共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
Rod-coil diblock copolymers in a selective solvent for the coil-like polymer self-organize into hollow spherical micelles having diameters of a few micrometers. Long-range, close-packed self-ordering of the micelles produced highly iridescent periodic microporous materials. Solution-cast micellar films consisted of multilayers of hexagonally ordered arrays of spherical holes whose diameter, periodicity, and wall thickness depended on copolymer molecular weight and composition. Addition of fullerenes into the copolymer solutions also regulated the microstructure and optical properties of the microporous films. These results demonstrate the potential of hierarchical self-assembly of macromolecular components for engineering complex two- and three-dimensional periodic and functional mesostructures. 相似文献
2.
Transparent, conductive carbon nanotube films 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wu Z Chen Z Du X Logan JM Sippel J Nikolou M Kamaras K Reynolds JR Tanner DB Hebard AF Rinzler AG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5688):1273-1276
We describe a simple process for the fabrication of ultrathin, transparent, optically homogeneous, electrically conducting films of pure single-walled carbon nanotubes and the transfer of those films to various substrates. For equivalent sheet resistance, the films exhibit optical transmittance comparable to that of commercial indium tin oxide in the visible spectrum, but far superior transmittance in the technologically relevant 2- to 5-micrometer infrared spectral band. These characteristics indicate broad applicability of the films for electrical coupling in photonic devices. In an example application, the films are used to construct an electric field-activated optical modulator, which constitutes an optical analog to the nanotube-based field effect transistor. 相似文献
3.
An electrooptical memory effect is observed with solid thin films of the photoconductor zinc-octakis(beta-decoxyethyl) porphyrin (ZnODEP) sandwiched between two optically transparent electrodes. Upon irradiation with the simultaneous application of an electric field, electron-hole pairs are generated and separated within the photoconductive layer. These electron-hole pairs become "frozen" within the films when the irradiation is interrupted. These trapped charges can be released by irradiation of the cell, resulting in a transient short-circuit photocurrent. No cross talk between adjacent memory elements separated by approximately 0.2 micrometer (a density of 3 gigabits per square centimeter) was detected. The charge storage system is robust and nonvolatile. The response time for the write-read beam is in the subnanosecond range, and no refreshing is required for long-term retention of trapped charges. 相似文献
4.
Stoykovich MP Müller M Kim SO Solak HH Edwards EW de Pablo JJ Nealey PF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5727):1442-1446
Self-assembly is an effective strategy for the creation of periodic structures at the nanoscale. However, because microelectronic devices use free-form design principles, the insertion point of self-assembling materials into existing nanomanufacturing processes is unclear. We directed ternary blends of diblock copolymers and homopolymers that naturally form periodic arrays to assemble into nonregular device-oriented structures on chemically nanopatterned substrates. Redistribution of homopolymer facilitates the defect-free assembly in locations where the domain dimensions deviate substantially from those formed in the bulk. The ability to pattern nonregular structures using self-assembling materials creates new opportunities for nanoscale manufacturing. 相似文献
5.
Plasmonics provides a route to develop ultracompact optical devices on a chip by using extreme light concentration and the ability to perform simultaneous electrical and optical functions. These properties also make plasmonics an ideal candidate for dynamically controlling nonlinear optical interactions at the nanoscale. We demonstrate electrically tunable harmonic generation of light from a plasmonic nanocavity filled with a nonlinear medium. The metals that define the cavity also serve as electrodes that can generate high direct current electric fields across the nonlinear material. A fundamental wave at 1.56 micrometers was frequency doubled and modulated in intensity by applying a moderate external voltage to the electrodes, yielding a voltage-dependent nonlinear generation with a normalized magnitude of ~7% per volt. 相似文献
6.
Giant electrostriction and relaxor ferroelectric behavior in electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
An exceptionally high electrostrictive response ( approximately 4 percent) was observed in electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer. The material exhibits typical relaxor ferroelectric behavior, suggesting that the electron irradiation breaks up the coherent polarization domain (all-trans chains) in normal ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer into nanopolar regions (nanometer-size, all-trans chains interrupted by trans and gauche bonds) that transform the material into a relaxor ferroelectric. The expanding and contracting of these polar regions under external fields, coupled with a large difference in the lattice strain between the polar and nonpolar phases, generate an ultrahigh strain response. 相似文献
7.
