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1.
【目的】研究农村农业劳动力老龄化、经营特征和区域特征等因素对稻农生产技术效率的影响,为提升水稻生产技术效率提供参考和建议。【方法】采用长江流域12个省(直辖市)的1430个农户水稻生产的微观调研数据,运用随机前沿生产函数模型和效率损失模型,对比经营特征和区域特征等因素,分析农户不同年龄段特征对农业生产技术效率的影响。【结果】长江流域水稻种植农户老龄化现象普遍,农忙时节劳动力相对不足;受体力及人力资本限制,老龄劳动力的技术效率高于年轻农户;增加当前结构劳动力生产要素的投入量,并不能有效带来水稻种植产出增加。对比看来,长江上游地区老龄劳动力平均技术效率水平最高;下游地区中年农户技术效率水平最稳定,部分地区农户水稻生产技术效率仍有提升空间。老龄农户当前流入土地比率大于年轻农户,但未来土地流转倾向低于年轻农户;文化程度、参加农业技术培训人次、专业协会、农资经营部门和农技推广部门等变量对技术效率有正向影响,而是否为村干部、土地流转情况、家庭兼业情况、基层信息服务站及地方政府等变量则对技术效率有显著的负向影响。【建议】应客观认识农业劳动力老龄化因素对稻农生产技术效率的影响,从出台优惠政策吸引劳动力回流、加强农业技能培训、完善土地流转机制、健全农业信息发布机制等方面着手,提升稻农生产技术效率。 相似文献
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Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Farmers and Its Determinants： Evidence from a Survey in Northwestern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
WANG Xue-yuan 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2010,9(9):1326-1337
Irrigation water shortage is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agricultural production. In this case, it is very important for policy makers to take measures to improve irrigation water use efficiency, especially in the water-scarce areas. In this paper, the data envelopment analysis （DEA） techniques, based on the concept of input-specific technical efficiency were used to develop farm-level technical efficiency measures and sub-vector efficiencies for irrigation water use. The Tobit regression technique was then adopted to identify the factors that influence irrigation water efficiency differentials under the shortage of water resources. Based on a sample data of 432 wheat farmers in northwestern China, our experimental results of the DEA analysis showed the average technical efficiency of 0.6151. It suggested that wheat farmers could increase their production by as much as 38.49% by using inputs more efficiently. Further, the mean irrigation water efficiency of 0.3065, suggested that wheat farmers could produce the same quantity of wheat using the same quantity of inputs but with 69.35% less water. The results of the Tobit regression analysis showed that the farmer＇s age, income, education level, and the farm size tended to affect the degree of irrigation water efficiency positively, and the channel conditions and different irrigation methods made a significant impact on irrigation water use efficiency. Furthermore, the arrangements of exclusive water property rights and competitive water price mechanism have effectively encouraged the water saving behavior of farmers. These results are valuable for policy makers since it could help to guide policies towards high irrigation water use efficiency. 相似文献
3.
