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1.
Konkurrenz und Ertragsvorteile in Gemengen aus Erbsen (Pisum sativum L.) und Hafer (Avena sativa L.)
In field trials on a fertile fluvisol in 1995 and 1996 near Göttingen, Germany, pea (Pisum sativum; cv. Messire/conventional leafed, cv. Profi/semileafless) and oats (Avena sativa; cv. Alf) were grown as sole crops and in substitutive mixtures. The sole crops were established at 80 pea seeds m?2 and 300 oat seeds m?2. The mixtures consisted of 67 % (pea) and 33 % (oats) of the monoculture densities, respectively. Interactions of cv. Messire or cv. Profi and oats were similar in 1995 and 1996. The mixtures outyielded the monocultures with respect to total above ground dry matter (RYT = 1.15) and grain yield (RYT = 1.09). Grain yield of pea and oats averaged 4.9 t ha?1 in monocultures and 5.5 t ha?1 in mixtures. Oats was relatively the stronger of the two competitors. Decreasing number of pods per plant could be highlighted as the factor for a lower pea seed frequency in the yield of the mixtures. For oats the number of panicles per plant and kernels per panicle were higher in the mixtures compared with the oat monocultures. The average amount of the harvest index (HI) was 0.52 for pea and 0.46 for oats. Favourable growth conditions increased HI values however, prolific vegetative growth in the mixtures resulted in lower HI values. The predicted RYT‐values estimate the maximum combined grain yield of 6.3 t ha?1 in the mixture of 87 % pea (70 seeds m?2) and 13 % oats (39 kernels m?2). 相似文献
2.
Impact of Wood Biochar and Its Interactions with Mycorrhizal Fungi,Phosphorus Fertilization and Irrigation Strategies on Potato Growth 
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下载免费PDF全文 C. Liu F. Liu S. Ravnskov G. H. Rubæk Z. Sun M. N. Andersen 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2017,203(2):131-145
Biochar amendment to soil has the potential to improve soil quality and increase crop yield. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF ) provide beneficial plant services of stress alleviation with respect to phosphorus (P) deficiency and drought. The aim of this study was to explore interactive effects of biochar with AMF , P fertilization levels and irrigation strategies on growth of potato plants. Potato plants were amended with wood biochar of 0.74 % w/w (B+) or not (B?), fertilized with phosphorus of 0.11 mg P g?1 soil (P1) or not (P0), irrigated with full irrigation (FI ) or partial root‐zone drying irrigation (PRD ) and inoculated with AMF of Rhizophagus irregularis (M+) or not (M?) in split‐root pots in a sandy loam soil. Plants were analysed for growth performance, P and nitrogen (N) uptake and water use efficiency (WUE ). Biochar adsorption of mineral P and N in aqueous solution was tested in subexperiment. B+ significantly decreased plant biomass production except under P0 FI M?, where B+ increased plant biomass. This growth stimulation was counteracted by treatments of P1, PRD and M+. B+ significantly decreased plant leaf area, P and N uptake and WUE , but had no significant effect on root biomass and soil pH. The positive plant growth response to AMF was substantially reduced by biochar amendment. The wood biochar had no adsorption for mineral N, and it had 0.96 % adsorption for mineral P in aqueous solution. The results suggested that the negative effect of wood biochar application on plant growth may due to the reduced plant uptake of P and N and the possibility of phytotoxic effects of wood biochar on potato growth. It was concluded that the wood biochar used in current study had negative impact on plant growth and P/N uptake and it is not recommendable to apply this wood biochar to mycorrhizal agro‐system, to soil fertilized with high rate of P or to soil suffering water deficiency. 相似文献
3.
