首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
A. Thiele    E. Schumann    A. Peil  W. E. Weber 《Plant Breeding》2002,121(1):29-35
In wheat, eyespot caused by PseudoCercosporella herpotrichoides, is one of the main foot‐rot diseases. Yield losses up to 40% occur in some years. Plant protection by fungicide application is possible, but a better way is through resistance breeding. Two resistance sources are currently used: Aegilops ventricosa and the old French variety ‘Cappelle Desprez’. A new source of resistance has been found in the accession AE120 of Ae. kotschyi from the Gatersleben gene bank with the genome constitution UUSvSv. This accession has been crossed and backcrossed twice to susceptible wheat varieties, and in each generation, plants with a relatively high level of resistance have been selected. From this material, lines have been developed and tested in F6 to F8. Finally, several lines could be classified as moderately resistant, such as the French variety ‘Cappelle Desprez’ after resistance determination during milk ripeness (DC75). No line reached the high resistance level achieved with Pch‐1 from Ae. ventricosa. The yield of these lines under infection conditions was higher compared with ‘Cappelle Desprez’. The line 6018‐96‐3 showed a high yield of 64.3 dt/ha compared with 59.6 dt/ha, on the average, in combination with the best expression of eyespot resistance in the adult growth stage over 3 years.  相似文献   

2.
Scarcity of water is a severe constraint, which hinders the wheat productivity worldwide. However, foliage application of osmoprotectants may be useful in reducing the drought‐induced yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, potential of foliage applied osmoprotectants (proline, gamma‐aminobutyric acid) in improving the performance of bread wheat against terminal drought was evaluated. Both proline and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) were foliage applied at 50, 100 and 150 mg/L at anthesis stage (BBCH‐identification code‐ 61), in two bread wheat cultivars viz. Mairaj‐2008 and BARS‐2009. After 1 week of foliage application of these osmoprotectants, drought was imposed by maintaining the pots at 35% water holding capacity. Imposition of drought caused significant reduction in the grain yield of both tested bread wheat cultivars; nonetheless, foliage applied osmoprotectants at either concentration improved the chlorophyll contents, accumulation of proline, glycinebetaine and total soluble phenolics and reduced the malondialdehyde contents, which resulted in better stay green, maintenance of grain weight and grain number under drought stress, thus resulting in better grain yield, water‐use efficiency and transpiration efficiency in both wheat cultivars. However, foliage applied proline at 150 mg/L, and GABA at 100 mg/L was most effective than other concentrations of these osmoprotectants. Performance of cultivar Mairaj‐2008 was quite better than cultivar BARS‐2009. In crux, foliar application of proline and GABA at pre‐optimized rate can be opted as a shotgun approach to improve the performance of wheat under terminal drought.  相似文献   

3.
Substitution analysis of drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
E. Farshadfar    B. Köszegi    T. Tischner  J. Sutka 《Plant Breeding》1995,114(6):542-544
Chromosome substitution lines of the wheat variety ‘Cappelle Desprez’ into ‘Chinese Spring’ were tested for drought tolerance in growth chambers in the Martonvásár phytotron. Three different moisture regimes were created: E1, fully irrigated control; E2, mid-season water stress (preanthesis); and E3, terminal water-stress during grain filling. Data were analysed to estimate the chromosomal location of the genes controlling relative water-content (RWC), relative water-loss (RWL), drought-susceptibility index (DSI) and phenotypic stability in each substitution line. Simultaneous consideration indicated that most of the genes controlling these characters are located on chromosomes 1A, 5A, 7A,4B, 5B, 1D, 3D and 5D.  相似文献   