目的我国是大国小农的基本国情,小农户比重大,自产自消（费）程度高,他们的食物生产、消费与营养协调发展是乡村振兴战略的健康保障,调查江苏省、河南省、四川省农民的饮食多样性（人日均摄入的食物种类）以及农业生产多样性（日常生产的食物种类）与饮食多样化和营养健康（BMI）的相关性,旨在为农民良好饮食习惯形成以及农村人力资本建设提供理论依据。 方法 基于随机抽样和分层抽样相结合的问卷调查方法,利用食物频率法从江苏省10个村、河南省10个村、四川省6个村共收集395份农民调查问卷,开展总样本与各省分样本自产食物种类情况、各类食物摄入的来源与数量、每日摄入自产食物的营养状况的描述性分析;根据食物消费与个人健康效用的经济理论,在不存在内生性问题的前提下,采用多元线性回归模型分析农民的农业生产多样性对其饮食多样化的影响和采用Probit模型探讨农民的农业生产多样性对其营养健康的影响。结果 受访者的农业生产多样性程度不高,平均生产3.37个食物种类,省际差距较小,摄入的食物如水产品、水果类、奶及奶制品、畜禽肉主要来自购买;农民的饮食多样化程度也不高,人日均摄入食物种类3.34个,省际差距较大,摄入自产食物的数量均低于推荐量;在总摄入量中,畜禽肉摄入过多,而奶及奶制品、水产品摄入不充分;农民人日均摄入自产食物获得的营养不均衡,从自产食物获取的能量充足,但获取蛋白质、脂肪、钙、镁、钾、维生素A等营养素较低;近6成农民的BMI值正常,但省际差距较大。农民的饮食多样性、营养健康与农业生产多样性在10%统计水平上有显著的正相关性;农民的年龄、受教育程度、家庭总纯收入、营养知识认知、市场准入等因素也对饮食多样化有显著影响,而农民的性别、年龄、受教育程度以及食物营养教育等因素对个人的营养健康产生显著影响。结论与其他发展中国家一样,我国的农业生产多样性促进了农民的饮食多样化和营养健康。然而,随着我国农业商品化程度和农民非农收入的提高,农民购买食物满足饮食多样化的趋势不可逆转,在水土资源有限的实际情况下提高农民农业生产多样性的可行性不大。因此,鼓励在农村建立规范化的农产品市场,加强食物营养宣传教育提高农民营养知识可能是保障他们饮食多样化和营养健康的可行途径。 相似文献
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Beth CLARK Glyn D. JONES Helen KENDALL James TAYLOR Yiying CAO Wenjing LI Chunjiang ZHAO Jing CHEN Guijun YANG Liping CHEN Zhenhong LI Rachel GAULTON Lynn J. FREWER 《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2018,5(4):485
Precision agriculture (PA) technologies have great potential for promoting sustainable intensification of food production, ensuring targeted delivery of agricultural inputs, and hence food security and environmental protection. The benefits of PA technologies are applicable across a broad range of agronomic, environmental and rural socio-economic contexts globally. However, farmer and land-manager adoption in low to middle income countries has typically been slower than that observed in more affluent countries. China is currently engaged in the process of agricultural modernisation to ensure food security for its 1.4 billion population and has developed a portfolio of policies designed to improve food security, while simultaneously promoting environmental protection. Particular attention has been paid to the reduction of agricultural inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. The widespread adoption of PA technologies across the Chinese agricultural landscape is central to the success of these policies. However, socio-economic and cultural barriers, farm scale, (in particular the prevalence of smaller family farms) and demographic changes in the rural population, (for example, the movement of younger people to the cities) represent barriers to PA adoption across China. A framework for ensuring an acceptable and accelerated PA technology trajectory is proposed which combines systematic understanding of farmer and end-user priorities and preferences for technology design throughout the technology development process, and subsequent end-user requirements for implementation (including demonstration of economic and agronomic benefits, and knowledge transfer). Future research will validate the framework against qualitative and quantitative socio-economic, cultural and agronomic indicators of successful, or otherwise, PA implementation. The results will provide the evidence upon which to develop further policies regarding how to secure sustainable food production and how best to implement PA in China, as well as practical recommendations for optimising end-user uptake. 相似文献
5.
Low fertilizer use efficiency is commonly found in China’s agriculture sector. It is critical to understand the drivers of fertilizer use in order to increase fertilizer use efficiency (FUE). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between farm size and FUE based on farm-level data in China. The results suggest a positive farm size–FUE relationship. The estimated elasticities of farm size for rice, maize, wheat–maize, and rice–maize are similar, and the average elasticity of farm size is around 0.2. Statistically, a 1% increase in farm size is associated with a 0.2% increase in FUE. The positive effect of farm size on FUE is not due to the increase in yield, but the reduction in fertilizer use while keeping yield largely unchanged. The findings suggest that promoting the expansion of farm size may increase FUE, and thus reduce environmental pollution caused by fertilizer overuse. 相似文献
6.
