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1.
《林业科学》2021,(1)
【目的】研究金丝楸木材化学成分在纵向不同高度及径向心、边材中的含量和组成特点,为金丝楸木材加工利用提供科学依据。【方法】分析金丝楸木材纵向不同高度心、边材苯醇抽提物、聚糖和木质素含量,采用细胞壁全溶法结合二维异核单量子核磁共振(2D HSQC NMR)技术对相应部位的原生木质素分子结构进行表征。【结果】金丝楸木材边材苯醇抽提物含量高于心材,且心材中靠近树心部分的苯醇抽提物含量高于靠近边材部分。心、边材苯醇抽提物化学成分存在差异,但不同高度相同径向区域苯醇抽提物含量及其成分差异较小且并未随树高不同体现出特定变化规律。边材木质素含量低于心材,但心、边材木质素含量在树高方向上无明显变化规律。金丝楸木材木质素为典型G/S型木质素,纵向不同高度区域木质素大分子结构基本一致,但心材木质素分子结构中β-5'连接的相对含量高于边材。木聚糖是金丝楸木材半纤维素的主要组分。边材聚糖相对含量高于心材,但心、边材聚糖含量并未随树高不同体现出特定变化规律。【结论】金丝楸木材径向心、边材化学成分含量及相应成分分子结构具有规律性差异,边材向心材过渡过程中主要变化为木质素成分的积累和发色物质的生物合成。木材纵向不同高度相应区域中各化学成分含量也存在一定差别,但并未随树高不同发生规律性变化。木材纵向不同高度相同径向区域中各组分的化学成分和分子结构基本一致。对金丝楸木材进行加工利用时,应重点关注其径向方向的化学成分含量和性质差异。 相似文献
2.
不同林龄柚木人工林心边材生长变异特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】探明广西大青山林区不同林龄柚木人工林心、边材量及心材年轮数和心材高度的生长变异特征,以期为了解该区域柚木心边材发育特征、心边材量预测及高质量、大径级柚木目标树的高效培育提供基础数据和科学依据。【方法】以广西大青山10、18、31和41年生柚木人工林平均木的解析木为研究对象,对心、边材的方位变异和心、边材量的株间差异进行方差分析,并采用曲线估计法拟合心、边材量与横截面直径、总年轮数之间的回归模型,研究柚木心、边材生长变异特征。【结果】各林龄柚木树干心材半径主要为北向最大,边材宽度则主要为北向和东向最大,各林龄内,树干4个方位的心材半径、边材宽度均无显著差异(P0. 05)。各林龄柚木心材半径、心材面积和边材面积均表现为随树高增加持续减小,边材宽度在树干基部(0～1 m)明显偏大,且在树干一定区域内保持相对稳定。林分心、边材量总体表现为随林龄增加而增大,不同林龄林分间除边材宽度差异不显著外(P0. 05),心材半径、心材面积和边材面积均存在极显著差异(P0. 01)。横截面心、边材量随横截面直径和总年轮数的增加而增加,其中与横截面直径的相关性高于总年轮数,而总年轮数对心材发育早期影响较大。各林龄内,柚木个体的心边材量、心材消失最大高度存在较大的株间变异,其中,心材面积和边材面积的变异程度相近,心材半径、边材宽度和心材消失最大高度的变异程度相近。柚木最早在4年生时开始有心材形成,不同林龄的心材年轮数均表现为随总年轮数增加而增加,总年轮数可解释心材年轮数80%以上的变化,10、18、31和41年生柚木心材年轮数年均增长速率分别为0. 9轮、0. 7轮、1. 0轮和1. 0轮。柚木心材消失最大高度、心材消失的相对高度均与林龄呈正相关关系,即随着林龄的增大,心材在树干更高处消失。【结论】柚木心材形成初始年龄最早为4年生,属心材形成较早的树种。各林龄内,方位对柚木心、边材影响较小。柚木的心材半径、心材面积、边材面积和心材消失最大高度,均表现随林龄增加而显著增加,而边材宽度无显著变化。柚木横截面直径可以更好地解释横截面心、边材量的变化,总年轮数仅能解释柚木前期(31年生)心材量的变化。研究认为41年生柚木心材仍有很大增长潜力,若要达到高质量、大径级的培育目标,还需要更长时间的培育。 相似文献
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《林业科学》2021,(4)
