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中国作物新基因发掘：现状、挑战与展望 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
中国作物新基因发掘是实现中国作物种质资源优势向基因资源优势转变和作物分子育种的基础。本文对中国近10年来水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、棉花和油菜等主要作物基因发掘研究的进展进行了分析和评述。中国作物基因发掘也取得了一系列突破性进展：(1)创制出一批具有特色的基因发掘材料,包括基于中国作物遗传多样性的核心种质、基于优异资源的遗传分离群体和基于人工诱变的突变体等;(2)基因发掘技术和方法有所突破,尤其是在针对基因特点整合各种基因发掘技术、改进基因/QTL的生物统计算法等,提高了基因发掘的效率;(3)作物农艺性状的标记与基因定位已成为常规遗传研究方法,初步定位了一批抗病、抗逆、优质、养分高效、高产相关基因/QTL,其中,有500多个基因已精细定位;(4)以水稻为代表的作物基因克隆及功能研究在国际上受到瞩目,在主要作物中已克隆了300多个基因,其中,在目标作物中验证的基因数超过70个。在国际作物基因发掘高效化、规模化及实用化发展过程中,中国作物基因发掘也取得了重要进展。然而,中国作物基因发掘的数量和质量还远远不能满足作物分子育种的需求,与国际作物基因发掘也存在差距,具体表现为不同作物基因发掘研究进展不平衡、发掘基因的数量还相对有限、已发掘的基因中具有重大利用价值的基因不多。针对中国基因发掘面临的问题和世界各国以及跨国生物技术公司争夺基因的巨大挑战,作者提出了中国作物基因发掘应重点提高基因发掘效率,加强重要基因克隆及基因的价值评估,以生物产业发展需求为导向的基因发掘策略。 相似文献
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不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应. 相似文献
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Summary Variation in the responses of a wide range of accessions of four native Australian species of Glycine (viz. G. canescens, G. clandestina, G. tabacina and G. tomentella) to infection by eight Australian isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi was analyzed.Differences in the infection type responses of the various wild Glycine species were sufficient to recognize six different virulence combinations amongst the eight pathogen isolates.A set of differential hosts useful in the identification of different races of the pathogen is presented to facilitate further examination of the virulence structure of the pathogen population. 相似文献
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水稻分蘖发生机理的研究进展 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
分蘖是影响水稻穗数并进而影响其单产的重要农艺性状,是单子叶植物在生长发育过程中形成的一种特殊的分枝特性。水稻分蘖的发生是一个非常复杂的过程,自然条件、植株营养、植物激素、遗传等因素都会影响其发生。深入研究水稻分蘖发生机理,更加有效的调控分蘖发生,将会进一步提高水稻产量,对水稻生产具有重要意义。前人对水稻分蘖的发生及调控进行了大量研究,本文从形态、环境、激素、分子等4个方面对水稻分蘖发生的机理进行综述。 相似文献
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Hannu Ahokas 《Euphytica》1996,92(1-2):21-26
Summary The fecundity heterosis of the gig/+oats (Avena sativa) was examined in a population showing segregation of the gene under the long photoperiods in S Finland. Segregating isolines of cv Hannes and of cv Kyrö were raised at two plant densities and the grain yield of heterozygotes and nonmutant homozygotes were evaluated. The heterozygotes in mean outyielded the homozygotes. The overdominance of grain number explains the persistance of this mutant at a relatively high frequency in oats in Finland, though the fecundity of the extremely late homozygous mutant is zero. Previous and current data indicate that the heterozygotes show heterosis of fecundity depending on genetic background, season or other environmental conditions. Grafting of cut stems of nonmutants onto wounded nodes of mutants did not transfer any observable florescence inductor. Hypomethylation of DNA, as revealed with HpaII digestion, occurred in topmost leaves of non-mutants, being absent or occurring to a lesser extent in the comparative leaves of mutants. 相似文献