【目的】农户经营是我国农业的主体,肥料资源的不合理应用是限制作物生产的重要因子。本研究旨在评估主产区农户粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益。【方法】2018年对陕西省各县（市、区）的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以三大粮食作物为研究对象,基于产量水平评价农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力、环境代价和经济效益。【结果】农户作物产量存在显著差异,小麦平均产量为4 573 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差2 619 kg·hm-2;玉米平均产量为7 319 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差5 388 kg·hm-2;水稻平均产量为8 340 kg·hm-2,高低产量相差2 893 kg·hm-2。小麦的氮磷钾肥用量分别为177 kg N·hm-2、102 kg P2O5·hm-2和37 kg K2O·hm-2;玉米分别为247 kg N·hm-2、103 kg P2O5·hm-2和47 kg K2O·hm-2;水稻分别为186 kg N·hm-2、88 kg P2O5·hm-2和64 kg K2O·hm-2。3种作物产量与施肥量无显著相关。氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥过量与不足并存,低产农户过量施肥问题严重。对于氮磷钾肥的减施潜力,小麦分别为41%、59%和59%;玉米分别为55%、73%和66%;水稻分别为38%、64%和58%。施用的肥料形态均表现氮以单质肥为主、复合肥为辅;磷钾以复合肥为主;有机肥养分供应量很低。肥料结构均表现为重基施轻追施,氮以基施为主、追施为辅;磷钾肥鲜有追施。生产1.0 t小麦、玉米和水稻的活性氮损失量分别为6.9、3.8和3.3 kg,低产组的活性氮损失强度比高产组分别高52%、85%和74%,降低损失的潜力分别介于16%—33%、31%—50%和4%—38%。小麦、玉米和水稻生产的经济效益分别为4 468、9 091和20 020 元/hm2,高产组比低产组分别高459%、128%和52%;减肥增效后总效益分别为4 919、9 905和20 543 元/hm2,高产组比低产组分别高290%、106%和48%。【结论】基于产量水平深入剖析了陕西省农户的生产行为,低中产组为化肥减量和收益提升的重点。农户氮磷钾肥减施潜力分别为45%、65%和61%;小麦、玉米和水稻因化肥减施而降低活性氮损失的潜力分别为26%、45%和18%;提高环境经济效益的潜力分别为10%、9%和3%。 相似文献
7.
Xiao-long WANG Wei WANG Yue-shan GUAN Yuan-ran XIAN Zhi-xin HUANG Hai-yi FENG Yong CHEN 《农业科学学报》2018,17(12):2822-2835
The rapid growth of grain yield in China accelerates a discussion on whether the grain system in China is sustainable. To answer the question, a comprehensive assessment from economic and environmental points is necessary. This study jointly used economic analysis(ECA), emergy evaluation(EME) and carbon footprint(CF) to analyze the environmental and economic sustainability of the grain production system in China based on the national statistical data during 2000–2015. Results showed that the costs of maize, wheat, rice and soybean had increased by 252-346% from 2000 to 2015, causing the lower profit of grain system in recent years. The situation resulted in a serious problem on economic sustainability of grain system in China. Meanwhile, the emergy sustainability index(ESI) of maize, wheat, rice and soybean systems were increasing during 2000–2015, and the CF on unit yield of the crops had been reduced by 10-30% in the study period. The results reflected the improved environmental sustainability of grain system in China during 2000–2015. Nevertheless, the emergy flow of industrial inputs for the crops were increased by 4-22% in the study period, and the CF from the inputs presented a growth rate of 16-23% as well during the same period. The results implied that the grain system in China was relying more on fossil-based inputs. Finally, according to the key points of cost, emergy and CF, we suggest that improving labor efficiency, advanced agricultural practices and optimizing cropping pattern will be effective ways to further improve the economic and environmental sustainability of grain system in China. 相似文献
8.
