >甘蓝 >青菜 >水蕹菜 >黄牙白 >棉花 >大豆 >萝卜 >豇豆 >木耳菜 ;较喜食植物依次为花生 >芝麻 >酸模叶蓼 >四叶萍 >甘薯 >绿豆 >黄瓜 ;其余为次要寄主植物。斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食不同寄主植物 ,其发育历期、蛹重、蛹羽化出成虫比率均有显著差异 ,取食芋头、水蕹菜、青菜、甘蓝、豇豆和莲藕等作物叶片的幼虫发育历期较短 ,蛹较重 ,蛹羽化率较高 ,而取食棉花、大豆和向日葵叶片的幼虫历期相对较长 ,蛹较小 ,蛹羽化率相对较低。 相似文献
3.
在恒温(27±1)℃,相对湿度75%~80%的条件下,用3种人工饲料与寄主植物香葱连续饲养甜菜夜蛾3代。结果表明,配方Ⅰ和配方Ⅱ能为甜菜夜蛾提供必需的营养物质,其饲养效果最好,甜菜夜蛾均能正常生长,其幼虫存活率、幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹期、蛹重、羽化率、产卵量等均接近或超过天然饲料。 相似文献
4.
温度对斜纹夜蛾发育、存活及繁殖的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
以甘兰叶为食料,系统观察不同温度下斜纹夜蛾实验种群幼虫龄次、发育历期、存活率和繁殖力结果表明,在15℃、19℃、24℃、29℃、34℃恒温下幼虫7龄以上的个体分别达55.4%、41.2%、21.3%、16.6%和14.3%,卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为11.52±1.78℃、11.97±0.91℃、12.52±1.22℃、11.47±0.92℃、10.59±2.65℃,有效积温分别为56.75℃/d、224.06℃/d、28.65℃/d、153.33℃/d、41.18℃/d,发育最高临界温度为38.2820℃、38.8766℃、39.5080℃、39.5403℃、37.4907℃,发育最低临界温度为4.9509℃、4.8974℃、4.7435℃、4.7430℃、4.6471℃,发育最适温度为23.0702℃、22.0024℃、25.6765℃、26.5453℃、23.2649℃.温度对各虫态存活率和成虫繁殖力有显著影响,各虫态存活率和繁殖力与温度呈二次抛物线关系. 相似文献
5.
紫外线(UV-B)辐射对不同色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了明确紫外线(UV-B)辐射对红色型和绿色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响,本研究将2种不同色型豌豆蚜的初生若蚜经过40 W UV-B波段紫外线每日照射30 min,在3种温度梯度(16℃、20℃、24℃)和2种苜蓿品种"甘农3号"和"甘农5号"条件下,在人工气候箱中单头饲养,测定各个处理豌豆蚜的发育历期、体质量差和相对日均体质量增长率等生物学参数。结果显示:在"甘农3号"上,16℃时,在UV-B辐射对2种色型豌豆蚜的发育历期、体质量差和日均体质量增长率均无显著影响(P>0.05);在20℃时,UV-B辐射下红色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著延长(P<0.05),相对日均体质量增长率也显著减少(P<0.05),体质量差无显著变化(P>0.05);而在24℃时,UV-B辐射下绿色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著延长(P<0.05),体质量差和相对日均体质量增长率也显著减少(P<0.05)。在"甘农5号"上,在16℃时,UV-B辐射下红色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著延长(P<0.05),体质量差和相对日均体质量增长率也显著减少(P<0.05);在20℃和24℃时,UV-B辐射绿色型豌豆蚜的发育历期显著延长(P<0.05),体质量差和相对日均体质量增长率也显著减少(P<0.05)。由此可知,UV-B辐射对豌豆蚜的影响与温度和苜蓿品种均密切相关。 相似文献
6.