【目的】分析栓皮栎和麻栎不同使用部位抽提物含量及其化学组成特点,为栎类木材加工工艺和实际生产提供应用性指导,为我国林木资源充分、合理、高附加值利用提供新的思路和科学依据。【方法】以河南地区栓皮栎和麻栎为研究对象,采用我国木材化学分析标准,结合傅里叶红外(FTIR)和气相质谱联用(GC-MS)方法,对树干不同高度上树皮、心边材冷/热水抽提物、1%NaOH抽提物、苯醇抽提物含量和组成进行详细分析。【结果】对于树干不同高度上树皮、心边材冷/热水抽提物、1%Na OH抽提物含量,栓皮栎明显高于麻栎;在同一种栎类木材中,树皮抽提物含量最高,边材次之,心材最低;抽提物含量在树干高度上呈两端高、中间低的趋势;对于苯醇抽提物含量,栓皮栎树皮远高于心边材和麻栎树皮,但2种栎类木材心边材差异较小且并未随树高呈特定变化规律。栓皮栎和麻栎树皮、心边材FTIR图谱区别明显,根据图谱吸收峰强度判断,栎类木材树皮中可能含有较多的醇类、脂肪酸、芳香族类和烷烃结构化合物,心边材中应还有较多的酸类、醇类及不饱和烃化物。GC-MS联用分析结果显示,树皮、心边材中均含有少量烷烃醇、酯类及不饱和烯类,其中,树皮中含有软木三萜酮及其同分异构体,心边材中含有γ-谷甾醇等化学物质。【结论】栓皮栎和麻栎树皮、心边材抽提物主要化学成分存在较大的含量差异和一定的成分差异;树干高度对2种栎类木材抽提物含量也有一定影响,中间部分累积较多的冷/热水、1%Na OH抽提物,但并没有发生明显成分差异。在木材实际加工和生产中,应充分考虑2种栎类木材树皮、心边材抽提物含量和性质差异,提供合理、全面、高价值的加工利用方案。 相似文献
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《林业工程学报》2021,(3)
为阐明柚木心边材次生代谢产物,明确心边材的差异代谢物及其代谢途径,采用超高效液相色谱联用质谱分析方法,结合主成分分析(PCA)、正交-偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)等统计分析方法,对柚木的心边材进行了代谢组学分析。基于人体代谢组数据库(HMDB)分析,从6株柚木心边材样本中共鉴定出705个代谢物,包括脂类和类脂类180个、含氧有机物类120个、苯丙素和聚酮类101个、有机杂环化合物82个、有机酸及其衍生物58个和苯环衍生物49个等。心材中相对含量最高的代谢物为环烯醚萜苷kanokoside A,边材中相对含量最高的代谢物为4-羟基-5-(3',4'-二羟基苯基)-戊酸-O-甲基-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷。PCA和OPLS-DA分析显示,从心边材中共鉴定出差异代谢物328个,包括脂类和类脂类69个、苯丙素和聚酮类57个、含氧有机物50个、有机杂环化合物41个、有机酸及其衍生物24个、苯环衍生物23个、核苷/核苷酸和类似物8个、含氮有机物2个、生物碱及其衍生物2个、木脂素/新木脂素及相关化合物1个和其他类型化合物51个。与边材相比,心材中共有235个代谢物上调,93个代谢物下调。差异代谢物中有28个代谢物被注释到了代谢、遗传信息处理和环境信息处理等3大类基因组百科全书数据库(KEGG)代谢通路中,进一步分析发现大多数差异代谢物被富集到各类氨基酸代谢和黄酮类生物合成等代谢通路中。其中,心边材中相对含量前30的显著差异代谢物在心材中均得到上调,且均含有不饱和结构和共轭结构,推测它们可能与柚木心边材颜色明显差异有关。 相似文献
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采用气相色谱-质谱法分析柚木光辐射前后的抽提物成分,考察了柚木光辐射前后的颜色和组成变化,确定了可能引起柚木光变色的主要成分。结果显示,柚木光照100 h后黄蓝指数变化最为明显,表面变成金黄色,从柚木光辐射前后的抽提物中共鉴定出76种成分,其中柚木光辐射前的抽提物中鉴定出55种成分,柚木光辐射后的抽提物中鉴定出49种成分,包括烃类、醇类、酚类、酯类、醛类、酮类、蒽醌类和胺类,辐射后的柚木抽提物中烯烃类从20.11%减少至8.80%,由5种烯烃类减少为4种;酮类从0.99%增加到9.19%,由5种酮类增加为9种;杂环类化合物从20.56%减少到1.54%,由6种杂环类减少为1种。柚木单板表面光辐射后变亮、变黄,随着辐射时间加长,可变成受人欢迎的金黄色,这可能与抽提物中化合物成分的种类和含量有关,木材抽提物中的酚羟基、羰基、双键等结构与木材光变色有很大关系。