共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Diamond may be grown at low pressures where it is the metastable form of carbon. Recent advances in a wide variety of plasma and electrical discharge methods have led to dramatic increases in growth rates. All of these methods have certain aspects in common, namely, the presence of atomic hydrogen and the production of energetic carbon-containing fragments under conditions that support high mobilities on the diamond surface. Some understanding of the processes taking place during nucleation and growth of diamond has been achieved, but detailed molecular mechanisms are not yet known. Related research has led to the discovery of a new class of materials, the "diamondlike" phases. Vapor-grown diamond and diamondlike materials may have eventual applications in abrasives, tool coatings, bearing surfaces, electronics, optics, tribological surfaces, and corrosion protection. 相似文献
2.
An important trend in materials science is the use of increasingly sophisticated methods to control composition and microstructure during processing. Near-surface modification by ion implantation and laser treatment is one of these new methods for tailoring material properties. Novel materials have been formed which are far from thermodynamic equilibrium and which exhibit unexpected and useful properties. The most extensively studied property changes include modified electrical properties of semiconductors and improved wear, hardness, and corrosion resistance of metals. The high degree of control available with energetic beams allows relations between microstructure and properties to be systematically investigated at the atomic level. This article illustrates how ion and laser beam modification is being applied to advance both the technology and the exploratory science of materials. 相似文献
3.
[目的]研究不同磷脂酶D（PLD）抑制剂处理对采后龙眼果实贮藏性质的影响,为龙眼保鲜新方法的开发应用提供理论依据。[方法]以采后“石硖”龙眼果实为试验材料,分别用25mg／kg的PLD抑制剂正丁醇、仲丁醇、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺、2,3-二磷酸甘油酸、Wortmannin、沙丁胺醇、色甘酸钠进行处理,分析在常温（25±0．5）oC贮藏过程中龙眼果实的品质变化。[结果]仲丁醇处理后的龙眼果实褐变指数及自溶指数上升慢于对照果,可溶性固形物含量高于对照果,果实失重率低于对照果;与其他抑制剂处理果和对照果相比,较好地保持了龙眼果实采后品质。[结论]PLD抑制剂仲丁醇处理能有效减缓贮藏过程中龙眼果实的品质劣变,具有一定的保鲜效果。 相似文献
4.
Wise SW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,167(3924):1486-1488
The microarchitecture of gastropod nacre reveals deposition of aragonite in the form of crystal stacks and differs markedly from the characteristic microstructure of pelecypod nacre. The structure permits direct observation of both organic and mineral phases of deposition on a growth surface topography that is ideal for the study of processes of mollusk shell calcification. The stack mode of deposition is functionally useful to the animal because it increases the number of crystals which can form and develop on the growth surface at one time. 相似文献
5.
Lifshitz Y Köhler T Frauenheim T Guzmann I Hoffman A Zhang RQ Zhou XT Lee ST 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5586):1531-1533
A model for diamond nucleation by energetic species (for example, bias-enhanced nucleation) is proposed. It involves spontaneous bulk nucleation of a diamond embryo cluster in a dense, amorphous carbon hydrogenated matrix; stabilization of the cluster by favorable boundary conditions of nucleation sites and hydrogen termination; and ion bombardment-induced growth through a preferential displacement mechanism. The model is substantiated by density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations and an experimental study of the structure of bias-enhanced and ion beam-nucleated films. The model is also applicable to the nucleation of other materials by energetic species, such as cubic boron nitride. 相似文献
6.
磷脂酶D(PLD)是一种分解磷脂的多功能酶。文章介绍了PLD的生化特性及其在信号转导中的作用,概述了PLD的调控机制及在机械损伤、低温、高渗透压、激素和微生物等环境胁迫下的响应。 相似文献
7.
Goodby JW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,231(4736):350-355
Some liquid-crystalline phases of optically active materials are themselves optically active and have dissymmetric structures. The cholesteric phase and smectics C,I, and F have a helical order of their molecules. Plane-polarized light is rotated by the helix, and when the pitch of the helix is comparable to the wavelength of visible light, these phases will reflect irridescent light of a single color. The smectics phases can exhibit ferroelectricity and have been utilized recently in fast-switching light valves. A relation between the microscopic property of molecular configuration and the macroscopic properties of ferroelectricity and the rotation of plane-polarized light is developed. 相似文献
8.
Chattopadhyay T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,264(5156):226-231
Neutron scattering has played a key role in the microscopic understanding of the static and dynamic properties of magnetic materials. Modulated magnetic structures first discovered in the late fifties can no longer be referred to as exotic; more than a hundred such phases have already been found in a variety of magnetic systems. Neutron and x-ray magnetic scattering have played a complementary role in the recent discovery and understanding of the modulated magnetic phases in rare earth metallic systems. 相似文献
9.
The skeletons of adult echinoderms comprise large single crystals of calcite with smooth convoluted fenestrated morphologies, raising many questions about how they form. By using water etching, infrared spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and environmental scanning electron microscopy, we show that sea urchin spine regeneration proceeds via the initial deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate. Because most echinoderms produce the same type of skeletal material, they probably all use this same mechanism. Deposition of transient amorphous phases as a strategy for producing single crystals with complex morphology may have interesting implications for the development of sophisticated materials. 相似文献
10.
Stevenson KP Kimmel GA Dohnalek Z Smith RS Kay BD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,283(5407):1505-1507
The morphology of amorphous solid water grown by vapor deposition was found to depend strongly on the angular distribution of the water molecules incident from the gas phase. Systematic variation of the incident angle during deposition using a collimated beam of water led to the growth of nonporous to highly porous amorphous solid water. The physical and chemical properties of amorphous solid water are of interest because of its presence in astrophysical environments. The ability to control its properties in the laboratory may shed light on some of the outstanding conflicts related to this important material. 相似文献
11.