为明确温度对截形叶螨抗哒螨灵种群和敏感种群的发育和繁殖的影响,本试验设置了16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃、32℃和36℃6个温度梯度,在光照16 h,相对湿度为60%±5%条件下,系统观察了敏感和抗哒螨灵实验种群在不同温度条件下的各螨态发育历期、平均寿命和产卵量情况,并根据计算出的生命参数净生殖率(R0)评价了抗性种群和敏感种群的生物相对适合度。结果表明:截形叶螨的抗性种群和敏感种群在设定的温度范围内均能完成世代发育,并且两个种群的发育历期和平均寿命均随温度的升高而缩短,如抗性种群和敏感种群在16~36℃范围内世代历期分别缩短了20.0 d和.18.7 d。在16~28℃下,即低温和适温条件下,抗性种群的各螨态发育历期、平均寿命和生殖力低于敏感种群;而在高温36℃下,除成螨期和若螨期外,与敏感种群相比,抗性种群的世代历期、平均寿命和产卵期明显延长,且平均每雌总产卵量为17.15粒,高于敏感种群(16.64粒)。以生命参数净生殖率(R0)来评价抗性种群和敏感种群的生物相对适合度,结果显示在16~28℃范围内,相对适合度Rf1,表明截形叶螨抗哒螨灵种群生物适合度下降,存在一定程度的生殖不利性;但在高温32℃和36℃下,Rf1(Rf=1.18和1.19),具有生物适合度优势。说明截形叶螨经哒螨灵长期淘汰选择产生抗性后,对高温的适应能力增强,其存活能力和生殖力优于敏感种群。 相似文献
7.
根据斜纹夜蛾发育历期与温度的数学关系、卵和幼虫田间自然存活率及田间逐日产卵量参数,研究建立了斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态预测的变维矩阵模型。并运用该模型预测南昌市郊区甘蓝田斜纹夜蛾自然种群数量动态,其预测结果与实际观测结果基本相符。 相似文献
8.
室内采用正交试验设计进行4 因素多水平试验, 研究了温度、城市污泥和麦麸配比、饲养密度、幼虫体重对黄粉虫幼虫生长速度、死亡率以及幼虫重金属含量变化的影响, 探讨黄粉虫幼虫在城市污泥中的生长状况和对城市污泥重金属的积累作用。结果表明: 随着温度的升高, 幼虫生长率和死亡率都呈上升趋势, 饲养密度、污泥和麦麸配比对黄粉虫幼虫生长率、死亡率无显著影响; 15 ℃、密度为0.2 g·cm-2、污泥/麸皮为1∶2、幼虫体重为85.4±5.9 mg 时, 幼虫对Cu、Se、Hg 的积累作用较显著; 15 ℃、密度为0.4 g·cm-2、污泥/麸皮为1∶0、幼虫体重为85.4±5.9 mg 时, 黄粉虫幼虫对Cd 的积累能力显著; 20 ℃、密度为0.4 g·cm-2、污泥/麸皮为1∶0、幼虫体重为34.9±4.9 mg 时, Zn 的积累系数较大; 黄粉虫幼虫对Cu、Cd、Se、Hg 和Zn 等重金属元素有很强的积累作用。 相似文献
9.
日本托特螨（Tortonia sp.）是盗寄生性携播型螨类的一种。本研究通过室内人工饲养观察,对来源于日本的日本托特螨的形态特征进行了描述;并明确了此螨是营生于授粉昆虫——角额壁蜂（Osmia cornifrons（Radoszkowski））的巢筒育房中,属于盗寄生兼腐生性的螨类。在日本,此螨的年生活相有3相,以Ⅲ相中的幼螨、第1和第3若螨、成螨以及携播型第2若螨的虫态在壁蜂育房内过冬;成螨雌雄性比为1：1,无孤雌生殖,雌螨一生产卵量为（264.0±34.0）粒;各螨态在16～32℃温度条件下总发育历期为（52.1±5.5）～（14.7±2.0）d;此螨以寄主壁蜂贮存的食粮——花粉团和壁蜂的粪便为食料,26℃条件下取食这两种食料的发育历期虽有差异,但都能顺利生长发育并完成世代。本研究为日本托特螨的识别和防控提供了依据。 相似文献
10.
温度影响下的稻纵卷叶螟实验种群动态的系统动力学模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
温度是影响稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee）发育、存活和繁殖的关键生态因子之一。研究温度与稻纵卷叶螟种群数量变动的关系,可为害虫种群的控制提供科学依据。本文根据稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度处理下（19.0℃,22.0℃,25.0℃,28.0℃,31.0℃）的实验种群生命表,利用系统动力学的相关理论和方法构建仿真模型,对稻纵卷叶螟实验种群的数量动态进行了模拟,在此基础上预测成虫的产卵量,并通过敏感性分析确定了成虫产卵的最适温度。结果显示,在初始卵量均为100标准粒的情况下,温度过高（〉25.0℃）不利于稻纵卷叶螟实验种群低龄幼虫的生存和发育,温度过低或过高均不利于实验种群后期的发育和繁殖;随着温度的上升,稻纵卷叶螟的存活率和生殖力迅速提高,温度为25.0℃时世代存活率、次代产卵量达到最高值,分别为19.67%和1488.4头;稻纵卷叶螟成虫的最高产卵量出现在24.9℃。研究表明了系统动力学模型在害虫种群发育动态及预测方面有着良好的应用潜力。 相似文献
11.
