共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Sinfelt JH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,195(4279):641-646
In recent years major progress has been made in the area of heterogeneous catalysis by metals. Much has been learned about the nature of metal catalysts and of catalytic phenomena on metals. Characteristic patterns of catalytic behavior among the metallic elements have been established for certain classes of reactions, and these patterns provide a first step toward a more comprehensive understanding of catalytic specificity. Studies on metal alloys and related bimetallic catalysts have revived interest in a geometric factor in surface catalysis to complement the traditional electronic factor. Closely related to this geometric factor is the discovery that selectivity, rather than activity alone, is a major factor in reactions on bimetallic catalysts. Concurrent with progress in understanding how catalysts work, advances are also being made in the development of new catalyst systems, examples of which are the bimetallic (or polymetallic) cluster catalysts. Research in this area provides an example of how advances in catalyst technology can be realized within a framework of fundamental research on catalytic phenomena (38). 相似文献
2.
采用Symbolm0.5 V的沉积电位在碳纤维基底上沉积出尺寸可控的含镍8.5% Pd -Ni合金纳米粒子,可用于传感氢气.钯镍合金纳米粒子的尺寸对传感器的性能有影响,180 nm的钯镍合金纳米粒子的氢敏感性能好,在0~6%的氢环境中,其响应电流随浓度的增大而增加,在氢气体积分数为6%的氢气中,灵敏度可达38.35%. 相似文献
3.
We demonstrated that platinum (Pt) oxygen-reduction fuel-cell electrocatalysts can be stabilized against dissolution under potential cycling regimes (a continuing problem in vehicle applications) by modifying Pt nanoparticles with gold (Au) clusters. This behavior was observed under the oxidizing conditions of the O2 reduction reaction and potential cycling between 0.6 and 1.1 volts in over 30,000 cycles. There were insignificant changes in the activity and surface area of Au-modified Pt over the course of cycling, in contrast to sizable losses observed with the pure Pt catalyst under the same conditions. In situ x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy and voltammetry data suggest that the Au clusters confer stability by raising the Pt oxidation potential. 相似文献
4.
Nolte P Stierle A Jin-Phillipp NY Kasper N Schulli TU Dosch H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5896):1654-1658
The microscopic insight into how and why catalytically active nanoparticles change their shape during oxidation and reduction reactions is a pivotal challenge in the fundamental understanding of heterogeneous catalysis. We report an oxygen-induced shape transformation of rhodium nanoparticles on magnesium oxide (001) substrates that is lifted upon carbon monoxide exposure at 600 kelvin. A Wulff analysis of high-resolution in situ x-ray diffraction, combined with transmission electron microscopy, shows that this phenomenon is driven by the formation of a oxygen-rhodium-oxygen surface oxide at the rhodium nanofacets. This experimental access into the behavior of such nanoparticles during a catalytic cycle is useful for the development of improved heterogeneous catalysts. 相似文献
5.
Broussard ME Juma B Train SG Peng WJ Laneman SA Stanley GG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,260(5115):1784-1788
The racemic and meso diastereomers of an electron-rich binucleating tetraphosphine ligand have been used to prepare homobimetallic rhodium norbornadiene complexes. The racemic bimetallic Rh complex is an excellent hydroformylation catalyst for 1-alkenes, giving both a high rate of reaction and high regioselectivity for linear aldehydes, whereas the meso complex is considerably slower and less selective. A mechanism involving bimetallic cooperativity between the two rhodium centers in the form of an intramolecular hydride transfer is proposed. Mono- and bimetallic model complexes in which the possibility for bimetallic cooperativity has been reduced or eliminated are very poor catalysts. 相似文献
6.
W Wang G McCool N Kapur G Yuan B Shan M Nguyen UM Graham BH Davis G Jacobs K Cho X Hao 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6096):832-835
Oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) for subsequent efficient reduction in selective catalytic reduction or lean NO(x) trap devices continues to be a challenge in diesel engines because of the low efficiency and high cost of the currently used platinum (Pt)-based catalysts. We show that mixed-phase oxide materials based on Mn-mullite (Sm, Gd)Mn(2)O(5) are an efficient substitute for the current commercial Pt-based catalysts. Under laboratory-simulated diesel exhaust conditions, this mixed-phase oxide material was superior to Pt in terms of cost, thermal durability, and catalytic activity for NO oxidation. This oxide material is active at temperatures as low as 120°C with conversion maxima of ~45% higher than that achieved with Pt. Density functional theory and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy provide insights into the NO-to-NO(2) reaction mechanism on catalytically active Mn-Mn sites via the intermediate nitrate species. 相似文献
7.