4.
Terminal drought is threatening the wheat productivity worldwide, which is consumed as a staple food by millions across the globe. This study was conducted to examine the influence of foliage‐applied stress signalling molecules hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 50, 100, 150 μm ) and nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 50, 100, 150 μm ) on resistance against terminal drought in two bread wheat cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and BARS‐2009. These stress signalling molecules were applied at anthesis stage (BBCH 61); drought was then imposed by maintaining pots at 35% water holding capacity. Terminal drought caused significant reduction in grain yield of both tested bread wheat cultivars; however, foliage application of both stress signalling molecules at either concentration improved the performance of both bread wheat cultivars. Maximum improvement in 100‐grain weight (12.2%), grains per spike (19.7%), water‐use efficiency (WUE; 19.8%), chlorophyll content index (10.7%), total soluble phenolics (21.6%) and free leaf proline (34.3%), and highest reduction in leaf malondialdehyde contents (20.4%) was recorded when H2O2 was foliage‐applied at 100 μm . Foliage application of SNP enhanced the grains per spike, 100‐grain weight and grain yield by 14.9%, 11.3% and 20.1%, respectively, than control. The foliage‐applied stress signalling molecules improved the accumulation of soluble phenolics, proline and glycine betaine with simultaneous reduction in malondialdehyde contents, which enabled wheat plants to sustain the biological membranes under stress resulting in better stay green (high chlorophyll contents) under drought. This helped improving the grain number, grain weight, grain yield, WUE and transpiration efficiency. In crux, foliage‐applied H2O2 and SNP, at pre‐optimized rate, may be opted to lessen the drought‐induced yield losses in bread wheat in climate change conditions.  相似文献   

5.
H. Wallwork  R. Johnson 《Euphytica》1984,33(1):123-132
Summary Crosses were made between wheat varieties Joss Cambier, Nord Desprez and Maris Bilbo, all classified as susceptible to yellow rust in field tests, and between Cappelle Desprez and Maris Huntsman, both classified as moderately and durably resistant. Selection for resistance to yellow rust among the progeny was carried out using races of Puccinia striiformis able to overcome all the known race-specific components of resistance in both parents of each cross. Lines with greater resistance than in both parents were obtained from each cross, those with greatest resistance being obtained from the cross between the moderately resistant parents. Three lines selected for resistance from the cross of Joss Cambier with Nord Desprez and one from the cross of Cappelle Desprez with Maris Huntsman, together with the parents, were tested in the field with 12 races of P. striiformis. Nord Desprez possessed a previously undetected race-specific component. The selected lines also displayed race-specific resistance, some of which was clearly related to race-specificity of the parents, and a component of resistance, greater than in both parents, that was effective against all 12 races. The possible origin and potential durability of this transgressive level of resistance is discussed. It is suggested that such transgressive resistance is more likely to be durable if it is derived from parents that have shown durable resistance.  相似文献   

6.
Transformed tobacco plants expressing a rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor (OC‐I) and non‐transformed plants were grown in a controlled environment and subjected to various stresses. Two‐month‐old transformed and non‐transformed plants were exposed for 5 days to drought conditions by withholding watering. High temperature (40 °C) was applied additionally at day 6th for 5 h either individually or in combination with drought. All stress treatments were applied under low (150 μmol m?2 s?1 PPFD) and high light intensity (HL) of 1000 μmol m?2 s?1 PPFD to determine if OC‐I expression might provide protection under combination of stresses usually existing in nature. Drought stress led to diminution in leaf relative water content, photosynthesis inhibition, decrease in chlorophyll content and accumulation of malondialdehyde and proline. Heat stress alone did not affect the plants significantly, but intensified the effect of drought stress. HL intensity further increased the proline content. OC‐I transformed plants grown under low light intensity had significantly higher total superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activities as well as their isoforms than non‐transformed control plants under non‐stress and stress conditions. Catalase activity was not highly affected by OC‐I expression. Results indicate that OC‐I expression in tobacco plants provides protection of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidise under both non‐stress and stress conditions.  相似文献   