Zheng H Wang J Lofland SE Ma Z Mohaddes-Ardabili L Zhao T Salamanca-Riba L Shinde SR Ogale SB Bai F Viehland D Jia Y Schlom DG Wuttig M Roytburd A Ramesh R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5658):661-663
We report on the coupling between ferroelectric and magnetic order parameters in a nanostructured BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 ferroelectromagnet. This facilitates the interconversion of energies stored in electric and magnetic fields and plays an important role in many devices, including transducers, field sensors, etc. Such nanostructures were deposited on single-crystal SrTiO3 (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition from a single Ba-Ti-Co-Fe-oxide target. The films are epitaxial in-plane as well as out-of-plane with self-assembled hexagonal arrays of CoFe2O4 nanopillars embedded in a BaTiO3 matrix. The CoFe2O4 nanopillars have uniform size and average spacing of 20 to 30 nanometers. Temperature-dependent magnetic measurements illustrate the coupling between the two order parameters, which is manifested as a change in magnetization at the ferroelectric Curie temperature. Thermodynamic analyses show that the magnetoelectric coupling in such a nanostructure can be understood on the basis of the strong elastic interactions between the two phases. 相似文献
8.
Separation of large DNA molecules by contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields 总被引：342，自引：0，他引：342
Electric fields can be manipulated by a method in which multiple electrodes are arranged along a closed contour and clamped to predetermined electric potentials. This method may be applied to a broad range of problems in the separation of macromolecules by gel electrophoresis. DNA molecules as large as 2 megabases can be well separated with a contour-clamped homogeneous electric field alternating between two orientations 120 degrees apart. The pattern of separation is independent of position in the gel, which is an advantage over previous methods. DNA less than 50 kilobases can be separated without distortion even at high voltage with a nonalternating contour-clamped homogeneous field. Decreased band broadening in DNA less than 200 bases can be achieved with a contour-clamped inhomogeneous field. 相似文献
9.
The use of bismuth-layered perovskite films for planar-type nonvolatile ferroelectric random-access memories requires films with spontaneous polarization normal to the plane of growth. Epitaxially twinned a axis-oriented La-substituted Bi4Ti3O12 (BLT) thin films whose spontaneous polarization is entirely along the film normal were grown by pulsed laser deposition on yttria-stabilized zirconia-buffered Si(100) substrates using SrRuO3 as bottom electrodes. Even though the (118) orientation competes with the (100) orientation, epitaxial films with almost pure (100) orientation were grown using very thin, strained SrRuO3 electrode layers and kinetic growth conditions, including high growth rates and high oxygen background pressures to facilitate oxygen incorporation into the growing film. Films with the a-axis orientation and having their polarization entirely along the direction normal to the film plane can achieve a remanent polarization of 32 microcoulombs per square centimeter. 相似文献
10.
Ultrahigh-density nanowire arrays grown in self-assembled diblock copolymer templates 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thurn-Albrecht T Schotter J Kästle GA Emley N Shibauchi T Krusin-Elbaum L Guarini K Black CT Tuominen MT Russell TP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,290(5499):2126-2129
We show a simple, robust, chemical route to the fabrication of ultrahigh-density arrays of nanopores with high aspect ratios using the equilibrium self-assembled morphology of asymmetric diblock copolymers. The dimensions and lateral density of the array are determined by segmental interactions and the copolymer molecular weight. Through direct current electrodeposition, we fabricated vertical arrays of nanowires with densities in excess of 1.9 x 10(11) wires per square centimeter. We found markedly enhanced coercivities with ferromagnetic cobalt nanowires that point toward a route to ultrahigh-density storage media. The copolymer approach described is practical, parallel, compatible with current lithographic processes, and amenable to multilayered device fabrication. 相似文献
11.
