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1.
为探讨苜蓿轮作玉米后不同种植年限玉米生育后期叶片衰老特性,以金山27为试材,紫花苜蓿地为前茬,连续4年采用同一高产栽培方案种植玉米,吐丝期开始,每10 d 1次,测定不同层位叶片叶绿素、丙二醛（ MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（ SOD）、过氧化物酶（ POD）活性。结果表明：苜蓿轮作玉米后,玉米产量随玉米种植年限的增加而降低,与种植玉米第一年相比,第二、三、四年产量分别下降了9．7％,13．6％和19．1％。苜蓿轮作玉米后,不同种植年限玉米吐丝后叶片衰老速率随玉米种植年限的增加而增加,且随生育进程差异增加。不同生育时期和层位春玉米叶片叶绿素含量随玉米种植年限增加而下降,吐丝后20 d到叶丝后40 d差异达显著水平,尤以穗位叶为甚。不同生育时期和层位叶片SOD和POD活性随玉米种植年限的递增均呈下降趋势,不同年限间SOD、POD活性随生育进程差异逐渐增加。不同生育时期和层位玉米叶片MDA含量随玉米种植年限增加而增加,且随生育进程差异增大,穗位叶最为明显。苜蓿轮作玉米后,随玉米种植年限的增加,玉米产量下降,生育后期叶片SOD、POD活性降低,MDA含量升高,叶片衰老速率增大,尤以穗位叶为甚。 相似文献
2.
不同节位摘顶对日光温室厚皮甜瓜叶片衰老的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以日光温室栽培的蜜世界、鲁厚甜2号厚皮甜瓜品种为试材,通过分析不同摘顶植株叶片可溶性蛋白质(Pr)、叶绿素(Chl)、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化,探讨了不同节位摘顶对厚皮甜瓜叶片衰老的影响。结果表明,在授粉后7d以内,两品种第18节、24节摘顶可使座瓜节位叶片维持较高的生理活性,第30节摘顶则明显偏低,表现为：前者叶片Pr、Chl含量明显高于后者,而MDA含量、POD活性则较低。授粉14d之后,两品种第24节摘顶延缓叶片衰老的效果明显优于第18节、30节摘顶。植株摘顶后,不同节位叶片生理指标的变化进一步证实,第24节摘顶可明显延缓叶片衰老。综合分析表明,24节左右为厚皮甜瓜合理摘顶节位,早熟品种可适当提高摘顶节位,而中晚熟品种应适当降低节位。 相似文献
3.
双斑萤叶甲在我国的玉米种植生产中危害极大,是一种有害生物,对于玉米的高质量种植有很大影响,也是目前国内玉米种植中分布最广泛的病虫害,多地玉米田都有双斑萤叶甲的困扰,此种害虫主要蚕食玉米的叶片,导致玉米叶不能正常生长,严重时会出现枯死症状;玉米抽雄吐丝后会双斑萤叶甲会阻碍玉米的正常授粉和,严重影响光合作用和授粉结实等玉米正常生理代谢。病虫害会将玉米产量严重缩水,也间接降低整体农耕农种的经济效益。针对这种病虫害问题,要切实做好防治工作,以确保玉米种植生产的高质量。 相似文献
4.
《华北农学报》2016,(Z1)
为探究春玉米花后营养器官氮再分配及氮素利用特性对不同生育时期补充灌溉的响应,以郑单958为材料,设置拔节期、大口期、吐丝期和吐丝后15 d 4个关键时期的灌水处理及不灌水对照,进行了2年大田试验研究。结果表明,春玉米生育前期灌水能够显著增加吐丝期叶片氮浓度和积累量,但茎秆中氮素增加相对不明显。大口期和吐丝期灌水显著促进了叶片和茎秆中氮素的再利用,叶片氮素再利用率达到34%~59%。灌水处理显著增加了单株籽粒氮积累量,但籽粒氮含量下降了3.6%~25.4%。各时期补充灌水有效改善了春玉米的氮利用特性,2年中受粉正常年份的氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用效率、氮收获指数分别提高了2.8%~11.2%,29.2%~59.4%,14.3%~25.0%。灌水促进了玉米植株氮的再利用,有效改善了玉米的氮利用特性,其中吐丝期灌水处理效果最为显著。 相似文献
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6.