化学农药减量是促进农业绿色发展和保障农产品质量安全的重要途径。为此,基于湖北省和江西省613户水稻种植户的微观调研数据,实证检验老龄化、种植目的对农户化学农药减量行为的影响,并论证种植目的在老龄化对化学农药减量行为影响上的调节作用。研究发现:老龄化显著阻碍了农户的化学农药减量,但以自给为主要种植目的的稻农更倾向于减少化学农药施用。进一步发现,种植目的能有效缓解老龄化对农户化学农药减量行为的负面影响。据此提出对老龄农户进行教育培训、引导培育年轻化新型农民群体、完善农产品市场监督体系、强化农民食品安全理念的对策建议。 相似文献
9.
鄂尔多斯市玉米生产效率研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
玉米是鄂尔多斯市主要的粮食作物之一,也是最主要的饲料粮。据统计2009年部尔多斯市现有耕地37．07万hm^2,玉米播种面积28．57万hm^2。占耕地面积的76．8％。因此提高鄂尔多斯市玉米的生产能力和种植收益水平。对于稳定粮食生产,保障饲料粮供给、增加种粮农户收益都有很重要的意义。文章运用数据包络分析方法对鄂尔多斯市的玉米生产效率进行研究,衡量玉米生产的综合效率、技术效率和规模效率情况,并提出改进生产要素投入的方式和政策建议,以期提高鄂尔多斯市农业生产管理水平,减少资源浪费,降低生产成本。提高农户生产收入。 相似文献
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提高农业推广的人才队伍建设的方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国是农业大国,而随着全球经济的发展,农业推广的目标已经从以往的仅追求产量转变到提高农民生活质量、环境质量、经济效益,促进农业的可持续发展等。农业推广的服务也从以往的单纯技术和物质,转变到适应社会需求、家庭需求、农民个人需求、经济需求,并需要适应市场的竞争。从我国农业推广人才建设的必要性出发,分析目前农业推广人才队伍的问题及原因,并提出相应策略,完善农业推广人才队伍建设。 相似文献
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《农业科学学报》2017,(8)
The study analyzes the technical efficiency of vegetable farmers in root and tuber-based farming systems within selected sites of the humid tropics of Cameroon. Multistage sampling was used to collect primary data from a cross-section of vegetable farmers drawn from eight selected sites in Santa sub division, Northwest region of Cameroon. Stochastic frontier analysis was used to estimate the technical efficiency of vegetable farmer and to examine its determinants. The results showed that farmyard manure was the most productive factor input, followed by farm equipment and labor. The mean technical efficiency level was 67%, revealing production shortfalls and indicating possibilities of significantly increasing production with the current input levels. Female, as well as more educated farmers were found to be significantly more efficient than their counterparts. The results also showed that farmers become less technical efficient as farm sizes become larger. Our study findings suggest that smallholder farmers' access to manure, farm implements, and increased women participation in vegetable farming, will produce huge payoffs in vegetable production efficiency in Cameroon. 相似文献
13.
为探究服务外包和契约选择对小麦生产技术效率的影响,基于河南省3 305份农户调查数据,以服务外包为研究视角,采用柯布道格拉斯生产函数对河南省小麦生产技术效率进行测算,并运用Tobit模型进行实证研究。结果表明:1)河南样本农户小麦生产平均技术效率为0.7,土地的产出弹性最大,劳动力的产出弹性最小;2)服务外包程度越高,小麦生产技术效率越高;3)服务外包中,农户签订空合约、口头合约等非正式契约比书面合约更能提高其生产技术效率,农户与服务提供方关系的远近对小麦生产技术效率有显著影响。因此,鼓励农户参与服务外包;鼓励农业服务组织提高服务质量,甚至通过纵向合作实现服务规模化;当前不应强推生产的合约化,以提高农业生产技术效率。 相似文献
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《农业科学学报》2019,18(6):1402-1414
Using a logistic model, this paper empirically investigated farmers' perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China. The results show: i) There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes. Specifically, 57.4% of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly, but only 29.7% of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly; ii) The factors influencing the farmers' perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature, the former are mostly agriculture related, while latter are mostly non-agriculture related, except for farm size; and iii) Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons, because less than 30% of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of farmers' perceptions of climate change, the government is recommended to: i) enhance education and training programs; ii) speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size; iii) develop farmer cooperative organizations; iv) invest more in agricultural infrastructure, specifically in major grain producing regions; and v) improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income. 相似文献
15.