7.
To study the effects of early drought priming at 5th‐leaf stage on grain yield and nitrogen‐use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress, wheat plants were first exposed to moderate drought stress (drought priming; that is, the leaf water potential reached ca. ?0.9 MP a) at the 5th‐leaf stage for 11 days, and leaf water relations and gas exchange rates, grain yield and yield components, and agronomic nitrogen‐use efficiency (ANUE ) of the primed and non‐primed plants under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress were investigated. Compared with the non‐primed plants, the drought‐primed plants possessed higher leaf water potential and chlorophyll content, and consequently a higher photosynthetic rate during post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming also resulted in higher grain yield and ANUE in wheat under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming at vegetative stage improves carbon assimilation and ANUE under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress and their combination in wheat, which might be used as a field management tool to enhance stress tolerance of wheat crops to multiple abiotic stresses in a future drier and warmer climate.  相似文献   

8.
Balanites aegyptiaca is a drought‐tolerant tree naturally distributed in Africa and has a high potential for biofuel production and livelihood. To understand the plant tolerance to drought stress, B. aegyptiaca plants collected from five provenances were subjected for 4 weeks to drought stress through different regimes of soil volumetric water content (VWC, i.e. 25% control, 15% as moderate and 5% as a severe drought stress) followed by 2‐week recovery. Morpho‐physiological responses as well as the changes in antioxidant defences under water stress and recovery were investigated. Drought stress significantly reduced plant biomass‐related parameters, stomatal conductance, quantum efficiency and increased leaf temperature. Each provenance showed specific patterns of stress response reactions that were detected in a cluster analysis. The large leaf area and a high level of lipid peroxidation in Cairo provenance increased its sensitivity to severe drought. For provenances El‐Kharga and Yemen, the highest tocopherol contents and the highest catalytic activities of ascorbate peroxidase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) were recorded. These traits contributed to the high drought tolerance of these two provenances in comparison with the other provenances. All plants recovered from stress and showed specifically increased activity of glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) as a repair mechanism. Results showed that the drought tolerance level in B. aegyptiaca is provenance‐dependent.  相似文献   

9.
Inheritance of resistance of wheat to eyespot at the adult stage   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
H. Muranty    J. Jahier    A.-M. Tanguy    A. J. Worland  C. Law 《Plant Breeding》2002,121(6):536-538
Moderate resistance to eyespot was first incorporated in the variety Cappelle‐Desprez (CD). Later the gene Pch1, which could confer a higher level of resistance, was introduced from Aegilops ventricosa. However Pch1‐carrying varieties can sustain significant eyespot‐induced yield losses in severe attack situations. A strategy to further enhance the resistance of wheat is by pyramiding Pch1 and the genes for resistance in CD. The first requirement to achieve this is a better understanding of the genetics of resistance in CD. The resistance of the 21 Cappelle‐Desprez (Bezostaya) disomic substitution lines was evaluated. Chromosome 7A was confirmed as carrying a major gene for resistance to eyespot at the seedling stage. However, this study demonstrates that this chromosome has no effects at the adult stage. Chromosome 5A was shown to carry a major gene for resistance to eyespot at the adult stage, which was stably expressed each year of testing. Chromosomes 1A and 2B had significant effects for only two years among four.  相似文献   

10.
The impact of mild drought stress (3 weeks at 40 % field water capacity) on yield, physiological processes, accumulation of proline and phenolic compounds and forage quality parameters in forage grasses was evaluated in pot experiments. During four different growing periods, the effects of water deficit were assessed in nine varieties from five species (Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca pratensis, Festuca arundinacea and Festulolium braunii). All measured parameters were affected by drought stress in the different cuts. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry matter yield were significantly lower in drought stress than under well‐watered conditions in all varieties. Higher water‐use efficiency was only observed during the first and fourth drought period, while this was not the case in the second and third. Mild drought stress significantly increased the content of proline, phenolic acid, flavonoids, water‐soluble carbohydrates and protein. All tested grasses showed also an increase of organic matter digestibility and cell wall digestibility under drought stress conditions.  相似文献   