Zahra Bitarafan Fulai Liu Christian Andreasen 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2020,206(2):169-175
In two identical pot trials, we investigated the effect of different biochars on the growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) grown with and without water stress. Plants were grown in pots with and without biochar. Rice husk (RH), standard rice husk (SRH), standard wheat straw (SWS) or standard oilseed rape straw (SOS) biochars were added at a rate of 2% by weight. Irrigation was reduced from 80% of field capacity to 40% in half of the pots to create water stress when 50% of the plants flowered. No significant interaction was observed between irrigation and biochar treatments. Water stress resulted in smaller plants (11.5%), fewer pods (16.1%) and reduced 100-seed weight (12.6%), seed yield (20.1%) and plant dry weight (55.0%). All standard biochars increased plant dry weight in a range of 18%−25% compared with the controls. There was no significant effect of biochar on the number of pods and seed weight. Only RH, SWS and SOS biochar increased the number of seeds pod−1 by 9.0%−14.5% compared with the controls regardless of water stress. RH and SOS biochars increased seed yield by 16.7 and 21.6%, respectively. RH, SWS and SOS biochar increased the WUE by 17.3%, 10.1% and 16.2% regardless of water stress, respectively. Based on the experiment, we recommend farmers to add biochar whatever type they have available. However, RH and SOS seem to be better than the others are, as they seem to be able to increase seed yield and WUE considerably. 相似文献
4.
生物质炭对土壤特性及葡萄幼苗植株生长的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
试验选择河北省张家口市怀来县中法庄园酿酒葡萄苗圃种植园区,研究施用生物质炭以及生物质炭与木醋液配施对土壤肥力和葡萄幼苗植株生长的影响。结果表明：生物质炭与生物质炭和木醋液配施,显著增加土壤有机质及有效态养分含量,其中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高了31.4%~68.4%、27.3%~30.2%、145.5%~192.1%和65.3%~82.5%。施用生物质炭及其与木醋液配施还可促进土壤微生物活性,其中微生物生物量碳显著提高60.5%~89.3%,并且显著降低土壤容重,但施生物质炭对土壤肥力特性的影响与配施木醋液相比有机质含量显著增加,其余有效养分含量无明显差异。同时,施用生物质炭及其配施木醋液显著提高葡萄幼苗植株鲜重、株高、茎直径及叶片叶绿素含量。虽未增加植株总根数及中级根(1.38~2.00 mm)根数,但显著增加粗根(>2.00 mm)根数、细根(<1.38 mm)根数和根容积,且生物质炭和木醋液配施葡萄细根根数比施生物质炭植株提高22.1%。因此,施用生物质炭可明显提高土壤中植物有效态养分的含量,降低容重,改善土壤结构,促进葡萄幼苗植株的营养生长,而且配施木醋液对葡萄的细根发育有明显的刺激作用。生物质炭在葡萄生产中具有一定的生产应用潜力。 相似文献
5.
生物质炭和有机肥施用对芦蒿产量及土壤性质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
试验选择在南京市八卦洲街道芦蒿种植区进行,研究生物质炭、有机肥以及生物质炭有机肥混施对芦蒿产量和土壤性质的影响。试验包括5个处理：（1）对照(CK);（2）生物质炭用量22.5 t/hm2 (CB);（3）有机肥用量22.5 t/hm2 (CM);（4）生物质炭用量22.5 t/hm2 有机肥用量22.5 t/hm2 (CBM);（5）生物质炭用量11.25 t/hm2 有机肥用量11.25 t/hm2 (CBM1/2),采用随机区组设计。研究结果显示,单独施用生物质炭(CB)或有机肥施(CM)用对芦蒿生物量、产量及根系生物量均没有显著影响。CB处理下土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾分别比CK提高了32%、7%、16%和80%,而土壤pH和电导率无显著变化。单独施用有机肥(CM)处理下土壤全氮和速效磷含量分别比CK提高了12%和16%,而对土壤pH、有机碳、速效钾和电导率没有显著影响。生物质炭和有机肥配合施用(CBM)提高了土壤有机碳、全氮和速效钾含量。当生物质炭和有机肥量由CBM减少到CBM1/2,不仅土壤有机碳、全氮和速效钾,速效磷的含量也有所提高。本研究结果表明,尽管生物质炭和有机肥施用均显著提高了土壤肥力,但对芦蒿生物量、产量及根系生物量均没有显著影响,说明土壤肥力水平不是限制南京市八卦洲地区芦蒿生产的主要因素。 相似文献
6.