Biological control is proposed as an ecological strategy to manage the threat of invasive plants, especially in natural areas. To pursue this strategy, we need to know that the host specificity criteria used to evaluate ecological risk with deliberate introduction of an exotic insect for biocontrol are sufficient to predict potential impact on native species. Host specificity is defined by adult feeding and oviposition preferences and larval development. One way to evaluate the criteria is to re-examine case histories where ecological effects are recorded, such as that of Rhinocyllus conicus Frölich. This flower head weevil, released in North America in 1968 to control exotic thistles like Musk thistle (Carduus nutans L), is now reducing seed production by multiple native North American thistle species (Cirsium spp.), and local population density of Platte thistle (Cirsium canescens Nutt.). We hypothesized that host specificity of R. conicus has changed since pre-release testing, providing an explanation for the unexpected magnitude of the documented ecological effects. Instead, when we re-tested host specificity of weevils naturalized over 28 generations, we found that host specificity has not changed. Naturalized adults of R. conicus showed strong feeding and oviposition preference for Musk thistle over Platte thistle. In addition, larval development by these weevils was faster and more successful (to larger size) on Musk thistle than on Platte thistle. Thus, our results indicate that a change in host specificity cannot explain the unexpectedly large build-up of R. conicus and significant ecological effect on Platte thistle. We conclude that accurate prediction of the potential level of impact on native host plants in the field requires further ecological information in addition to host specificity. 相似文献
12.
The decline of avian populations in fragmented landscapes is often attributed to a decrease in nest survival rates for species breeding within these habitats. We tested whether fragment size and connectivity, livestock grazing, predator density or invertebrate biomass were correlated with nest survival rates for an endemic New Zealand species, the North Island robin (Petroica longipes). Across three breeding seasons (2002-2005) daily nest survival rate for the 203 robin nests monitored in 15 forest fragments was 0.315 (SE 0.003), with nest survival rates increasing with invertebrate biomass (indexed with pitfall traps) and marginally decreasing with fragment size. Footprint tracking rates for exotic ship rats (Rattus rattus), which are likely to be the key nest predator, varied greatly among fragments, but were not a useful predictor of nest survival. We found no relationship between the number of fledglings per successful nesting attempt and invertebrate biomass. We conclude that fragment size and connectivity does not appear to be negatively influencing robin nest survival, potentially because of the already high impact that mammalian nest predators have in this unique system. 相似文献
13.
以采集于河西走廊中部荒漠边缘的苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)和披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolate L.)种子为试验材料, 以不同渗透势PEG-6000 溶液模拟干旱条件, 研究了2 种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征。研究结果显示, 随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧, 2 种植物种子吸胀速率、萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数、苗高、根长和组织饱和含水量等指标均表现出明显降低趋势, 而幼苗干重、根干重和根冠比均呈先升后降趋势。2 种植物种子萌发对干旱胁迫均较为敏感, 苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子能够萌发的最低渗透势阈值分别为-0.65 MPa 和-0.42 MPa。2 种植物因干旱胁迫未能萌发的种子复水后萌发率均较高。分析认为, 2 种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征对幼苗的成功定植和种群的自然更新具有重要生态学意义, 但在人工栽培时保证土壤墒情应是保障建植成功的关键措施。 相似文献
14.
From 1989 to 2004, the breeding success of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa was significantly related to estimates of the abundance of both their main prey species, anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and sardine Sardinops sagax, and to the combined biomass of these species. When the combined spawner biomass of fish prey was less than 2 million ton, pairs fledged an average of 0.46 chicks annually. When it was above 2 million ton, annual breeding success had a mean value of 0.73 chicks per pair. Given previously estimated values of survival and age at first breeding, these levels of breeding success are inadequate to sustain the African penguin population. With the higher level of breeding success, an equilibrium situation might be attained if adult survival could be increased by 6-7% per annum. Attempts to reduce mortality of penguins have included the collection, cleaning and return to the wild of oiled birds, culling of Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus seen preying on penguins around breeding localities and control of the spread of disease. Management of the purse-seine fishery should ensure adequate escapement of fish to maintain the combined biomass of anchovy and sardine above 2 million ton. The maintenance of suitable breeding habitat and removal of feral predators from breeding localities will also be important in improving breeding success. 相似文献
15.