杂交玉米品种抗旱性生理指标及综合评价初探 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
采用室内干旱法 研究玉米叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、抽雄吐丝间隔时间、各生育时期出现时间、干物质积累量、氮代谢等与玉米抗旱性的关系。结果表明,经24和48h水分胁迫的处理,玉米叶片RWC与其抗旱性呈正相关;叶绿素含量与抗旱性无相关性;抽雄期与吐丝期的间隔时间与抗旱性呈负相关;干旱对高抗品种的灌浆期出现时间几乎没有影响,中抗和不抗旱品种乳熟期出现较晚。高抗品种干物质胁迫系数在“喇叭口期～抽雄期～蜡熟期”生育过程中呈“n”型变化,中抗品种干物质胁迫系数呈“u”型变化,不抗旱品种呈“直线型”变化。短时间干旱,玉米植株含氮量与抗旱系数呈正相关。 相似文献
7.
《分子植物育种》2021,(13)
为了探索枣胚发育的分子机理,本研究使用Illumina高通量测序平台对中度可育枣品种‘冷白玉’四个发育时期(原胚,小球形胚,心形胚,鱼雷形胚)的幼胚进行转录组测序,共获得135 743 080条高质量Reads,Q3092.88%。样品间共筛选出2 333个差异表达基因,其中有19个差异表达基因是所有样品组合共有的。原胚与小球形胚的幼胚(L2 vs L3)间的差异表达基因(differentially expressed gene, DEG)基因数(867)明显多于其他组合,小球形胚与鱼雷形胚(L3 vs L5)间的DEG基因数(503)明显多于原胚与心形胚(L2 vs L4)间的DEG基因数(498)。GO富集分析显示,四个发育时期的DEG主要共同富集到分子功能、细胞组分、生物过程等GO条目。KEGG富集分析发现,四个时期的DEGs主要共同富集到次生代谢合成、代谢过程、植物信号转导通路,主要参与了苯丙氨酸代谢、α-亚麻酸代谢、氰氨基酸代谢、光合作用-天线蛋白质等代谢途径。通过转录组测序分析了不同发育阶段的‘冷白玉’枣幼胚差异基因表达状况,为寻找枣胚发育的相关基因提供理论参考。 相似文献
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苗期土壤水分亏缺后玉米光合生理的恢复 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过模拟土壤水分亏缺试验,研究了玉米在土壤水分亏缺后光合生理的恢复机制.结果表明:不同处理玉米光合生理在复水后30 d内均可以恢复正常生长.轻度亏缺处理玉米叶片气孔导度和蒸腾强度在复水后0～10 d可恢复正常,光合速率和胞间CO2浓度在复水后10～20 d恢复正常,但叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP、qN)和叶片光合色素含量的恢复相对较为缓慢.重度水分亏缺处理玉米光合生理指标恢复滞后于轻度亏缺处理.轻度亏缺处理复水后玉米净光合速率的恢复主要受气孔因素影响,重度水分亏缺处理玉米净光合速率的恢复在复水0～10 d主要受非气孔因素影响,复水10 d后主要受气孔因素影响. 相似文献
10.
施氮量对不同品种春玉米穗位叶蔗糖合成的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
施氮量对不同品种春玉米穗位叶蔗糖合成的影响 《中国农学通报》2005,21(10):196-196
以高淀粉玉米、糯玉米和甜玉米为试验材料,研究了氮肥施用量对春玉米穗位叶蔗糖合成的影响。结果表明,春玉米穗位叶的蔗糖含量、光合速率以吐丝后7d最高,随灌浆进程的推进,呈逐渐降低的趋势,氮肥处理之间差异明显,不同品种对氮素反应不同。磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性与光合速率变化基本一致。春玉米吐丝后穗位叶中蔗糖合成酶活性呈单峰曲线变化,在吐丝后28d活性最高（但各品种N0处理在吐丝后21d活性最高）,35d以后迅速下降。品种间存在差异。 相似文献
11.