生物炭对水稻根系形态与生理特性及产量的影响 总被引：52，自引：0，他引：52
为明确生物炭对水稻根系与产量的效应,探明生物炭在水稻生产上应用的潜力与价值。采用盆栽试验研究了生物炭对超级粳稻不同生育期根系生长、形态特征及生理特性的影响。结果表明,土壤中施入生物炭能增加水稻生育前期根系的主根长、根体积和根鲜重,提高水稻根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积。在水稻生育后期,生物炭在一定程度上延缓根系衰老。根系伤流速率、根系活力和可溶性蛋白在整个生育期内均高于对照,同时维持了较为适宜的根冠比,根系生理功能增强;生物炭处理的水稻产量增加,表现为每穴穗数、每穗粒数、结实率提高,比对照平均增产25.28%。以每千克干土加20 g生物炭处理的产量最高,比对照提高了33.21%。生物炭处理对水稻根系形态特征的优化与生理功能的增强具有一定的促进作用。 相似文献
7.
Growing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the year of forage establishment is a common agronomic practice in marginal growing regions, but is often not recommended to growers. We examined the effect of silage barley production over an establishing timothy (Phleum pratense L.)‐clover (Trifolium pratense L.; Trifolium hybridum L.) forage sward in a 4‐year study near St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. The experiment compared two barley varieties differing in plant height (semidwarf Chapais and Leger), three barley seeding rates and the effect of a forage understorey on forage (barley) production in the establishment year and forage (timothy‐clover) production in the subsequent year. The taller Leger yielded similar forage biomass to Chapais in the year of forage establishment, which (when planted at 375 plants m?2) was roughly twice that of a pure‐stand timothy‐clover mix. Increasing the barley seeding rate from 125 to 375 plants m?2 resulted in a linear increase in forage yield in the year of planting. The production of barley forage in the establishment year resulted in reduced timothy‐clover forage yield in the year following barley planted at 125 and 375 seeds m?2, but not for barley planted at 250 seeds m?2. Companion planting also altered forage species composition in that higher barley seeding rates resulted in 12–18 % less timothy and 2–4 % lower fibre levels in the year following planting. Barley seeded at rates of 250–375 seeds m?2 and undersown with a timothy‐clover mixture (harvested at mid‐milk) resulted in greater forage yield of poorer quality than pure‐stand timothy‐clover in the planting year, and a barley seeding rate of 250 seeds m?2 did not impede forage production in the subsequent year. 相似文献
8.
On a brown warp soil (Fluventic Eutrochrept) near Goettingen, Germany, conventional leafed pea ( Pisum sativum L. cvs Messire and Bohatyr) and semileafless types (cvs Profi, Juno and Azur) were grown in mixed stands together with oat ( Avena sativa cvs Alf and Lutz) in substitutively designed experiments from 1995 to 1997. Oat was the dominant component. Crowding coefficients for oat averaged 7.4. No relationship could be detected between the crowding coefficient of oat and any yield advantage from the mixture. Crowding coefficients for pea varied substantially, between 0.1002 (Juno and Alf in 1996) and 0.2979 (Bohatyr and Alf in 1996). Crowding coefficients for semileafless pea cultivars were smaller than for conventional leafed types. The yield advantage of the mixture increased as the crowding coefficient of pea increased. The maximum yield increase for the mixture was achieved when the relative yield total (RYT)=1.17 or + 11 dt grain DM ha–1 for mixtures of the long-strawed conventional leafed cultivars Bohatyr and Alf (in 1996). The crowding coefficients of pea were positively correlated with the level of symbiotically fixed N2 in the mixed stands. When N2 fixation with mixed cropping was about 30 kg N ha–1 , RYT was unity. Increasing symbiotic N2 in the mixtures resulted in increasing yield advantages in the mixture. Short-strawed pea cultivars seem unsuitable for mixing with oat. Plant height of pea appeared to be more important than plant leaf type. Accordingly, mixtures containing the long-strawed semileafless pea cultivars Profi and Alf were more successful. It is concluded that increased competitiveness of the pea component in the mixture with oat entails increasing the level of symbiotic N2 fixation including resource complementarity and thus yield advantage in the mixed stands. 相似文献
9.