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Summary Variation and covariation for agronomic and digestibility traits of silage maize are reported from a compilation of 22 years of experiments with standard sheep. Genotype effects of DOM and DCF were highly significant, even when genotypes were nested in earliness groups or brown-midrib hybrids discarded (Table 2). The genetic variance of crude fiber content was low, but the variance of the DCF was high. The genetic variance of DOM was about 4 times lower than genetic variance of DCF, but broad sense heritability of DOM was higher because of lower residual variance (Table 3). Genetic correlations between grain or crude fiber content and DOM had similar absolute values, 0.65, so each of these two traits was an important but not the unique determinant of silage maize quality. There was no correlation between DCF and grain or crude fiber content. Yield was not related to DOM or DCF within each group of earliness, allowing some quality improvement without agronomic drift (Table 4). Except for late hybrids, most of DOM differences between groups of earliness came from lowering of minimum value, while maximum values were similar. It was the contrary for DCF, with similar minimum values for all groups (Table 5). There was no obvious correlation between year of registration of hybrids and DOM or DCF, but extra new variation seemed obtained only for low values (Figs 1, 2; Table 6). IVDOM according to the APC process was a poor predictor of DOM, especially when brown-midrib hybrids and earliness effects were discarded; but because heritability of this trait was similar to DOM heritability, such enzymatic processes could probably be used to avoid drift towards poor DOM with hybrids bred for higher stalk strength.Abbreviations APC
Amylase Pepsine Cellulase solubility
- DDM
sheep digestibility of dry matter
- DOM
sheep digestibility of organic matter
- DCF
sheep digestibility of crude fiber
- DM
dry matter
- IVDCW
in vitro digestibility of cell wall
- IVDDM
in vitro digestibility of dry matter
- IVDOM
in vitro digestibility of organic matter
- NIRS
near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy
- NDF
neutral detergent fiber
- bm1-brown-midrib-1 allele, bm3-brown
midrib-3 allele 相似文献
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J. E. Lu´quez L. A. N. Aguirrezábal M. E. Agüero V. R. Pereyra 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2002,188(4):225-234
The best‐yielding and most stable cultivars are identified by growing cultivars in different environments. The stability of grain‐quality traits has been less thoroughly investigated than the stability of grain yield. High‐oleic hybrids of sunflower have been available on the Argentinian seed market for several years. Research on the stability of these genotypes is scarce. The objectives of this work were (i) to compare, using three different methods, the stability and adaptability of high‐oleic hybrids for grain yield and oil and oleic acid contents, and (ii) to explore the advantages and disadvantages of each method in selecting stable or adapted genotypes with high grain yield and high quality. Stability and adaptability analyses were performed on results for grain yields and oil and oleic acid contents of 35 high‐oleic sunflower hybrids from 17 comparative yield trials conducted over 2 years in Argentina. Stability was estimated using two methods: Fisher's protected least significant difference (LSD) test, which compared hybrids with the best‐yielding hybrid in each environment, and the test of relative yield (RY), which uses standard deviation as the measure of stability. Adaptability was estimated using Piepho's method