The growth of colloidal nanocrystal architectures by nanoparticle attachment is frequently reported as an alternative to the conventional growth by monomer attachment. However, the mechanism whereby nanoparticle attachment proceeds microscopically remains unclear. We report real-time transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of the solution growth of Pt(3)Fe nanorods from nanoparticle building blocks. Observations revealed growth of winding polycrystalline nanoparticle chains by shape-directed nanoparticle attachment followed by straightening and orientation and shape corrections to yield single-crystal nanorods. Tracking nanoparticle growth trajectories allowed us to distinguish the force fields exerted by single nanoparticles and nanoparticle chains. Such quantification of nanoparticle interaction and understanding the growth pathways are important for the design of hierarchical nanomaterials and controlling nanocrystal self-assembly for functional devices. 相似文献
8.
The impact of nanoscience on heterogeneous catalysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bell AT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,299(5613):1688-1691
Most catalysts consist of nanometer-sized particles dispersed on a high-surface-area support. Advances in characterization methods have led to a molecular-level understanding of the relationships between nanoparticle properties and catalytic performance. Together with novel approaches to nanoparticle synthesis, this knowledge is contributing to the design and development of new catalysts. 相似文献
9.
研究了活性碳负载的钯饿等单金属和双金属组分催化剂催化氧化葡萄糖的性能，发现Ｐｄ－Ｂｉ／ｃ双分催化剂活性较高。考察了其催化氧化葡萄糖动力学，求得了实验条件下的动力学方程和活化能，并探讨了催化氧化反应机理。 相似文献
10.
根据广义氧化还原理论，给出溶液中部分有机酸碱的电极电势。利用这些电势，定量地比较酸碱的氧化性和还原性的强弱；定量地判断反应的方向和计算反应的平衡常数。有机化学反应得到进一步系统化。 相似文献
11.
Quantification of the influence of surface structure on C--h bond activation by iridium and platinum
The trapping-mediated dissociative chemisorption of ethane on the closest packed Ir(111) surface has been investigated, and the activation energy and preexponential factor of the surface reaction rate coefficient have been measured. These results are compared to those of ethane activation on Pt(111) and on the missing row reconstructed Ir(110)-(1x2) and Pt(110)-(1x2) surfaces, allowing a quantitative determination of the effect surface structure has on the catalytic activation of C-H bonds. In the order Pt(111), Pt(110)-(1x2), Ir(111), and Ir(110)-(1x2), the activation energies for the dissociative chemisorption of ethane are 16.6, 10.5, 10.3, and 5.5 kilocalories per mole, demonstrating that the electronic and geometric effects are of approximately equal importance for ethane activation on these catalysts. 相似文献
12.
One-sixth of the value of all goods manufactured in the United States involves catalytic processes. However, in spite of this dramatic economic impact, little is known about this broad subject at the molecular level. In the last two decades a variety of techniques have been developed for studying at the atomic level the structure, composition, and chemical bonding at surfaces. These techniques have been used to study adsorption and reaction on metal single crystals in an ultrahigh vacuum environment or to analyze catalysts before and after reaction. An important new development has been the coupling of an apparatus for the measurement of reaction kinetics at elevated pressures with an ultrahigh vacuum system for surface analysis. This approach has demonstrated that metal single crystals can be used to successfully model many important catalytic reactions and has established a direct link between the results of ultrahigh vacuum surface measurements and the chemistry that occurs under typical catalytic-processing conditions. 相似文献
13.
The formation of a single product from terminal functionalization of linear alkanes from a transition metal-catalyzed reaction is reported. The rhodium complex Cp*Rh(eta(4)-C(6)Me(6)) (Cp*, C(5)Me(5); Me, methyl) catalyzes the high-yield formation of linear alkylboranes from commercially available borane reagents under thermal conditions. These reactions now allow catalytic, regiospecific functionalization of alkanes under thermal conditions. The organoborane products are among the most versatile synthetic intermediates in chemistry and serve as convenient precursors to alcohols, amines, and other common classes of functionalized molecules. 相似文献
14.
Lu J Fu B Kung MC Xiao G Elam JW Kung HH Stair PC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6073):1205-1208
We showed that alumina (Al(2)O(3)) overcoating of supported metal nanoparticles (NPs) effectively reduced deactivation by coking and sintering in high-temperature applications of heterogeneous catalysts. We overcoated palladium NPs with 45 layers of alumina through an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process that alternated exposures of the catalysts to trimethylaluminum and water at 200°C. When these catalysts were used for 1 hour in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene at 650°C, they were found by thermogravimetric analysis to contain less than 6% of the coke formed on the uncoated catalysts. Scanning transmission electron microscopy showed no visible morphology changes after reaction at 675°C for 28 hours. The yield of ethylene was improved on all ALD Al(2)O(3) overcoated Pd catalysts. 相似文献
15.