Most fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum L. suitable for western Canada exhibit an indeterminate growth habit and take about 120 days to produce a good proportion
of high quality seed. Late maturity is a major inconvenience for seed producers in temperate climates prevalent in this region
where plants must mature within a much shorter growing season. The objective of this study was to develop early maturing fenugreek
mutants with a determinate growth habit to ensure uniform maturity within the 100 frost free days available on the Canadian
prairies. Seeds from Tristar Fenugreek, a forage cultivar developed for production in western Canada, were treated with 10–300 mM
ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) for 2–24 h and plants were selected for determinate growth habit, early maturity and high seed
yield. This mutation breeding approach has detected new breeding material exhibiting early seed maturity coupled with high
seed yield, seed quality and determinate growth habit. Successful development of useful mutants in fenugreek was reported
before, but this is the first report on successful use of mutation breeding for improvement in quantitative traits in this
crop. 相似文献
10.
生物炭对土壤肥料的作用及未来研究 总被引：76，自引：13，他引：63
为了促进中国生物炭的研究及农用,笔者回顾和综述了国内外有关生物炭的研究文献和发现,并提出了生物炭未来研究方向。总结如下：生物炭是生物质在无氧或微氧条件下低温热转化后的固体副产物,富含有机碳、多孔性、碱性、吸附能力强、多用途的材料。生物炭能够提高土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤保水、保肥性能,减少养分损失,有益于土壤微生物栖息和活动,特别是菌根真菌,是良好的土壤改良剂。在一些情况下,单施生物炭就能够促进作物生长或增产,但是生物炭与肥料混施、或复合后对作物生长及产量几乎都表现为正效应,这缘于肥料消除了生物炭养分低的缺陷,而生物炭赋予肥料养分缓释性能的互补和协同作用。生物炭延缓肥料在土壤中的养分释放,降低养分损失,提高肥料养分利用率,生物炭是肥料的增效载体。生物炭在土壤中极为稳定,可长期将碳固定于土壤,是固碳的潜力载体。利用废弃生物质生产生物炭,并将生物炭农用将是多赢的技术。但是,生物炭的研究仍存在许多问题,需要进行广泛深入的研究。因此,中国应加强生物炭的基础及应用研究,促进生物炭的生产及农用,推动21世纪农业的“黑色革命”。中图分类号：S143,S156 相似文献
11.
生物炭和菌肥的混合使用对苹果园连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生理指标的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)幼苗为试材,盆栽试验条件下研究生物炭和菌液的混合施用对其生长及连作土壤环境的影响。试验共设5个处理:连作土对照(CK)、连作土溴甲烷熏蒸(T_1)、连作土施加2%生物炭(T_2)、连作土施用500倍稀释的菌液(T_3)、连作土加2%生物炭和500倍稀释的菌液(T_4)。研究结果表明,与连作相比,溴甲烷熏蒸、添加生物炭、施用菌液以及混合施用生物炭和菌液对平邑甜茶幼苗植株的生物量均有不同程度的促进作用。其中,溴甲烷熏蒸处理效果最好,混合施用生物炭和菌液次之,且均高于单独添加生物炭和菌液处理。与对照相比,混合施用生物炭和菌液处理9月平邑甜茶幼苗植株株高、地径、干重、鲜重分别增加了40.2%、34.7%、58.3%、68.6%;同时,平邑甜茶幼苗的根系长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数分别增加了46.5%、108.0%、91.0%、34.3%。混合施用生物炭和菌液处理显着提高了平邑甜茶幼苗的根系活力,与对照相比增加了124.2%。添加生物炭、施用菌液和混合施用生物炭和菌液均增加了土壤中细菌的数量,降低了真菌的数量。添加生物炭、施用菌液和混合施用生物炭和菌液的细菌数量和连作相比分别增加了157.14%、85.71%、252.4%,真菌数量降低了7.1%、53.97%、68.14%,显着增加了细菌/真菌的比值。添加生物炭、施用菌液、混合施用生物炭和菌液处理均增加了土壤酶活性,其中混合施用生物炭和菌液处理的土壤酶活性增幅最为明显。试验结果表明,混合施用生物炭和菌液可以更好地促进连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量的增加,提高细菌/真菌比值,增强土壤酶活性,改善苹果园连作土壤环境,有效减轻苹果连作障碍。 相似文献
12.