活性炭促进玉米幼胚离体培养幼苗生长与发育的转录组分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以玉米自交系昌7-2为试材,比较了14 d龄幼胚在MS和MSA(MS加活性炭)培养基上离体培养9 d的幼苗生长情况,并利用转录组测序技术分析了2种培养基上的玉米幼苗地上部和地下部的基因表达差异。结果表明,活性炭可以显著促进玉米幼苗的生长与发育。活性炭主要影响地下部基因表达。加入活性炭后,幼苗地下部表达上调的基因有1612个,下调的基因有530个;幼苗地上部表达上调的基因有69个,下调的基因有78个。GO功能显著性分析表明,地下部差异表达基因(DEGs)主要涉及DNA包装、DNA包装复合体和水解酶活性,地上部DEGs主要涉及脂类代谢、胞外区和过氧化物酶活性。KEGG富集分析表明,地下部DEGs主要涉及能量、碳水化合物、脂类和氨基酸代谢,以及细胞周期和植物激素转导途径;地上部DEGs主要涉及泛醌和其他萜-醌类物质合成途径。活性炭促进细胞周期途径中的关键基因(CYC、CDH1、MCM3、PCNA2和BUBR1)、生长素信号传导基因(Aux/IAA)以及细胞色素基因(CYP450)显著上调表达。利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)验证了10个DEGs的表达模式与转录组测序结果一致,证实了转录组数据与分析的可靠性。 相似文献
12.
Genetic Variability for Haploid Production in Crosses Between Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats with Maize 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Crosses were made between 14 wheat genotypes (11 tetraploid, 3 hexaploid) and a single Fl hybrid of maize that was used as the male parent. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three replications. Plants were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions (day length 16 h and temperature 25 °C/15 °C, day/night). To enhance embryo survival, 2, 4-D treatment (10 mg/1) was applied to spikes 24 h after pollination with maize. Embryos were recovered from all tetraploid and hexaploid wheats at a rate of 2.09 to 26.76 per 100 pollinated florets. Haploid and doubled haploid plants were obtained from all hexaploid genotypes (T. aestivum) and from 5 of 11 tetraploid genotypes (T. turgidum var.). The most important point of these experiments was the ability to produce haploid plants from tetraploid wheat for two reasons: firstly, anther culture cannot be applied in tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum var.) due to the inefficiency of embryo formation and the high proportion of albino plants. Secondly, to date, crosses between tetraploid wheat and maize have resulted in embryo formation, but not in haploid plants. 相似文献
13.
基于控制授粉技术的玉米弱势粒发育与库特征的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
明确弱势粒败育和灌浆受限与其库容量或库活性关系,对于探讨弱势粒调控途径、实现密植群体产量挖潜具有重要意义。本研究以典型玉米杂交种郑单958和先玉335为材料,在控制授粉条件下(不完全授粉IcP、完全授粉CP),比较成功发育弱势粒(IcP处理)和发育不良弱势粒(CP处理)的库容量和库活性及籽粒灌浆参数的差异。结果表明,不同控制授粉处理下,玉米弱势粒胚乳细胞增殖过程和最大胚乳细胞数无显著差异;IcP处理弱势粒可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶(SAI)活性显著高于CP处理,平均差异和最大差异分别达12.6%和21.8%,且实测百粒重、籽粒终极生长量、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率皆表现为IcP处理高于CP处理。可见,玉米果穗顶部弱势粒败育或灌浆停滞不受其库容量的限制,籽粒形成期的库活性是弱势粒败育或灌浆受限的核心限制因子。 相似文献
14.
D. A. Laurie 《Plant Breeding》1989,103(2):133-140
Crosses of ‘Highbury’בSeneca 60’ were studied to determine the effect of four crossing procedures on the frequency of fertilization. The procedures were: 1) glumes of emasculated florets left intact, 2) glumes cut to expose the stigmas, 3) intact glumes given a 75 mg 1-1 GA spray 2 h after pollination, and 4) cut glumes given a 75 mg 1-1 GA spray 2 h after pollination. Within each treatment florets with developmental ages ranging from 3 days before an-thesis to 3 days after anthesis were pollinated. Fertilized florets were found in all four treatments. Overall, 20.2 % had only an embryo, 2.5 % had only an endosperm and 7.9 % had an embryo and an endosperm. Significant variation in the frequency of embryo formation, and hence in the frequency of potential plants, was found both between treatments and between developmental stages within treatments. The highest frequency (55.8 % of pollinated florets) was found in florets with intact glumes which had not received a GA spray and which had been pollinated on the day of anthesis. Cutting the glumes to expose the stigmas, pollinating earlier or later than the day of anthesis or application of a GA spray all tended to reduce the number of embryos. This was also the case when the total fertilization frequencies (embryos plus endosperms) were analyzed. The potential of wheat × maize crosses for wheat haploid production is discussed. 相似文献
15.