落叶松纯林与水曲柳落叶松混交林土壤理化性质分析 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
为了探讨水曲柳落叶松混交林的增产机理。文章从土壤理化性质，营养元素含量等方面，对松南县孟家岗林场２２年生落叶松纯林和水落混交林进行了调查分析。结果表明：混交林在较大幅度上改善了土壤的物理性质。混交林下土壤表层和底层容重分别比纯林降低１２．３８％和１８．７４％，总孔隙度提高１４．５１％和７．０１％；渗透速度分别比纯林提高６４．６０％和５２．１７％。混交林虽未能提高土壤ＰＨ值和全量元素含量，但表层土壤 相似文献
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以日本结缕草Zenith为材料,通过同源克隆的方法克隆出其磷脂酶D(PLD)基因部分保守序列,序列长399 bp,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测PLD基因在机械损伤胁迫下随时间变化的表达模式.结果表明,磷脂酶D在胁迫2h内大量表达,随后逐渐降低,在9h已接近于对照水平,说明PLD基因在损伤初期大量参与了应对机械损伤胁迫的防御与修复过程,在损伤后期其作用减弱或被代替;电导率的测定结果表明,细胞膜结构在胁迫初期遭到极大程度的破坏,胁迫9h后膜损伤程度开始减轻.结合PLD基因和电导率的表达模式,推测PLD基因在6h内会激活一系列感受信号及下游信号分子,9h后其相应防御机制发挥作用来减轻胁迫造成的损害. 相似文献
14.
Colloidal aggregation and other random growth processes produce structures that behave differently from ordinary bulk matter. Much of this behavior can be described in terms of the invariance of the aggregates under changes of spatial length scale: they appear to be fractals. There are two types of basic mechanisms for producing fractal aggregates. Those in which aggregation proceeds cluster by cluster can be understood qualitatively in terms of a solvable schematic model. The diffusion-limited aggregation or deposition of individual particles to make a large cluster is not as well understood. It is closely related to several irreversible processes in other areas of physics, such as two-fluid displacement in porous materials and the dielectric breakdown of insulators. More generally, disorderly growth mechanisms provide structures having unique properties, many of which can be understood by using simple statistical principles. 相似文献
15.
Laser Rapid Prototyping of Photonic Band-Gap Microstructures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Three-dimensional periodic microstructures of aluminum oxide, which are important for creating photonic band-gap structures (PBGs), were fabricated by laser rapid prototyping by means of laser-induced direct-write deposition from the gas phase. The structures consisted of layers of parallel rods forming a face-centered tetragonal lattice with lattice constants of 66 and 133 micrometers. These structures showed transmission minima centered around 4 terahertz (75 micrometers) and 2 terahertz (150 micrometers), respectively. PBGs will allow precise control of the optical properties of materials, including lasers without threshold. 相似文献
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17.
Dupuis RD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,226(4675):623-629
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is a process in which two or more metalorganic chemicals (for instance, trimethylgallium) or one or more metalorganic sources and one or more hydride sources (for instance, arsine, AsH(3)) are used to form the corresponding intermetallic crystalline solid solution. MOCVD materials technology is a vapor-phase growth process that is becoming widely used to study the basic physics of novel materials and to grow complex semiconductor device structures for new optoelectronic and photonic systems. The MOCVD process is described and some of the device applications and results that have been realized with it are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the III-V compound semiconductors. 相似文献
18.
Solid-state compounds have historically been prepared through high-temperature solid-solid reactions. New mechanistic understanding of these reactions suggests possible routes to metastable compositions and structures as well as to thermodynamically stable, low-temperature phases that decompose at higher temperatures. Intermediate-temperature synthetic techniques, including flux and hydrothermal methods, as well as low-temperature intercalation and coordination reactions, have recently been developed and have been used to prepare unprecedented materials with interesting electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. The trend in modern solid-state synthesis resembles increasingly the approach used in small-molecule chemistry, in the sense that attention to reaction mechanism and the use of molecular building blocks result in an ability to prepare new materials of designed structure. 相似文献
19.
Dagotto E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5732):257-262
A wide variety of experimental results and theoretical investigations in recent years have convincingly demonstrated that several transition metal oxides and other materials have dominant states that are not spatially homogeneous. This occurs in cases in which several physical interactions-spin, charge, lattice, and/or orbital-are simultaneously active. This phenomenon causes interesting effects, such as colossal magnetoresistance, and it also appears crucial to understand the high-temperature superconductors. The spontaneous emergence of electronic nanometer-scale structures in transition metal oxides, and the existence of many competing states, are properties often associated with complex matter where nonlinearities dominate, such as soft materials and biological systems. This electronic complexity could have potential consequences for applications of correlated electronic materials, because not only charge (semiconducting electronic), or charge and spin (spintronics) are of relevance, but in addition the lattice and orbital degrees of freedom are active, leading to giant responses to small perturbations. Moreover, several metallic and insulating phases compete, increasing the potential for novel behavior. 相似文献
20.
Swallen SF Kearns KL Mapes MK Kim YS McMahon RJ Ediger MD Wu T Yu L Satija S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5810):353-356
Vapor deposition has been used to create glassy materials with extraordinary thermodynamic and kinetic stability and high density. For glasses prepared from indomethacin or 1,3-bis-(1-naphthyl)-5-(2-naphthyl)benzene, stability is optimized when deposition occurs on substrates at a temperature of 50 K below the conventional glass transition temperature. We attribute the substantial improvement in thermodynamic and kinetic properties to enhanced mobility within a few nanometers of the glass surface during deposition. This technique provides an efficient means of producing glassy materials that are low on the energy landscape and could affect technologies such as amorphous pharmaceuticals. 相似文献