The Tristan albatross Diomedea [exulans] dabbenena is the third rarest albatross species, with a breeding population of around 1500 pairs almost totally restricted to Gough Island in the Tristan da Cunha group, central South Atlantic. During January 2000, the entire breeding population of Gough was surveyed for the first time since 1956, and 2400 incubating pairs were counted. An analysis of the areas that are likely to have been surveyed most accurately in the past suggests that the population has decreased by around 28% over 46 years. The number of large chicks counted over three successive seasons (1999-2001) was highly variable (range 318-1129). The average count over this period (705 chicks) is less than counts made in 1979 (792) and 1982 (798). A total of 656 chicks were counted in September 2001, giving an island breeding success of just 27.3%. However, breeding success varied considerably in different areas of the island, ranging from 17.6 to 68.0%. During the 2001 season most breeding failures were of large chicks, and over 4 years where data were available, 75% of breeding failures occurred during the chick period. Predation by introduced house mice Mus musculus is the most likely cause of chick mortality. In a small study population, birds began breeding at an average age of 9.7 years and annual adult survival from 1985 to 2001 was 92.6% (SE=1.6%). Both breeding success and adult survival estimates are low in comparison with other Diomedea species and population modelling predicts a population decreasing at an annual rate of 2.9-5.3%. Further research is needed urgently to assess whether breeding success is typical, and to confirm that mouse predation is the cause of chick mortality. The low productivity of this species will compound the negative impacts of longline fishing mortality, which are likely to be reducing adult and juvenile survival. 相似文献
16.
R. Nazir 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(12):2146-2152
In previous work, Variovorax paradoxus strain HB44, next to Burkholderia terrae BS001 and Dyella japonica BS003, were found to be selected in the mycosphere of the tricholomataceous fungi Laccaria proxima and Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten in an acid soil denoted G. V. paradoxus HB44 showed poor survival in G bulk soil, irrespective of prior soil sterilization, and this poor survival also occurred for B. terrae BS001 and D. japonica BS003. In contrast, the survival rate of strain HB44 in two other soils, with pH values > 5.5, was significantly raised. Also, significantly enhanced strain HB44 survival in G soil was found if the pH was raised to 5.5 or 6.5, and it was even shown to grow (in the presence of the exogenous carbon source glycerol) at such pH values in the sterile G soil. This behaviour was similar to that of the V. paradoxus type strain. Strikingly, Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten, when colonizing the sterilized G soil, significantly raised the soil pH from about 4.6 to ≥5.0. The pH raise was dependent on time, hyphal development, as well as on initial soil pH, but was consistent throughout. The modulated soil pH conditions were shown to be permissive for the survival and growth of strain HB44, and this was extended to strains BS001 and BS003. These findings corroborate the hypothesis that L. sp. strain Karsten provides a suitable habitat for acid-sensitive strains like HB44, BS001 and BS003 in its mycosphere in acid soil, which is strongly defined by the establishment of a growth-permissive pH. 相似文献
17.
宁夏枸杞蚜虫发生规律及其气象等级预报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据人工气候箱内不同温度条件下2次枸杞蚜虫饲养试验,确定枸杞蚜虫发育起始温度,建立蚜虫发育速率与温度的关系方程,以50℃作为枸杞蚜虫发育的起点温度,利用该方程对1991-2012年宁夏枸杞蚜虫繁衍动态和全年可繁殖世代数进行推算。根据2006-2008年田间蚜虫调查的虫口密度与气象因子建立的统计关系,确定枸杞蚜虫发生程度的气象指标和为害等级预报模型,并用2012年中宁田间调查情况进行验证。结果表明,宁夏枸杞蚜虫平均起始发生期为3月27日,终止时间为10月下旬,全年可繁殖21～25代,为害高峰时段为第3～12代,干旱、晴天条件下枸杞蚜虫更易发展,多雨、高湿环境抑制枸杞蚜虫的发展。预报模型回代准确率88.2%,异地检验准确率100%,效果良好,说明模型和气象指标可用于监测、预测枸杞蚜虫的繁殖世代数和为害的气象等级。 相似文献
18.