生物黑炭对设施土壤理化性质及蔬菜产量的影响 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
选取典型日光温室,通过一年两季田间小区试验,研究生物黑炭不同用量对设施土壤理化性质及蔬菜产量的影响,以期为生物黑炭在设施土壤中合理运用提供参考。结果表明,设施土壤施用生物黑炭与习惯处理相比,能显著降低土壤容重2.65%~15.73%,提高土壤CEC 1.03%~5.46%,提高土壤有机碳含量7.28%~24.95%,增加土壤速效钾含量19.06%~168.5%,施用量越大效果越明显;施用生物黑炭也增加了土壤水解氮和速效磷含量,但与习惯处理相比差异不显著。生物黑炭本身pH较高,但经过蔬菜整个生长季后,对土壤pH影响不大;生物黑炭矿物质含量较高,增加土壤养分的同时也提高了土壤全盐含量。低量生物黑炭对蔬菜产量影响不大或有提高作用,但高量生物黑炭会造成蔬菜减产,因此,设施土壤生物黑炭施用量不宜过高。 相似文献
13.
研究不同用量生物质炭对土壤性质、蔬菜产量和品质的影响,探索生物质炭对小白菜和大蒜种植的最佳用量,为生物质炭在蔬菜上的应用提供科学依据。盆栽试验共设4个生物质炭用量处理,包括CK、C1、C2、C3,分别以0、1%、2%、3%的添加量施入,每个处理5次重复,监测小白菜和大蒜生长季数据。结果表明,生物质炭能够显著增加土壤有机碳,增幅为23.86%~93.54%;施用3%的生物质炭处理显著增加了小白菜和大蒜生长季土壤全氮11.33%和23.09%;生物质炭能够显著增加土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,增幅分别为18.77%~80.04%和80.19%~396.18%;生物质炭显著增加土壤pH值,增幅为6.03%~17.19%。生物质炭能够显著增加小白菜地上部鲜重和干重,增幅分别为60.11%~86.11%和57.89%~76.32%;施用3%的生物质炭显著增加了大蒜地上部鲜重、地上部干重和地下部干重,增幅分别为36.89%、32.00%和61.56%。施用2%和3%的生物质炭显著增加了小白菜可溶性蛋白含量9.07%和9.37%,同时,生物质炭能够显著降低小白菜可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量,降低幅度分别为6.72%~7.00%和38.62%~93.20%;施用2%和3%的生物质炭显著增加了大蒜可溶性蛋白含量9.83%和9.56%,而施用3%的生物质炭显著降低了大蒜可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量,降低幅度分别为17.98%和39.27%。综上所述,生物质炭能够显著改善土壤化学性质,对小白菜和大蒜起到稳产增产效果,同时还能显著提高蔬菜品质。同时,小白菜和大蒜最佳的生物质炭用量为1%和3%。 相似文献
14.
15.