【目的】 耕地基础地力是实现粮食作物高产稳产的基石,明确我国主要粮食作物耕地基础地力时间变化趋势及空间变异特征,为保障我国粮食安全、提升耕地质量提供重要理论支撑。【方法】 基于1988—2019年国家耕地质量长期定位监测网络,选取每个监测点自建点开始前1—5年不施肥处理的空白区与农民常规施肥处理的常规区的长期监测数据,分析我国玉米、水稻和小麦三大粮食作物产量以及基础地力贡献率的时空变化情况及其影响因素。【结果】 30多年来我国粮食作物产量和耕地基础地力随时间变化整体呈现增加趋势,作物产量年增长速度呈无肥区<常规区,水稻<小麦<玉米的变化规律。玉米、小麦、水稻无肥区产量分别从1988年的2 370、1 712、3 111 kg·hm-2增至2019年的4 852、3 258、4 167 kg·hm-2,增幅分别为104.7%、90.2%、34.0%;玉米、小麦、水稻常规区产量分别从1988年的5 356、3 296、5 970 kg·hm-2增至2019年的8 859、6 515、7 825 kg·hm-2,增幅分别为65.4%、97.6%、31.0%。我国三大粮食作物2015—2019年基础地力贡献率为52.7%,相较1988—1994年的45.4%显著增加了7.3个百分点。其中：玉米基础地力贡献率为54.3%,比1988—1994年的42.1%显著增加12.2个百分点;水稻基础地力贡献率为53.3%,比1988—1994年的46.6%显著增加6.7个百分点;小麦基础地力贡献率随年份整体呈增长趋势,且相较玉米和水稻整体偏低。三大粮食作物基础地力贡献率空间分布差异较大：东北区、黄淮海区较高,分别为56.5%、54.1%,西南区、华南区次之,分别为53.7%和52.9%;甘新区和青藏区最低,分别仅为38.7%和40.4%。利用随机森林模型对三大粮食作物系统中影响基础地力贡献率空间分布的土壤因素进行重要性分析,其中：土壤速效钾、有机质含量和土壤容重是影响玉米基础地力贡献率空间分布的关键因素;土壤有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量是影响小麦基础地力贡献率空间分布的关键因素;土壤pH、有效磷和有机质含量是影响水稻基础地力贡献率空间分布的关键因素。【结论】 30多年来,我国三大粮食作物耕地基础地力不断提升,但地区间差异较大、整体水平仍然较低,远低于欧美发达国家水准;土壤速效钾含量、土壤有效磷含量和土壤pH分别是影响玉米、小麦和水稻基础地力贡献率空间分布的最关键的因素。 相似文献
16.
不同环节农机社会化服务对粮食生产技术效率的影响——以早稻为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为研究不同环节农机社会化服务对粮食生产技术效率的影响，基于2019年国内7个省份早稻种植户的调查数据，运用数据包络分析法的非径向SBM模型测算早稻生产技术效率，并采用Tobit模型和分位数模型分析农机社会化服务对早稻生产技术效率的影响。结果表明:从整体上看，农机社会化服务对早稻生产技术效率存在显著的正向影响。耕地、播种和植保环节农机社会化服务均对早稻生产技术效率具有正向显著影响，而灌溉排水和收获环节农机社会化服务对早稻生产技术效率则并不显著。农机社会化服务对早稻农户种植技术效率提升效果显著，但作用边际效果因原本技术效率水平差异而有所差别，这种差别也体现在各生产环节上。因此，在大力发展农机社会化服务时，应根据其不同环节特性，制定相应的政策措施。 相似文献
17.