Koshun Ishiki 《Euphytica》1991,55(1):7-13
Summary In order to promote cytogenetical studies on Oryza glaberrima (2n=2x=24), I produced primary trisomics in the progeny of the autotriploid. When the autotriploid was pollinated with the diploid, 136F1 seeds (5.8% of the number of spikelets pollinated) were obtained. The numbers of chromosomes of 31 surviving progeny varied from 24 to 28, with plants having 2n=25 occurring at the highest frequency (34.4%). The primary trisomics differed from one another as well as from the normal disomics in many aspects. The differences were attributed to a single extra chromosome in each trisomic type. Nine primary trisomics were classified into 8 types on the basis of morphological and reproductive features. Seeds were obtained from all primary trisomics except for Type D by self pollination, open pollination or pollination with the disomics. I was able to maintain 7 types of primary trisomics by seed propagation. The primary trisomics which are capable of expressing subtle genetic dissimilarities should be useful for studying the relationship between the two cultivated species of rice at the level of individual chromosomes. 相似文献
16.
玉米籽粒形成期的库活性是弱势粒败育或灌浆受限的核心限制因子,明确弱势粒中内源激素及多胺水平对其库活性的调控机制,对探索密植条件下玉米弱势粒调控途径具有重要意义。本研究以典型玉米杂交种郑单958和先玉335为材料,在控制授粉条件下(不完全授粉Ic P、完全授粉CP),比较分析了成功发育弱势粒(Ic P处理)和发育不良弱势粒(CP处理)的内源激素及多胺水平差异及其与库活性的关系。结果表明,品种和年度对籽粒库活性、内源激素和多胺水平整体无显著影响。Ic P处理下弱势粒的可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶(SAI)活性显著高于CP处理,平均差异和最大差异分别达13.5%和21.8%。在玉米籽粒形成期,弱势粒中玉米素和玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)含量在两种控制授粉处理间无显著差异。弱势粒中多胺含量表现为Ic P处理显著高于CP处理,而乙烯释放速率则恰恰相反。弱势粒中SAI活性与多胺含量显著正相关,而与乙烯释放速率显著负相关,且多胺含量与乙烯释放速率显著负相关。可见,在玉米籽粒形成期,其弱势粒中Z+ZR、IAA、GA3和ABA与其库活性即SAI活性无关;弱势粒库活性主要受多胺和乙烯含量影响,多胺促进SAI活性而乙烯则抑制其活性,二者的平衡关系决定了弱势粒成功发育与否;多胺和乙烯平衡关系受同化物质供应水平的调控。 相似文献
17.
Subapical ears are largely responsible for grain yield variations in prolific maize (Zea mays L.) grown under conditions favourable for the expression of prolificacy trait, but limited information exists on yield components contributing to yield responses. A field experiment was conducted to determine the yield components of apical and subapical ear in prolific maize after various pollination treatments at two plant populations. Hybrid Pioneer 3733 was grown in the perfect stands of 71 428 and 35 714 plants ha?1. Three pollination treatments were carried out: (i) free pollination; (ii) subapical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination; and (iii) apical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination. Grain yields of free pollinated plants were by 50.1 % larger at low plant population (265 g per plant) than at high plant population (177 g per plant) due to a 45.3 % increase in kernels per plant, whereas 1000‐kernel weight slightly increased by 3.3 %. These increased kernels per plant at low plant population were, in part, the result of kernel increments on apical ear (10.1 %), and mainly associated with kernels from subapical ears that did not occur at high plant population. At low plant population, the total grain yield per plant was reduced by 94 g (35.5 %) after the apical ear was bagged to prevent pollination, but only 52 g (19.6 %) when the subapical ear was bagged. When subapical ear development was stopped at low plant population, grain yield on apical ears increased by only 3.9 % as a result of heavier 1000‐kernel weights, clearly demonstrating limitations in kernel set and size. After grain development on apical ear was prevented, subapical ear enlarged to 80.3 % of maximum apical ear yield because the former had, on average, 2.5 % lighter 1000‐kernel weight and 17.5 % fewer kernels than the latter. Ears did not differ in row number when only apical or subapical ear was developed on plant, whereas subapical ears tended to have fewer rows than apical ears when both were present on the same plant. Our results showed that: (i) plant population affected all yield components on both apical and subapical ear except row number; (ii) the occurrence of subapical ear is triggered by achieving maximum potential kernel set on apical ear; and (iii) subapical ear is inferior in potential grain yield to apical one even when the latter was prevented from pollination. 相似文献
18.