A low molecular weight poly(ethyleneoxide)-poly(butadiene) (PEO-PB) diblock copolymer containing 50 weight percent PEO forms gigantic wormlike micelles at low concentrations (<5 percent by weight) in water. Subsequent generation of free radicals with a conventional water-based redox reaction leads to chemical cross-linking of the PB cores without disruption of the cylindrical morphology, as evidenced by cryotransmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering experiments. These wormlike rubber micelles exhibit unusual viscoelastic properties in water. 相似文献
12.
Jin S Tiefel TH McCormack M Fastnacht RA Ramesh R Chen LH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,264(5157):413-415
A negative isotropic magnetoresistance effect more than three orders of magnitude larger than the typical giant magnetoresistance of some superlattice films has been observed in thin oxide films of perovskite-like La(0.67)Ca(0.33)MnOx. Epitaxial films that are grown on LaAIO(3) substrates by laser ablation and suitably heat treated exhibit magnetoresistance values as high as 127,000 percent near 77 kelvin and approximately 1300 percent near room temperature. Such a phenomenon could be useful for various magnetic and electric device applications if the observed effects of material processing are optimized. Possible mechanisms for the observed effect are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Pai RA Humayun R Schulberg MT Sengupta A Sun JN Watkins JJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5657):507-510
Well-ordered mesoporous silicate films were prepared by infusion and selective condensation of silicon alkoxides within microphase-separated block copolymer templates dilated with supercritical carbon dioxide. Confinement of metal oxide deposition to specific subdomains of the preorganized template yields high-fidelity, three-dimensional replication of the copolymer morphology, enabling the preparation of structures with multiscale order in a process that closely resembles biomineralization. Ordered mesoporous silicate films were synthesized with dielectric constants as low as 1.8 and excellent mechanical properties. The films survive the chemical-mechanical polishing step required for device manufacturing. 相似文献
14.
Tang C Lennon EM Fredrickson GH Kramer EJ Hawker CJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5900):429-432
The manufacture of smaller, faster, more efficient microelectronic components is a major scientific and technological challenge, driven in part by a constant need for smaller lithographically defined features and patterns. Traditional self-assembling approaches based on block copolymer lithography spontaneously yield nanometer-sized hexagonal structures, but these features are not consistent with the industry-standard rectilinear coordinate system. We present a modular and hierarchical self-assembly strategy, combining supramolecular assembly of hydrogen-bonding units with controlled phase separation of diblock copolymers, for the generation of nanoscale square patterns. These square arrays will enable simplified addressability and circuit interconnection in integrated circuit manufacturing and nanotechnology. 相似文献
15.
地膜厚度对作物产量与土壤环境的影响 总被引：13，自引：4，他引：9
农用地膜(以下简称地膜)已成为我国干旱、冷凉地区土壤增温、保墒和作物增产的重要措施。为摸清我国地膜厚度应用现状,研究地膜厚度对作物产量和土壤环境的影响,2011年,在全国范围内针对棉花、玉米、马铃薯、花生等主要覆膜作物分别布置172、99、30、58个调查点,采用问卷调查的方法对我国地膜厚度应用现状进行系统调查。根据调查结果,2011—2013年,在新疆、甘肃、内蒙古、山东4省分别针对以上4种作物,设置不同地膜厚度处理,系统分析了地膜厚度对土壤温度和含水量、作物产量、经济效益以及地膜残留强度等的影响。研究结果表明,我国主要覆膜作物现用地膜厚度较薄,96.7%的地膜厚度集中在0.004~0.008 mm之间。增加地膜厚度能够提高土壤温度和含水量,但对不同作物的产量影响不同;随着地膜厚度增加(0.004~0.012 mm),棉花和玉米产量不断增加,而马铃薯和花生产量先增加后减少;地膜厚度对作物经济效益有一定影响,但处理间无显著性差异(P0.05)。地膜厚度显著影响地膜残留强度(P0.05),除了马铃薯外,其余作物地膜残留强度和地膜厚度均呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。综上所述,增加地膜厚度对于我国主要覆膜作物有一定的增产作用,但增产幅度有限,而在残膜回收的基础上增加地膜厚度能够显著降低地膜残留强度。为应对我国农田地膜残留问题,建议我国地膜厚度标准提高至0.010~0.012 mm较为适宜。 相似文献
16.