利用江西省549份水稻种植户数据,采用普通最小二乘法(OLS)、倾向得分匹配法(PSM),从微观层面分析互联网信息技术使用对水稻农业生产率的影响。研究结果表明,使用互联网信息技术可以显著提高水稻的土地生产率和全要素生产率,但是增产效应大于增效的效应。使用倾向得分匹配方法对比基准回归结果后,仍然得到了一致结论。异质性结果表明,考虑农户教育水平差异,互联网信息技术使用仅对较低教育水平农户土地生产率的促进作用显著,对全要素生产率的提升效应仅对较高教育水平农户显著;考虑农业经营规模差异,互联网信息技术使用仅对规模较大户的土地生产率和全要素生产率提升作用显著,在适度扩大土地经营规模的条件下,互联网信息技术的增产效应大于效率提升效应。因此需要持续推进农村互联网及配套基础设施建设,同时提高农民文化素养、鼓励规模经营,提升农民从互联网获取农业信息、技术的能力与需求。 相似文献
18.
华北小农户不同规模化组织的生产效率研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
小农户是我国农业生产主体,也是实现我国粮食安全战略的主要贡献力量,因此提高小农户的生产效率对提高我国的粮食生产具有重要的意义。以河北省曲周县小农户向规模化经营转变的几种典型模式(种粮大户、粮食种植专业合作社、高产创建以及一种新型的农民组织模式—大方操作)为对象,比较2012年夏玉米不同组织模式下农业生产因素,包括土壤,施肥,水分,劳动力及现金成本的差异,分析其农业生产效率,探讨不同农户组织方式生产效率差异及其原因。结果表明,不同形式的农户组织在满足农户技术需求和服务需求方面开展的工作存在明显的差异。与分散经营模式相比,向规模化经营转变的农户产量提高了2.9%-15.7%、关键技术平均到位率提高了18-71个百分点、农业劳动生产效率提高了36.8%-103.8%,在资源利用效率(氮肥利用效率和灌溉水利用效率)和资本生产率方面,除种粮大户低于分散经营农户之外,其他三种典型模式均高于分散经营农户,其中,大方操作模式在综合提升小农户各项效率效益方面表现更为突出。研究揭示了农业技术社会化服务体系和规模化经营方式结合更加具备提高农业生产效率的优势。 相似文献
19.
Yield gap and resource utilization efficiency of three major food crops in the world——A review 
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下载免费PDF全文 Liang-bing RONG Kai-yuan GONG Feng-ying DUAN Shao-kun LI Ming ZHAO Jianqiang HE Wen-bin ZHOU Qiang YU 《农业科学学报》2021,20(2):349-362
Yield gap analysis could provide management suggestions to increase crop yields,while the understandings of resource utilization efficiency could help judge the rationality of the management.Based on more than 110 published papers and data from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,www.fao.org/faostat) and the Global Yield Gap and Water Productivity Atlas (www.yieldgap.org),this study summarized the concept,quantitative method of yield gap,yield-limiting factors,and resource utilization efficiency of the three major food crops (wheat,maize and rice).Currently,global potential yields of wheat,maize and rice were 7.7,10.4 and 8.5 t ha~(–1),respectively.However,actual yields of wheat,maize and rice were just 4.1,5.5 and 4.0 t ha~(–1),respectively.Climate,nutrients,moisture,crop varieties,planting dates,and socioeconomic conditions are the most mentioned yield-limiting factors.In terms of resource utilization,nitrogen utilization,water utilization,and radiation utilization efficiencies are still not optimal,and this review has summarized the main improvement measures.The current research focuses on quantitative potential yield and yield gap,with a rough explanation of yield-limiting factors.Subsequent research should use remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of the regional scale and use machine learning to quantify the role of yield-limiting factors in yield gaps and the impact of change crop management on resource utilization efficiency,so as to propose reasonable and effective measures to close yield gaps. 相似文献