柚木光辐射前抽提物的成分主要为反式角鲨烯(20.108%)、2-甲基蒽醌(13.110%)、1-甲基-3,4-二氢异喹啉(12.452%)、2-羟甲基蒽醌(8.210%)、8-甲氧基-1-甲基-.beta.-咔啉(6.552%)这5种化合物,这些主成分都含有与木材光变色相关的双键或者羰基。辐射后除了8-甲氧基-1-甲基-.beta.-咔啉和1-甲基-3,4-二氢异喹啉检测不到以外,相对百分含量减少较大的是反式角鲨烯(9.970%)和2-羟甲基蒽醌(5.368%),只有2-甲基蒽醌(13.678%)相对百分含量增加。而且由于2-甲基蒽醌为黄色晶体,因此推测柚木表面黄色的深浅可能与有效成分2-甲基蒽醌的量有关,但柚木光变色的具体原因和机理还有待进一步研究。 相似文献
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【目的】柚木在阳光照射下由浅棕色转变成金黄色从而变得更加珍贵,对柚木光变色机理的研究可以增加柚木的商品价值,也是建立木材材色调控技术方法的基础,本文旨在探讨溶剂抽提对柚木光变色的影响。【方法】采用溶剂水、乙醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、苯、石油醚、苯-乙醇混合物(1:1、2:1、4:1、9:1)对柚木试样进行抽提,探究溶剂极性对柚木试样的色差的影响,然后再对抽提完的试样进行氙光光照处理,通过色差的分析探究不同溶剂抽提对柚木光诱导变色的影响。【结果】1)混合溶剂苯-乙醇抽提后抽提物溶液的颜色最深,极性溶剂抽提出的显色物质含量较多。2)柚木试样经抽提后可以增加柚木的明度色品指数L^*,尤其是2:1的混合溶剂苯-乙醇抽提后L^*增大最为显著,抽提的更完全。3)光照苯-乙醇抽提后的柚木试样,其红绿色品指数a^*增加较少,说明苯-乙醇抽提物是主要柚木试样呈现红色的物质基础。4)苯-乙醇抽提后b^*值减小较多抽提试样光照后b^*值反而增加较多,这表明苯-乙醇抽提掉的物质有可能就是木质素,木质素部分被苯-乙醇混合溶剂抽提出来,抽提后光照作用下木质素更容易降解呈现出更多的黄色。【结论】溶剂抽提处理和光照处理,对柚木材色都有显著的影响。不仅苯-乙醇混合溶剂抽提处理对柚木材色影响较多,而且苯-乙醇混合溶剂抽提试样在进一步光照处理后材色变化也很大,其中2:1的苯-乙醇溶剂是最为合适的用于研究柚木光变色成分变化的溶剂。 相似文献
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研究西加云杉木材中植物单宁的提取工艺、分布和组分构成,为木材单宁变色的防治提供参考。采用有机溶剂萃取法,通过单因素试验并结合L9(34)正交试验,优化西加云杉木材中植物单宁的提取工艺;采用香草醛-紫外法测定西加云杉木材内植物单宁在径向(由髓心至树皮方向)和轴向的含量分布;通过定性鉴定试验确定单宁类型,并采用高效液相色谱法测定西加云杉木材中单宁的成分构成及其相对含量。结果表明:西加云杉木材中单宁最佳提取条件为70%(体积分数)乙醇作为提取溶剂,提取温度70℃,提取时间2 h,料液比1∶18(g∶m L),提取次数2次;单宁含量在径向上分布情况为内部心材单宁含量5.440 mg/g,近心边材转换区的心材部分单宁含量最高,平均达10.015 mg/g,心边材转换区部位单宁含量介于心材和边材之间,平均为6.363 mg/g,靠近转换区的边材部位单宁含量最低,平均为4.821 mg/g,近树皮边材含量为6.997 mg/g。西加云杉木材内5种原花青素成分含量存在明显差异,其中儿茶素含量最高,占5种原花青素总量的83.21%,原花青素B2次之。由此可知,有机溶剂法适用于西加云杉木材中单宁的提取;木材中单宁含量径向分布自髓心至树皮整体呈现出先增后减再增、心材大于边材的规律,轴向分布规律表现为下部含量略高于上部,但差异不显著;西加云杉木材内植物单宁类型为缩合单宁,儿茶素为西加云杉木材单宁的主要成分。 相似文献
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桉属木材的正常材与应张木之间的化学组成有明显变异,另外边材的淀粉含量和抽提物类型也存在广泛差异,Kino(一种丹宁物质)和无机盐类亦不相同,同时心材的含水率比边材高。 相似文献
10.