11.
冬小麦抗旱生理特性的研究   总被引：42，自引：3，他引：42  
李德全  郭清福 《作物学报》1993,19(2):125-132
试验结果表明，干旱胁迫下抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种的抗旱系数为：昌乐5号＞秦麦3号＞山农587＞济南13＞鲁麦5号＞烟农15。五个生育期的叶片渗透调节能力为抗旱性强的品种大于抗旱性弱的品种，抗旱系数和渗透调节能力是反映冬小麦抗旱特性的两个最好指标。拔节、孕穗和开花期抗旱性强的品种气孔阻力比抗旱性弱的品种大，灌浆和  相似文献   

12.
为研究土壤湿度变化对冬小麦光合参数和产量变化的影响机制,在防雨棚人工控制灌水,设置土壤高湿、中度干旱、重旱、对照4个处理的田间冬小麦试验,研究土壤水分变化对灌浆期冬小麦光合参数及产量的影响。结果表明：冬小麦灌浆期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度随土壤水分降低而降低。重旱处理冬小麦叶片胞间CO2浓度与对照相近,引起光合作用下降的主要原因是非气孔因素限制。土壤高湿冬小麦叶片有效利用光强区间拉大,而土壤干旱胁迫叶片有效利用光强的区间缩小,土壤高湿和干旱胁迫叶片夜间呼吸作用都提高,干旱逆境胁迫白天光合作用受限减弱,夜间呼吸作用增强,消耗营养增多,“一减一增”是其籽粒瘪秕,产量低的生理原因。土壤高湿和干旱影响冬小麦灌浆期籽粒干物质输送、积累的源库匹配。高湿处理叶片的绿色器官光合产物输送籽粒占主导,开花前营养器官干物质转运、贡献率变小;干旱逆境胁迫下,叶片等绿色器官光合产物少,输送籽粒干物质减少,但花前营养器官干物质转运、贡献率相对增大;收获指数土壤高湿和对照基本相近,干旱处理较对照明显偏小。  相似文献   

13.
In our experiments, we found an increase of PEP‐carboxylase activity in young shoots of maize under salt stress. Within this study, several analyses were carried out to identify the function of this enhanced enzyme activity during salt stress. In our first experiment, we analysed plants of the salt‐resistant maize hybrid SR 03 (Zea mays L.), whereas in the second experiment, we compared maize and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Thasos), which were grown under two different light intensities for 20 days. In the saline treatments, NaCl was applied up to 100 mm, while control plants grew under non‐saline conditions (1 mm NaCl). Analyses of shoot fresh weight revealed a comparable reduction for both genotypes and suggested salt resistance at a similar level. Analyses of sugar concentrations showed an increase in the saline treatment for both genotypes independent of the light intensity. Results for sucrose concentrations led to the conclusion that an increase in PEP‐carboxylase activity was not required for sugar metabolism. Independent of light intensity, alkalinity and malate concentrations were decreased only in wheat. It can be concluded that an enhancement of PEP‐carboxylase activity in young shoots of maize supports organic acid metabolism under salt stress.  相似文献   

14.
High temperature and drought stress are among the two most important environmental factors influencing crop growth, development and yield processes. These two stresses commonly occur in combination. Objectives of this research were to investigate the independent and combined effects of high temperature and drought stress during grain filling on physiological, vegetative and yield traits and expression of a chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factor (EF‐Tu) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two spring wheat cultivars (Pavon‐76 and Seri‐82) were grown at control temperatures (CT; day/night, 24/14 °C; 16/8 h photo/dark period) from sowing to heading. Thereafter, one half of the plants were exposed to high temperature stress (HT; 31/18 °C in Exp. 1 and 34/22 °C in Exp. 2), drought stress (withholding water), or a combination of both HT and drought stress. There were significant influences of HT and/or drought stress on physiological, growth and yield traits. There was no cultivar or cultivar by temperature or cultivar by drought interaction effects on most traits. The decreases in leaf photosynthesis were greater at HT compared with drought alone throughout the stress period, and the combination of HT and drought had the lowest leaf photosynthetic rates. Overall, HT or drought had similar effects (about 48–56 % decrease) on spikelet fertility, grain numbers and grain yield. High temperature decreased grain numbers (by 56 % averaged across both experiments) and individual grain weight (by 25 %), while, respective decreases due to drought were 48 % and 35 %. This suggests that the grain numbers were more sensitive to HT and grain weights to drought for the range of temperatures tested in this research. The interaction between HT and drought stress was significant for total dry weights, harvest index and spikelet fertility, particularly when HT stress was severe (34/22 °C). The combined effects of HT and drought were greater than additive effects of HT or drought alone for leaf chlorophyll content, grain numbers and harvest index. High temperature stress and the combination of HT and drought stress but not drought stress alone resulted in the overexpression of EF‐Tu in both spring wheat cultivars.  相似文献   