玉米籽粒发育早期,代谢活动旺盛,细胞分裂与增大活跃,为后续贮藏物质的合成形成充足库容。为阐明籽粒早期发育的蛋白合成、积累与调控过程,本研究以夏玉米品种登海661为试验材料,在开花期人工饱和授粉后第3、第5、第10天取果穗中部籽粒,利用同位素标记相对定量(iTRAQ)技术分析其蛋白差异表达特性。玉米籽粒早期发育阶段总计鉴定及定量2639种蛋白,这些蛋白涉及多种生物过程与分子功能,其中代谢过程和分子过程是最主要的2个生物过程;催化活性和绑定功能是最主要的2个分子功能,这些生物过程与分子功能对籽粒早期发育具有重要作用。定量分析结果表明137种蛋白在籽粒发育早期显著差异表达,其功能涉及蛋白代谢、胁迫响应、细胞生长与分裂、碳水化合物与能量代谢、转运、次生物质代谢、淀粉合成、转录、油脂代谢、信号转导、氨基酸代谢等。其中,表达差异较大的是与蛋白代谢、胁迫响应、细胞生长与分裂以及碳水化合物与能量代谢相关的蛋白。表达模式聚类结果显示这些不同功能类别的蛋白协同表达,共同调控玉米籽粒的早期发育。 相似文献
19.
Doubled haploid (DH) lines are important in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding, and haploids produced via maize pollination precede DH line development. Although maize pollination has proven
reliable and broadly applicable to wheat, its success is determined by the wheat and maize genotypes employed. A wheat genotype
consisting of nuclear and cytoplasm components predisposing it to parthenogenesis was compared with three other genotypes,
each possessing only one or neither component necessary for parthenogenesis. In a glasshouse experiment, each genotype was
pollinated with maize and subsequently treated with a2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) solution to determine if parthenogenesis
affected embryo formation frequency (EFF)and haploid formation efficiency (HFE). Wheat genotypes were also treated with the2,4-D
solution alone to determine if embryos and haploid plants could be produced in vivo without maize pollination. ‘Salmon(K)’,
a parthenogenetic genotype consisting of a Salmon 1BL.1RS nucleus in a Ae. kotschyii cytoplasm, had a mean EFF of 32%; whereas, the non-parthenogenetic genotypes had mean EFF calculations ranging from 7 to
21%. Mean HFE for Salmon(K) was not significantly different than the mean HFE for non-parthenogenetic Salmon; however, EFF
and HFE calculations for Salmon(K) and Salmon, each with a 1BL.1RS translocation, were generally higher than calculations
for genotypes without the translocation. Salmon(K) was the only genotype to produce a 3% or higher EFF and HFE after treatment
with 2,4-D alone. Parthenogenesis significantly affected the frequency at which embryos were produced after pollination with
maize and the frequency at which embryos and haploid plants were produced after treatment with 2,4-D alone.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
为探究旱胁迫下外源ABA对玉米品种叶片光合作用以及气孔开度的影响情况，以玉米品种‘郑单988’为研究对象，采用PEG、ABA、ABA+PEG不同处理对不同时间节点下玉米苗期叶片光合作用、气孔张开程度和叶绿素含量变化进行研究。发现不同处理下3 个时间节点光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量均低于对照，而气孔闭合数目均高于对照；ABA+PEG处理的4 个指标均处于PEG和ABA处理之间。说明干旱胁迫下玉米为了维持自身的生长发育，通过关闭气孔减少水分蒸腾；外施ABA可增加干旱胁迫下气孔的关闭数目和叶绿素含量，减少水分流失的同时提高旱胁迫下植株的光合速率，最终提高植株的抗旱能力。 相似文献