Sonia Angelone 《Biological conservation》2010,143(2):471-478
Microsatellites are one of the preferred marker types to estimate the level of genetic diversity and subdivision in natural populations of endangered species. Many studies thereby attempted to identify genetically defined management units for conservation by applying a variety of genetic clustering methods. It is not clear, however, whether genetic clusters inferred from neutral molecular markers reflect differences in fitness or adaptation. In this study, I conducted a common garden experiment on the endangered European tree frog (Hyla arborea) to clarify whether fitness-related traits of larval development differed between three genetic groups defined by Bayesian clustering analysis. I reared larvae under semi-natural conditions and measured growth and developmental rates as well as survival at five larval stages from eclosion to completion of metamorphosis. Nested general and generalized linear models showed significant cluster differences for several variables in terms of smaller growth rates and body sizes at early larval stages. These differences were, however, probably not linked to adaptive divergence among clusters but rather to neutral genetic processes in the breeding sites of one cluster, which were spatially isolated and subject of recent bottlenecks. Hence, a genetic load effect (e.g. inbreeding depression) may have acted on the populations of this particular cluster. I advise studies aiming to define management units for conservation to not only use genetic clustering methods but to complement their findings with experimental approaches on fitness-related traits. 相似文献
19.
Twenty-one years of carefully documented barn owl (Tyto alba) study and release in England by the South Midlands Barn Owl Conservation Group (SMBOCG) have necessitated a re-examination of some of the premises on which such release schemes are judged. Fifteen years after the first releases, the number of independently breeding owls (i.e. breeding ‘wild’ or ‘as though wild’) in a 1200 km2 study area is still increasing sharply and now far exceeds the number released in any one year, with the rate of increase outstripping the cumulative number of release events. Ringing returns indicate that fledged young dispersed further than adults, and that released adults which immediately deserted their release sites were less likely to survive their first 30 days than those staying in the vicinity of their release, where they could take advantage of supplementary feeding. Artificial feeding at release sites led to pellets containing lower liveweight equivalent of wild-caught prey but higher numbers of fledged young. Otherwise, and importantly, no significant difference in survival, mortality, dispersal, foraging success or breeding success was found between wild/independent owls and various categories of released bird. Availability of field vole habitat was not as important for barn owl breeding success as was found in previous studies, with owls able to replace this species in their diet with the less habitat-specific wood mouse. Evidence is provided that starvation was not as important a cause of mortality as has been proved elsewhere. Although barn owl nests often occurred in extreme close proximity, breeding density had no effect on either foraging or breeding success. The possible genetic consequences of barn owl release in Britain are briefly discussed. Very few barn owl release schemes have attempted to prove that their work is worthwhile, so long-term, well-documented studies such as that presented here are vital in establishing some of the principles involved in releasing barn owls into the wild. 相似文献
20.
Determination of which aspects of habitat quality and habitat spatial arrangement best account for variation in a species’ distribution can guide management for organisms such as the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), a federally endangered subspecies inhabiting savannas of Midwest and Eastern United States. We examined the extent to which three sets of predictors, (1) larval host plant (Lupinus perennis, wild lupine) availability, (2) characteristics of the matrix surrounding host plant patches, and (3) factors affecting a patch’s thermal environment, accounted for variation in lupine patch use by Karner blues at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana and Fort McCoy, Wisconsin, USA. Each predictor set accounted for 7-13% of variation in patch occupancy by Karner blues at both sites and in larval feeding activity among patches at Indiana Dunes. Patch area, an indicator of host plant availability, was an exception, accounting for 30% of variation in patch occupancy at Indiana Dunes. Spatially structured patterns of patch use across the landscape accounted for 9-16% of variation in patch use and explained more variation in larval feeding activity than did spatial autocorrelation between neighboring patches. Because of this broader spatial trend across sites, a given management action may be more effective in promoting patch use in some portions of the landscape than in others. Spatial trend, resource availability, matrix quality, and microclimate, in general, accounted for similar amounts of variation in patch use and each should be incorporated into habitat management planning for the Karner blue butterfly. 相似文献