15.
V. Lind 《Plant Breeding》2000,119(6):449-453
Two diallels were analysed for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) to study the resistance of crosses‐between wheat genotypes, advanced to the F5 generation, to Pseudocer‐cosporella herpotrichoides. The parents either carried the resistance‐gene Pch‐1 or had different levels of quantitative resistance, one genotype was susceptible. At medium milk‐ripening, significant effects were‐found for GCA and SCA. GCA effects were the more important. Diallel crosses between genotypes, all carrying Pch‐1, revealed interactions‐of the gene with the genotypic background. Some combinations had a‐higher level of resistance than the best parent. In these populations'CH‐75417’ was involved as a parent. Both ‘CH‐75417’ and ‘F–210.13.4.42’ had significant GCA effects. Crosses between quantitatively resistant parents yielded populations that transgressed both parents. The increased resistance level was associated with ‘Cappelle‐Desprez’, distinguished by its high GCA. In some crosses SCA contributed significantly to an increase in resistance level. Selection for resistance within the best advanced populations is recommended since it‐takes advantage of additive gene action and the high heritability estimates based on ELISA values in plant progenies.  相似文献   

16.
We investigated the leaf : stem partitioning of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. varieties ‘Dekan’ and ‘Batis’) with and without drought influence. Irrigated and drought‐stressed winter wheat, grown in a rainout shelter in 2009/10 and 2013/14, were sampled during shoot elongation phase at the experimental Farm Hohenschulen located in Northern Germany. The data set contains leaf (DML) and stem dry masses (DMS), as well as measured water contents for several soil layers. A reduced relative dry matter allocation to leaves was observed under drought stress. Our results clearly show that, if simulated leaf : stem partitioning is not sensitive to drought, this will cause a positive bias in simulated leaf and a negative bias in simulated stem dry matter under water‐limited conditions. This is in accordance with previous studies which revealed that crop simulators often overestimate the impact of drought on light‐use efficiency, whereas the consequences on leaf area development are underestimated. However, the drought stress‐induced shift in leaf : stem partitioning is yet not considered by most common wheat crop simulators. Our aim was to fill the gap in simulation of drought stress implications on leaf area development. A simple allometric model for leaf : stem partitioning () was parameterized. Starting from the allometric leaf : stem relationship observed under optimum water supply, a correction term was introduced, which allows to adapt the partitioning to drought stress conditions. The lg‐transformed root‐weighted soil water potential in the rooting zone (lgψroot, lg(hPa)), calculated as a function of measured water contents and simulated root distribution, was used as a drought stress indicator. The linear correction term assumes an increase of the stem fraction, proportional to the difference between lgψroot and a drought stress threshold (pFcrit, lg(hPa)). The analysis revealed that the shift in allometric partitioning towards stem fraction starts with lgψroot greater than 1.92 [lg(hPa)]. The slope of the relative increase of dry matter allocated to the stem fraction was determined with 0.26 [lg(hPa)?1]. Both parameters of the correction term were found to be highly significant. Implications for crop modelling are discussed.  相似文献   