采用回转式密封炉在醇水体系下,分别采用水及乙醇-水混合液(醇水体积比1∶4、1∶2、1∶1)4种溶剂对桉木片进行抽提预处理,制得4种不同的抽提物.通过元素分析、溶出物微粒子粒径分析对其进行了基本溶出规律的研究,抽提液中所含的糖类化合物通过HPLC测定,设计TG与Py-GC/MS实验,对不同方式获得的抽出物进行了热分析,对其受热分解特性以及产物的分布进行了考查.结果发现,醇水体系中不同乙醇浓度下抽提液中糖类化合物的GC含量类似,并且抽提物总量也相近;元素分析的结果表明不同浓度醇水抽提物的化学元素含量并没有明显的差异,而与水抽提物相比存在较大的区别,醇水抽提物相对于水抽提物具有较高的C含量及较低的O含量;不同乙醇浓度抽提物溶液之间的微粒子直径也不存在较大的差异,而与水抽提溶液中微粒子的尺寸差别明显.由此推断醇水溶剂中乙醇和水对尾巨桉木片的抽提作用是相对独立的.对于抽提物的热分析表明,不同体系下抽提物所表现出的热解特性存在较大差异,而醇水体系下3种抽提物的热解特性类似;水抽提物(WE)的热解产物主要是酮类、酚类和酸类;醇水抽提物(EWE)的热解产物主要是呋喃、糠醛(醇)、酚类和酮类. 相似文献
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Heartwood extractives (nonstructural wood components) are believed to be formed from a combination of compounds present in the adjacent sapwood and materials imported from the phloem. The roles of local compounds and imported material in heartwood formation could have important implications for the wood quality of species having naturally durable wood. Stable isotope composition (delta(13)C) was analyzed to assess radial variation in sapwood extractives, and to estimate the relative importance of adjacent sapwood extractives and imported photosynthate in the formation of heartwood extractives. Cellulose and extractives from the outer 39 annual rings of six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees were isolated and their delta(13)C composition determined. Although the extractives and the cellulose showed different absolute delta(13)C values, the patterns of change over time (as represented by the annual rings) were similar in most cases. Within an annual ring, carbon isotope ratios of extractives were correlated with the cellulose isotope ratio (R2 = 0.33 in sapwood, R2 = 0.34 in heartwood for aqueous acetone-soluble extractives; R2 = 0.41 in sapwood for hot-water-soluble extractives). These data suggest that some sapwood extractives are formed when the wood ring forms, and remain in place until they are converted to heartwood extractives many years later. Sapwood extractives appear to be important sources of materials for the biosynthesis of heartwood extractives in Douglas-fir. 相似文献
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The variation in extractives content in sapwood and heartwood was investigated among 12 trees in each of four commercial plantations of Eucalyptus globulus in central Portugal. The study was carried out at the 15% height level and extractions used successively dichloromethane, ethanol and water. At all sites, heartwood had significantly more extractives than sapwood, on average 3.8 and 2.4%, respectively. Most extractives consisted of ethanol soluble material (on average 52% of total extractives). Among the sites, there was a statistically significant difference in the content of extractives but the most important source of variation was the within-tree variation between sapwood and heartwood. Differences in the content of extractives were also observed among trees. A strong relation between extractives content and heartwood proportion was found. The potential loss of pulp yield and problems associated with accumulation of extractives are directly related to the heartwood proportion in the eucalypt stems. Forest management should take into account heartwood development and selection for minimising heartwood extractives. 相似文献
13.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(3):157-164
ABSTRACTThis paper describes the chemical composition of sapwood (SW) and heartwood (HW) of Pinus halepensis Mill stem. Extractives were first isolated by accelerated solvent extraction and then analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cellulosic polysaccharide content present in the pre-extracted wood samples was determined with acid hydrolysis and GC. The hemicelluloses content was determined with acid methanolysis and GC. Free monomers were additionally analysed by GC. The amount of lignin was determined gravimetrically by the Klason lignin method and the acid-soluble lignin was determined by a UV method. Formic and acetic acids in wood were determined after alkaline hydrolysis and analysed by HP-SEC. It was found that lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives were more abundant in heartwood (1.6% and 2.5%) than in sapwood (1.1% and 1.8%). Celluloses content was higher in sapwood (42.5%) than in heartwood (39.7%), whereas lignin, hemicelluloses and sugar monomer contents were more abundant in heartwood (28.9%, 26.8% and 0.3%) than in sapwood (28.0%, 24.5% and 0.2%). The variation in acetic and formic acids and ash contents between sapwood (0.7%, 0.2% and 0.5%) and heartwood (0.6%, 0.1% and 0.4%) was small. The acetylation degrees were found to be slightly similar in sapwood (0.4) and heartwood (0.3). 相似文献
14.