生长在酸性土壤上的植物受一系列障碍因素的影响,其中锰毒是继铝毒之后限制植物生长的第二重要因素。本研究旨在利用生物炭改良酸化土壤的同时进一步缓解土壤锰的毒害效应。通过1个月的室内培养试验,研究在酸化土壤中和在酸化土壤施加外源锰(2、4 mmol/kg)两种情况下,分别添加3%的两种不同生物炭──稻壳炭和苹果枝条炭,对空心菜生长和锰毒害的影响。结果表明：（1）在酸化土壤中,添加两种不同生物炭均可显著增加空心菜的株高和生物量;在酸化土壤施加外源锰条件下,空心菜的株高和生物量显著受到抑制,添加稻壳炭能够显著缓解锰对空心菜生长的抑制作用,但苹果枝条炭不能有效缓解锰对空心菜的生长抑制;在高锰(4 mmol/kg)抑制条件下,空心菜植株出现生理缺水,两种生物炭的添加均能显著缓解空心菜植株的缺水现象。（2）生物炭的添加显著提高了土壤pH值,土壤pH值的变化与空心菜株高和生物量变化呈显著或极显著性相关。（3）添加稻壳炭和苹果枝条炭使空心菜对锰的累积浓度分别减少了48.5%和26.6%;外源锰施加情况下,空心菜对锰元素的富集浓度达到1502.1~2185.9 mg/kg,稻壳炭的添加使空心菜对锰的累积显著降低到516.4~975.5 mg/kg,但苹果枝条炭无法有效缓解外源锰对空心菜的毒害。（4）两种生物炭尤其稻壳炭可有效或显著降低土壤交换性锰含量,增加土壤易还原性锰含量,但未对土壤活性锰总量产生显著性影响。稻壳炭和苹果枝条炭能够显著促进空心菜生长、改善外源锰毒对植株造成的缺水现象;两种生物炭均能显著降低空心菜对锰的累积,提升土壤pH值、减少土壤交换性锰含量,不同程度缓解锰的毒害并促进植物生长。 相似文献
16.
灰漠土铬Cr(Ⅲ)污染严重影响土壤生物活性,为探索灰漠土铬污染修复的有效方法。采用盆栽试验,探究生物炭对土壤铬污染的钝化效果及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明：施用生物炭显著降低了铬污染土壤中水溶态铬、交换态Cr的含量(P<0.05),同时明显增加还原态铬的含量(P<0.05),生物活性系数随着产炭温度的下降也明显下降(P<0.05),降幅分别为26.70%、41.15%、59.45%。不同炭处理显著降低了玉米籽粒、根、茎、叶的铬含量(P<0.05),尤其是显著降低玉米植株对铬的富集系数(P<0.05),其中高温所产生的生物炭(BC600)能显著减缓Cr污染所造成的生长抑制,能明显增加玉米生物量(P<0.05),但生物量与CK比较无显著差异(P<0.05),且各部分Cr含量小于5 mg/kg,符合饲料原料Cr安全标准。该研究结果可为灰漠土铬污染的修复提供理论依据。 相似文献
17.
The use of winter cover crops enhances environmental benefits and, if properly managed, may supply economic and agronomic advantages. Nitrogen retained in the cover crop biomass left over the soil reduces soil N availability, which might enhance the N fertiliser use efficiency of the subsequent cash crop and the risk of depressive yield and pre-emptive competition. The main goal of this study was to determine the cover crop effect on crop yield, N use efficiency and fertiliser recovery in a 2-year study included in a long-term (10 years) maize/cover crop production system. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.), as cover crops, were compared with a fallow treatment during the maize intercropping period. All treatments were cropped following the same procedure, including 130 kg N ha−1 with 15N fertiliser. The N rate was reduced from the recommended N rate based on previous results, to enhance the cover crop effect. Crop yield and N uptake, soil N mineral and 15N fertiliser recovered in plants and the soil were determined at different times. The cover crops behaved differently: the barley covered the ground faster, while the vetch attained a larger coverage and N content before being killed. Maize yield and biomass were not affected by the treatments. Maize N uptake was larger after vetch than after barley, while fallow treatment provided intermediate results. This result can be ascribed to N mineralization of vetch residues, which results in an increased N use efficiency of maize. All treatments showed low soil N availability after the maize harvest; however, barley also reduced the N in the upper layers before maize planting, increasing the risk of pre-emptive competition. In addition to the year-long effect of residue decomposition, there was a cumulative effect on the soil’s capacity to supply N after 7 years of cover cropping, larger for the vetch than for the barley. 相似文献
18.