17.
干旱胁迫下小麦脯氨酸积累相关基因的染色体定位   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14  
对于旱胁迫和对照条件下中国春-Hope代换系和中国春-长穗偃麦草代换系的叶片脯氨酸含量进行了测定，通过方差分析表明：普通小麦可能在4B、5A和5D染色体上有控制干旱胁迫下脯氨酸积累的基因存在，6B和6D染色体上可能有抑制脯氨酸积累的基因存在。在测定中国春-长穗偃麦草代换系的叶片脯氨酸含量后，确定小麦5A和5D染色体上有  相似文献   

18.
Summary An attempt was made to identify the chromosomal location of genetic control of a few components of wheat quality, using chromosome substitution lines of Cappelle Desprez, Cheyenne, Hope, and Timstein into the recipient variety Chinese Spring.Major factors for kernel hardness and increased baking absorption were found on chromosomes 5D of Cheyenne and Hope, and on 3B, 5D and 7D of Timstein. In Timstein, the presence of one of these chromosomes sufficed to make the wheat kernels hard.Factors for favourable dough properties were identified on a few other chromosomes, different in various varieties. These were 1A of Cappelle Desprez and Cheyenne, 3B of Hope, and 2D of Timstein. All but one of these chromosomes showed an increase in loaf volume to a level in-between those of the recipient variety Chinese Spring and the donor varieties. No relationship was found between kernel hardness and dough-making and baking properties.It was assumed that wheat quality is due to a combination of kernel hardness and favourable dough-making properties. As the genes for these factors are located on different chromosomes, it should not be too difficult to introduce both factors in existing varieties with poor baking properties. In a wheat breeding programme, the quality of new lines can be assessed in a rather simple way by determining kernel hardness and dough stability.  相似文献   

19.
干旱胁迫对不同冬小麦品种幼苗期生理特性的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
研究小麦幼苗时期生理指标等方面的抗旱特性,为今后抗旱小麦新品种的培育提供基础的理论依据。选用5个肥水类型不同的小麦品种,在20% PEG-6000(w/v)水分胁迫条件下,研究不同冬小麦品种幼苗时期的生理抗旱特性,并对幼苗期抗旱生理指标与抗旱指数做了相关性分析。结果表明,在20%的PEG-6000(w/v)渗透胁迫后,5个小麦品种渗透调节物质可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均上升,且上升的程度与抗旱性一致;胁迫条件下保护酶系统SOD和POD活性均降低,其中POD活性呈先上升后降低的趋势;膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高。与高肥水品种相比,‘青麦7号’和‘鲁麦21’的可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量较高,随胁迫时间延长增加的幅度大;MDA含量积累的速度以及SOD、POD活性降低的速度较为缓慢。其中,可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性以及POD活性与抗旱性鉴定指标抗旱指数存在极显著相关性,可以作为小麦抗旱性鉴定的早期生理指标。  相似文献   

20.
Influence of sudden and gradual drought stress (DS) and foliar‐applied glycinebetaine (GB) on growth, water relations, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant defence system were investigated in the plants of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars, that is, drought‐tolerant Shaandan 9 (S9) and drought‐sensitive Shaandan 911 (S911). Sudden DS caused less accumulation of GB and free proline, but a more accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), which resulted in a greater reduction in leaf relative water content (RWC) and dry matter (DM) in both cultivars compared with the gradual DS. Exogenous GB application caused a rise in DM, RWC, contents of GB and free proline as well as the activities of SOD, CAT and POD along with a decline in MDA content to various extent in both cultivars under both types of DS. A more pronounced effectiveness of GB application was observed in S911 than that in S9 under the same type of DS. It seemed that the more serious damage of DS was on maize plants, and the better positive role of GB was observed in terms of mitigating the adverse effects of DS. From this study, it was possible to propose that hardening for drought resistance by gradual DS treatment and GB application are effective to make plants robust to thrive under water‐deficit conditions.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号