侧柏心材活性成分的提取及其抑菌性能 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究侧柏心材不同部位及正己烷和二氯甲烷依次提取的心材活性成分对白腐菌、褐腐菌、黑曲霉菌的抑菌作用,并采用GC/MS联用技术对提取物中的活性成分进行鉴定和分析.结果表明:侧柏心材从髓心向边材根据年轮所划分的3个部位对3种真菌都具有较好的抑菌效果,并且靠近边材的2部分抑菌效果更明显些.气质联机技术对正己烷和二氯甲烷提取物分析鉴定表明:侧柏心材正己烷提取物中有14种化合物,大部分化合物属于萜烯类物质及其衍生物,最高含量化合物为罗汉柏烯(25.564%)和雪松醇(19.743%);侧柏心材二氯甲烷提取物中鉴定出24种化合物,最高含量化合物也为罗汉柏烯(15.429%).侧柏心材正己烷提取物对褐腐菌、白腐菌和黑曲霉菌第14 d时的抑菌圈直径分别为10.0,9.3和8.3 mm,大于二氯甲烷提取物抑菌圈直径(0,2.7和1.3mm),表明正己烷提取物对3种真菌的抑制生长作用明显优于二氯甲烷提取物的抑菌作用. 相似文献
15.
Ana Lourenço Isabel Baptista Jorge Gominho Helena Pereira 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(6):464-469
The pulping wood quality of Acacia melanoxylon was evaluated in relation to the presence of heartwood. The sapwood and heartwood from 20 trees from four sites in Portugal
were evaluated separately at 5% stem height level in terms of chemical composition and kraft pulping aptitude. Heartwood had
more extractives than sapwood ranging from 7.4% to 9.5% and from 4.0% to 4.2%, respectively, and with a heartwood-to-sapwood
ratio for extractives ranging from 1.9 to 2.3. The major component of heartwood extractives was made up of ethanol-soluble
compounds (70% of total extractives). Lignin content was similar in sapwood and heartwood (21.5% and 20.7%, respectively)
as well as the sugar composition. Site did not influence the chemical composition. Pulping heartwood differed from sapwood
in chemical and optical terms: lower values of pulp yield (53% vs 56% respectively), higher kappa number (11 vs. 7), and lower
brightness (28% vs 49%). Acacia melanoxylon wood showed an overall good pulping aptitude, but the presence of heartwood should be taken into account because it decreases
the raw-material quality for pulping. Heartwood content should therefore be considered as a quality variable when using A. melanoxylon wood in pulp industries 相似文献
16.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(4):242-244
Abstract This study assessed the decay resistance of Pinus leucodermis wood to the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. Based upon the median weight losses of 30.65% for heartwood and of 34.68% for sapwood obtained in the biological tests, both the heartwood and sapwood material examined was classified as not durable (durability class 5) according to the CEN/TS 15083-1 classification. Total extractives were low, 3.93% in heartwood and 1.00% in sapwood, while lignin content was 22.60% and 25.41% in heartwood and sapwood, respectively. It is highly recommended to use protective treatments before using P. leucodermis wood in outdoor conditions. 相似文献
17.
研究长白鱼鳞云杉、臭冷杉的木材及其抽出物化学组成，并分析生材与气干材、心材与边材中各种化学组成变化的规律。同时检测出抽出物中弱酸性物质、中性物质和强酸性物质的含量及弱酸性物质中树脂酸和脂肪酸的组成含量。 相似文献
18.
The influence of rate of growth on the density and heartwood extractives content of eucalypt species
J. Wilkes 《Wood Science and Technology》1984,18(2):113-120
Summary Basic density and extractives content, of the sapwood and outer heartwood respectively, were compared for a fast-and a slow-grown tree in five, 40 year old, coppice clumps of each of six eucalypt species. Rate of growth did not appreciably influence extracted wood density, although outer heartwood extractives levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the larger stems. The juvenile core, as defined by radial variation in basic density, occupied a similar proportion of the tree diameter in the fast-and slow-grown trees, suggesting that sampling was effected in tissues of similar maturity in both tree groups.Helpful discussions with Dr. W. A. Heather, a co-worker, and Dr. W. E. Hillis, Visiting Fellow of this Department, are gratefully acknowledged 相似文献
19.
We evaluated heartwood, sapwood and bark content in teak trees. A total of 27 sample plots were laid out in teak plantations raised by State Forest Department in Karnataka covering different age groups... 相似文献