Plano MA Landstrass MI Pan LS Han S Kania DR McWilliams S Ager JW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,260(5112):1310-1312
Advances in the deposition process have led to dramatic improvements in the electronic properties of polycrystalline diamond films produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It is now possible to produce CVD diamond with properties approaching those of IIa natural diamonds. The combined electron-hole mobility, as measured by transient photoconductivity at low carrier density, is 4000 square centimeters per volt per second at an electric field of 200 volts per centimeter and is comparable to that of the best single-crystal IIa natural diamonds. Carrier lifetimes measured under the same conditions are 150 picoseconds for the CVD diamond and 300 picoseconds for single-crystal diamond. The collection distance at a field of 10 kilovolts per centimeter is 15 micrometers for the CVD diamond as compared to 30 micrometers for natural diamonds. The electrical qualities appear to correlate with the width of the diamond Raman peak. Also, although the collection distance at the highest fields in the films nearly equals the average grain size, there is no evidence of deleterious grain boundary effects. 相似文献
17.
A novel instrument for separating large DNA molecules with pulsed homogeneous electric fields 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
A new instrument has been developed for the electrophoretic separation of large DNA molecules that can independently regulate the voltage of each of 24 electrodes and allow the magnitude, orientation, homogeneity, and duration of the electric field to be precisely controlled. Each parameter can be varied at any time during the electrophoretic process. Thus distinct sets of conditions can be combined to optimize the separation of various fragment sizes in a single run. Independent control of electrode voltage allows all of the fields to be generated with electrodes arranged in a closed contour, independent of a particular geometry. This device increases both the resolution in any size range and the speed of separation, especially for DNA molecules larger than 3 megabases. 相似文献
18.
M Templin A Franck Du Chesne A H Leist Y Zhang R Ulrich V Schadler U Wiesner 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,278(5344):1795-1798
Organically modified aluminosilicate mesostructures were synthesized from two metal alkoxides with the use of poly(isoprene-b-ethyleneoxide) block copolymers (PI-b-PEO) as the structure-directing molecules. By increasing the fraction of the inorganic precursors with respect to the polymer, morphologies expected from the phase diagrams of diblock copolymers were obtained. The length scale of the microstructures and the state of alignment were varied using concepts known from the study of block copolymers. These results suggest that the use of higher molecular weight block copolymer mesophases instead of conventional low-molecular weight surfactants may provide a simple, easily controlled pathway for the preparation of various silica-type mesostructures that extends the accessible length scale of these structures by about an order of magnitude. 相似文献
19.
用热蒸发技术在玻璃基片上沉积一层sn薄膜,在真空条件下,将其在150～300℃下硫化30．60min．对在不同温度和时间下硫化的薄膜进行结构、成分和表面形貌分析,结果表明：在不同温度和不同时间下硫化,所得到的薄膜在物相结构、成分和表面形貌上都存在差异．当硫化温度为240℃、硫化时间为45min时,所制得的薄膜为正交结构的SnS多晶薄膜,其均匀性、致密性以及对基片的附着力都较好,具有（111）方向优先生长,薄膜粒径在200～800nm,且晶格常数与标样的数值吻合很好． 相似文献
20.
电动强化过硫酸钠修复多氯联苯污染土壤的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取PCBs实际污染土壤为研究对象,研究了电动增强Na2S2O8氧化修复PCBs污染土壤的效果,同时考察了两端投加、反转电场和碱活化Na2S2O8对土壤中PCBs降解的影响。结果表明,从阴、阳极分别加入10%的Na2S2O8,增大了电流强度和电渗流量,电场能够促进Na2S2O8在土壤中的迁移以及对土壤中PCBs的降解。从土壤中残留PCBs的分布可以看出,电渗流对氧化剂的迁移作用要高于电迁移。由于阴极的去极化作用,反转电场没有促进Na2S2O8对土壤中PCBs的降解。碱活化Na2S2O8对土壤中PCBs的去除效率最高,达28.7%.PCBs的去除率较低跟土壤的异质性和氧化剂的损失有关。 相似文献