I. A. Adetunji 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1993,171(5):351-357
Effect of five planting patterns on the growth, yield and yield components of intercropped sunflower and sorghum was studied during 1989–90 planting seasons at University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Generally, intercropping depressed the performance of sorghum more than sunflower. Sorghum plants grown in alternate hills with sunflower had the shortest stems, the least dry matter and total seed yields per hectare, while the highest dry matter and seed yields were obtained from sorghum planted in five alternating rows with sunflower. Similarly, in sunflower, plants grown in five alternating rows with sorghum had the highest yields compared with other planting patterns, but there were no significant differences in the dry matter and total seed yields of sorghum and sunflower intercropped in three and five alternating rows. Light transmission, leaf area index and yields of both crops followed similar trends under the various planting patterns. Interplanting in five alternating rows that allowed the highest leaf area also allowed the lowest light transmission and produced the highest yields. Land use efficiency was highly improved under three and five rows interplanting by 52 and 74 % respectively. 相似文献
19.
Two field experiments were carried out in northern Greece during the 1993–94 and 1994–95 growing seasons to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) supply on interspecific competition between wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare =distichum L.) and triticale (Triticosecale). The presence of 140 S. arvensis plants m−2 until early March (averaged over N levels) did not have any adverse effect on the dry weight of all crops. However, its further presence significantly reduced the dry weight of wheat and triticale, but not that of barley. N fertilization (150 kg N ha−1 regardless of application time) slightly increased the dry weight of wheat and triticale grown without weed competition compared with that of control (0 kg N). On the contrary, the presence of wild mustard, until harvest, reduced dry weight of wheat and triticale by 31 and 26 %, respectively, while the corresponding reduction for barley was only 1.5 %. Furthermore, N fertilization (150 kg N ha−1) increased dry weight of wild mustard grown with wheat and triticale by 10 and 16 %, respectively, compared with that of control (0 kg N). Grain yield of wheat and triticale was reduced to 26 and 27 % by the competition of wild mustard, respectively, while the corresponding reduction for barley was only 3.5 %. Moreover, the wild mustard presence reduced total N content of wheat and triticale by 20 and 19 %, respectively, but this was not the case for barley. 相似文献
20.
A pot experiment was conducted in a climate‐controlled greenhouse to investigate the growth, physiology and yield of potato in response to salinity stress under biochar amendment. It was hypothesized that addition of biochar may improve plant growth and yield by mitigating the negative effect of salinity through its high sorption ability. From tuber bulking to harvesting, the plants were exposed to three saline irrigations, that is 0, 25 and 50 mm NaCl solutions, respectively, and two levels of biochar (0 % and 5 % W/W) treatments. An adsorption study was also conducted to study the Na+ adsorption capability of biochar. Results indicated that biochar was capable to ameliorate salinity stress by adsorbing Na+. Increasing salinity level resulted in significant reductions of shoot biomass, root length and volume, tuber yield, photosynthetic rate (An), stomatal conductance (gs), midday leaf water potential, but increased abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in both leaf and xylem sap. At each salinity level, incorporation of biochar increased shoot biomass, root length and volume, tuber yield, An, gs, midday leaf water potential, and decreased ABA concentration in the leaf and xylem sap as compared with the respective non‐biochar control. Decreased Na+, Na+/K+ ratio and increased K+ content in xylem with biochar amendment also indicated its ameliorative effects on potato plants in response to salinity stress. The results suggested that incorporation of biochar might be a promising approach for enhancing crop productivity in salt‐affected soils. 相似文献