Stamenkovic VR Fowler B Mun BS Wang G Ross PN Lucas CA Marković NM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5811):493-497
The slow rate of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is the main limitation for automotive applications. We demonstrated that the Pt3Ni(111) surface is 10-fold more active for the ORR than the corresponding Pt(111) surface and 90-fold more active than the current state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts for PEMFC. The Pt3Ni(111) surface has an unusual electronic structure (d-band center position) and arrangement of surface atoms in the near-surface region. Under operating conditions relevant to fuel cells, its near-surface layer exhibits a highly structured compositional oscillation in the outermost and third layers, which are Pt-rich, and in the second atomic layer, which is Ni-rich. The weak interaction between the Pt surface atoms and nonreactive oxygenated species increases the number of active sites for O2 adsorption. 相似文献
16.
牛粪堆肥中氨氧化细菌群落结构及其与环境因子相关性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用PCR-DGGE(聚合酶链反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳)和Real-time PCR技术,分析牛粪堆肥期间氨氧化细菌群落结构和数量的变化及其与理化因子的相关性。结果表明,在牛粪堆肥过程中氨氧化细菌数量变化范围为1.62×106~3.80×107copies·g-1,在第14d氨氧化细菌数量达到最高值;DGGE图谱显示,堆肥各个时期氨氧化细菌群落组成存在明显的差异;Shannon指数随着温度的变化而变化,在第7 d达到最大值2.671 8;系统发育分析表明,氨氧化细菌均隶属于β-变形菌纲不可培养的亚硝化螺菌属Uncultured Nitrosospira sp.和不可培养的亚硝化单胞菌属Uncultured Nitrosomonas sp.,其中与Uncultured Nitrosospira sp.相似性高的氨氧化细菌为优势菌,占60%左右;冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)显示,温度和铵态氮等对氨氧化细菌群落结构的影响较大。研究表明在牛粪堆肥期间氨氧化细菌群落结构发生了明显的变化,同时证实了氨氧化细菌群落结构的变化受堆肥理化因子的影响。 相似文献
17.
Homogeneous catalytic activation of the strong carbon-fluorine bonds under mild conditions was achieved with the use of rhodium complexes as catalysts. The catalytic reactions between polyfluorobenzenes and hydrosilanes result in substitution of fluorine atoms by hydrogen atoms and are chemo- and regioselective. With individual stoichiometric steps observed and combined, and with intermediates isolated and fully characterized (including crystal structures), these systems demonstrate the effectiveness of a rational approach to catalytic design. 相似文献
18.
Kesavan L Tiruvalam R Ab Rahim MH bin Saiman MI Enache DI Jenkins RL Dimitratos N Lopez-Sanchez JA Taylor SH Knight DW Kiely CJ Hutchings GJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6014):195-199
Selective oxidation of primary carbon-hydrogen bonds with oxygen is of crucial importance for the sustainable exploitation of available feedstocks. To date, heterogeneous catalysts have either shown low activity and/or selectivity or have required activated oxygen donors. We report here that supported gold-palladium (Au-Pd) nanoparticles on carbon or TiO(2) are active for the oxidation of the primary carbon-hydrogen bonds in toluene and related molecules, giving high selectivities to benzyl benzoate under mild solvent-free conditions. Differences between the catalytic activity of the Au-Pd nanoparticles on carbon and TiO(2) supports are rationalized in terms of the particle/support wetting behavior and the availability of exposed corner/edge sites. 相似文献
19.
Lee CT Luffi P Chin EJ Bouchet R Dasgupta R Morton DM Le Roux V Yin QZ Jin D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6077):64-68
Arc magmas are important building blocks of the continental crust. Because many arc lavas are oxidized, continent formation is thought to be associated with oxidizing conditions. On the basis of copper's (Cu's) affinity for reduced sulfur phases, we tracked the redox state of arc magmas from mantle source to emplacement in the crust. Primary arc and mid-ocean ridge basalts have identical Cu contents, indicating that the redox states of primitive arc magmas are indistinguishable from that of mid-ocean ridge basalts. During magmatic differentiation, the Cu content of most arc magmas decreases markedly because of sulfide segregation. Because a similar depletion in Cu characterizes global continental crust, the formation of sulfide-bearing cumulates under reducing conditions may be a critical step in continent formation. 相似文献
20.
Enache DI Edwards JK Landon P Solsona-Espriu B Carley AF Herzing AA Watanabe M Kiely CJ Knight DW Hutchings GJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5759):362-365
The oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes with O2 in place of stoichiometric oxygen donors is a crucial process for the synthesis of fine chemicals. However, the catalysts that have been identified so far are relatively inactive with primary alkyl alcohols. We showed that Au/Pd-TiO2 catalysts give very high turnover frequencies (up to 270,000 turnovers per hour) for the oxidation of alcohols, including primary alkyl alcohols. The addition of Au to Pd nanocrystals improved the overall selectivity and, using scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we showed that the Au-Pd nanocrystals were made up of a Au-rich core with a Pd-rich shell, indicating that the Au electronically influences the catalytic properties of Pd. 相似文献