of ‘multiple comparisons with the best’. These three methods can be applied to unbalanced data. Piepho's method made little discrimination amongst the hybrids. The LSD and RY tests coincided in classifying the hybrids as stable and unstable in 85 % of cases for grain yield and 76 % for oil content. It is concluded that the most convenient method depends on characteristics of the experimental design and of variability of the evaluated trait. Results from the LSD test depend on the number of environments in which the cultivar is tested. The RY method is valuable for classifying some cultivars as high‐yielding and stable, avoiding the problem of high‐yielding environments biasing the general average. Use of both methods together could be effective for classifying hybrids when the number of environments is adequate. 相似文献
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SRAP和ISSR及两种方法结合在分析黄麻属起源与演化上的比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选用96份黄麻属种质资源,比较了SRAP、ISSR及二者结合的方法在黄麻属起源与演化研究上的可行性。结果表明: (1)SRAP方法的多态性条带比率为100%,高于ISSR方法的98.1%,平均每条引物扩增出的多态性条带亦高于ISSR方法。(2)SRAP方法构建的进化树可大致将各类型种质资源区别开来,可较明确、清晰地展现黄麻属的起源与演化趋势。但无法区分开个别种质; ISSR方法构建的进化树将很多圆果黄麻品种聚在一起,无法区别开来,且分枝长度短,无法确定进化时间;(3)SRAP与ISSR结合构建的进化树将不同类型的黄麻种质资源有序排列,可清晰地明确其进化趋势及演化关系。比较而言,SRAP与ISSR分子标记结合的方法优于SRAP方法,而SRAP方法又优于ISSR方法,在进行相关研究时,应优先考虑采用SRAP与ISSR分子标记结合的方法。 相似文献
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利用乙烯利浸种、田间增施中微量元素及功能肥等，研究其对生姜产量和品质的影响，为生姜高产高效栽培提供可行性方案。结果表明：乙烯利浸种、增施中微量元素和功能肥的施用，生姜株高、主茎叶数和地上茎粗显著增加，有利于产量的增加。在生姜品质方面，乙烯利浸种和肥料处理对生姜抗坏血酸含量没有显著影响，粗纤维含量均有所降低。在供试范围内，乙烯利浸种最佳浓度为350 mg/kg；生姜功能肥施用量为525 kg/hm2；硼肥的增产效果略优于锌肥，二者对生姜品质影响略有差异；1500 kg/hm2硅肥的施用在保持生姜品质的同时具有最佳增产效果。 相似文献
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本文研究不同覆沙厚度及覆沙后种植农作物和饲草对松嫩平原盐碱裸地的改良和利用效果。结果表明：覆沙后沙土层土壤含水量、pH和电导率明显低于盐碱土层,且随沙土深度的增加而增加,在同一沙土层随覆沙厚度的增加而降低。不同厚度覆沙后表层盐碱土电导率由初始621 μS/cm降低至389~594 μS/cm。2013年覆沙30 cm玉米产量较2012年高51.1%,且比覆沙20 cm高32.29% (P<0.05),比覆沙40 cm低8.9% (P>0.05)。2013年覆沙30 cm紫花苜蓿产量和总根生物量分别是2012年的2.04倍和3.65倍,总根生物量较覆沙20 cm和覆沙40 cm显著增加55.9%和106.3%。2012年和2013年覆沙30 cm种植紫花苜蓿沙土层电导率分别降低23.1%和43.5%。不同厚度覆沙对盐碱地有一定改良作用,覆沙后连续2年种植玉米和紫花苜蓿增产效果显著,推荐覆沙30 cm。 相似文献
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崇明金瓜是崇明地理标志产品,其营养丰富、色味俱佳,为延长崇明金瓜贮藏保鲜期,更好地促进金瓜采后产业发展,在充分借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,结合研究应用实践,对影响金瓜贮藏保鲜效果的因素进行梳理,对金瓜的传统堆藏、架藏、物理、化学和生物等贮藏保鲜技术和方法进行了比较分析,分析了崇明金瓜贮藏保鲜技术应用及发展前景,为崇明金瓜采后产业发展提供技术借鉴。 相似文献
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J. T. Fletcher 《Euphytica》1992,63(1-2):33-49
Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office. 相似文献
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Xia-Yi Ke Alex C. McCormac Alison Harvey David Lonsdale Dong-Fang Chen Malcolm C. Elliott 《Euphytica》2002,126(3):333-343
Immature embryos (IEs) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the transfer of T-DNA to the cereals was assessed by analysis of the expression of auidA reporter gene. This approach revealed that T-DNA transfer is preferentially targeted to distinct anatomical regions of the
cereal embryos that have a low capacity for regenerative growth. This preference may limit the efficiency of generating genetically
transformed plants. With the aims of maximizing the frequency of T-DNA delivery and altering the preference of delivery in
favour of regeneration-competent areas of IEs, various parameters of the inoculation and co-cultivation procedure were evaluated.
It was found that controlling the density of the Agrobacteriuminoculum and/ or the concentration of the Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salts in the medium produced changes both in the
total number and relative distribution of T-DNA transfer events, and these changes may have positive implications for the
production of stable transformants. The use of pre-cultured embryos were also important for T-DNA targeting.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Seedlings of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance were raised in sand cultures under increasing levels of NaCl salinity and metabolic levels of total polyamines, spermidine, spermine, agmatine and the diamine putrescine were determined in roots and shoots during 5-20 days growth period. Salinity caused a remarkable increase in total polyamines level in rice seedlings. At similar level of salinity roots as well as shoots of salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya showed higher level of total polyamines than tolerants. Salinity of 14 dSm−1 NaCl caused more than 2 times polyamine level in shoots of sensitive cultivars compared to tolerants. Accumulation of polyamines was greater in salt stressed shoots than roots. In nonsalinized seedlings there appeared a gradual increase in putrescine level during 5 to 20 days growth period. Salt treatment caused sharp increase in putrescine level in all cultivars, however under similar level of salinization salt stressed seedlings of sensitive cultivars had higher putrescine level than tolerants. In nonsalinized seedlings of sensitive cultivars spermidine level increased gradually during 5 to 20 days growth period whereas a decline in the level was observed in seedlings of tolerant cultivars during this period. Higher level of salinity caused marked increase in spermidine level in sensitive cultivars. Specially during 5 to 10 days of growth salinity caused increase in spermine level in seedlings of sensitive cultivars. In all cultivars salt stressed seedlings had higher agmatine level compared to non-stressed. Salinity led to greater accumulation of certain unidentified polyamines in seedlings of sensitive cultivars. Increased levels of total polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and unknown polyamines in rice seedlings under salinization suggest their possible role in combating the adverse effects of salinity stress. 相似文献
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Summary Recurrent selection programs can be manipulated by varying either the extensiveness of testing used to identify superior lines or the number of intermating generations conducted among the superior lines between cycles of selection. The research was conducted to compare the performance of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) lines derived from populations developed by recurrent selection for seed yield using a factorial arrangement that combined one or two stages of replicated yield testing to identify superior lines with one or three generations of intermating among the selected lines. The base population AP6, which was used for this evaluation of alternative strategies of recurrent selection, was derived from 40 high-yielding strains of Maturity Groups 0 to IV. For this study, the 40 original parents of AP6 and the lines used as the parents for the most advanced cycle of selections for each of the strategies were evaluated in four Iowa environments. The number of cycles of selection completed for the strategies under evaluation varied from two to five. Strategies with two stages of replicated yield testing to select superior lines resulted in a larger number of high-yielding lines than when only one stage of testing was conducted. A larger number of high-yielding lines was obtained from strategies with one generation of intermating than when three generations were used. With the procedures used for the one-stage and two-stage tests in this study, the results indicated that an appropriate strategy for recurrent selection of seed yield in soybean would involve two stages of replicated yield testing to identify superior lines and one generation of intermating among the selected lines to form a new population.Journal Paper no. J-12025 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Projekt 2475, Ames, IA. 相似文献
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Summary
Fusarium bulb rot is a serious tulip disease. Breeding for resistance may contribute considerably to a solution of the problem.It has been demonstrated that juvenile and adult bulbs of the same cultivars in Fusarium contaminated soil showed good agreement in degree of resistance.From an incomplete diallel cross of these cultivars second-year bulblets of 62 progenies were planted in both contaminated and non-contaminated soil. The percentages of non-diseased bulbs harvested provided a criterion for resistance. The analysis of combining ability for the degree of resistance revealed that both the mean square of GCA and that of SCA were significant. The relative magnitudes of the GCA and SCA mean squares suggest that resistance is governed primarily by additive gene action. The GCA of individual parents could be estimated and tested. In general it corresponded with their phenotypic behaviour. 相似文献
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农药残留作为影响中药材质量的关键因素之一,严重影响到用药疗效、人体健康、中医药产业的发展。笔者简要归纳了中药材农药残留状况,包括被检中药材的种类、常检农药种类、农药残留种类。梳理了中药材农药残留主要分析检测技术的优劣势,色谱法、色谱-质谱联用技术在中药材农药残留域的具体应用。重点综述了农药滥用及登记种类不全、中药材在种植和加工中存在不同程度的污染、相关农药残留限量标准有待完善等农药残留原因,并针对不同的原因给出一定的改善建议,如建设绿色种植基地从源头保障中药材质量、加强农药登记管理规范、开发适用性广的中药材农残检测方法、加强种植户的农药知识普及、完善农残限量标准。 相似文献