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树木对昆虫取食所产生的诱导抗性（ＩｎｄｕｃｅｄＲｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ）是树木与昆虫长期协同进化的结果。该文介绍了诱导抗性的生物化学基础及其潜在的应用前景。 相似文献
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经过长期的协同进化,昆虫与植物间已形成各种各样的互作关系.其中植食性昆虫的食性通过一系列的行为反应表达,昆虫对寄主植物的定向行为反应,是昆虫与植物关系中的一个核心问题(钦俊德,1987).植食性昆虫在选择寄主的过程中,利用嗅觉、视觉、触觉和味觉等多种行为模式.寄主植物的挥发性物质通过昆虫的嗅觉感受器引诱昆虫到达植物,这是引导植食性昆虫寄主选择的主要因素.此外,植物的形状和颜色等视觉线索在植食性昆虫寄主定位中也起重要作用,二者协同作用引导昆虫到达寄主植物后,又有触觉、味觉等接触化学感受器的作用(赵冬香,2004). 相似文献
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人工林物种多样性与害虫的控制 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据国内外的最新研究成果,从人工林害虫可持续控制的需求出发,对利用物种多样性与系统稳定性控制虫害的可能性、人工林物种多样性与害虫控制的关系及其内在作用机制、天然林与人工林在抑制虫害能力上的差别进行综述,分析人工林植物物种多样性与昆虫物种多样性对害虫控制的影响,认为植物物种多样性主要从植食性昆虫搜寻寄主植物,植物营养的差异对植食性昆虫取食和发育的影响,及种类组成不同的植物群落中植食性昆虫天敌数量的变化3个方面影响害虫的发生;要通过调节植物群落中昆虫物种的多样性影响目标害虫的种群数量,既要维护其天敌类群的稳定,也要使与害虫处于同一营养层次的其他植食性昆虫有足够的多样性,甚至也要保护和利用中性、中位及顶位昆虫.对人工林害虫的控制,可借鉴天然林自控虫害的原理,采用生态育林、封山育林及生物技术措施,逐步调整林分的结构,提高其物种多样性,增强林分自身的抗虫能力. 相似文献
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植物在正常的生理状态下,会产生并释放具有种属特征的挥发性物质,这些物质形成了植物气味特征的主体,调控着昆虫的多种行为,诸如寄主定向、产卵、逃避、取食、聚集等(杜家纬,2001).植物一旦受到植食性昆虫侵袭,会释放一些特殊的化合物,这些气味往往具有信号功能,可以招引天敌昆虫(董文霞等,2000;Souissi etal.,1998)或是作为植食性昆虫的趋避物(Faeth,1986;Leather et al.1987).试验表明:人为造成的机械损伤能全部或部分地模拟昆虫取食(Baldwin et al.,1983;Lyytik,1999).因此,研究植物挥发物及创伤诱导挥发物可为利用天然活性化合物防治害虫提供理论依据. 相似文献
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W. P. Smeljanez 《Journal of pest science》1978,51(3):34-37
A new classification of resistance of plants to phytophagous insects is presented basing on the fundamental relationships between the plant and the pest. Two kinds of resistance are distinguished, namely an active (antibiosis) and a passive one. The last can be divided into the ecologic resistance and the tolerance. All the three kinds of resistance are subdivided into a horizontal type (variability of resistance in different plant species or sort) and a vertical type (variability of resistance in one plant species) respectively. Each of these two, types again consists on three forms corresponding with the resistance to a certain pest or with a group of pest species or with a whole complex of pests resp. diseases. By marking the types mentioned with the initial letter one can characterize each form of resistance by help of a formula. 相似文献
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Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata) was manually defoliated for two successive years. The beech caterpillar (Quadricalcarifera punctatella) was used in a bioassay to determine insect performance. Survival and body size were low on foliage from defoliated trees.
Reduced foliar nitrogen and increased tannin content were probably the main causes of the low insect performance. Leaves were
less tough on defoliated trees than in controls. Two sucessive years of manual defoliation caused stronger induced resistance
than one year defoliation. The quality, as well as the quality of the foliage, decreased the year following manual defoliation;
total weight of leaves on a tree was less than one half of that before treatment. Severe defoliation may cause a decrease
of leaves the following year and starvation may limit populations. Delayed induced resistance of beech trees is proposed as
a possible cause of the cyclical population dynamics ofQ. punctatella. The delayed induced response also affected folivorous insects other thanQ. punctatella. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):550-559
Many experiments have tested the hypothesis that stress‐induced changes in plant quality enhance insect performance. Data available for insects feeding on woody plants indicate that phloem‐feeding insects’ response is stronger (i.e. enhanced performance) than that of chewing leaf‐feeding insects. However, with the exception of one study, performance data for these two insect groups emanate from separate experiments. Here we report on the performance of a phloem‐feeding aphid (Cinara costata) and larvae of a folivorous sawfly (Gilpinia hercyniae) feeding on drought‐stressed mature Norway spruce (Picea abies). Sawfly larvae did not survive or grow any better on drought stressed trees than on control trees. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the build‐up of aphid densities between trees of the two treatments, in contrast to most other stress experiments. Our experiment involved mature trees, while most other studies have used seedlings. It is possible that there are fundamental differences between seedlings and mature trees in their response to environmental stress. Possible mechanisms for such differences are discussed. 相似文献
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采取以线路调查为主,踏查与详查、人工采集与灯诱相结合的方法,对祁连山自然保护区青海云杉林中不同林层的昆虫分别进行了采集调查分析.结果表明祁连山区青海云杉林中植食性昆虫具有明显的垂直分层结构,根据林分的垂直结构和昆虫寄生、取食树木组织部位可划分为6个群落,其种类由多到少依次为灌木和草本层昆虫群落(928种),土壤与根部昆虫群落(约780种),嫩梢与针叶昆虫群落(117种),树干韧皮部与木质部昆虫群落(66种)、枝梢与嫩皮昆虫群落(38种)、花与种实昆虫群落(14种).危害程度由重到轻依次为嫩梢与针叶昆虫群落、树干韧皮部与木质部昆虫群落、花与种实昆虫群落、枝梢与嫩皮昆虫群落、灌木和草本层昆虫群落、土壤与根部昆虫群落.在青海云杉寄生或取食的昆虫多数种类为单食性或寡食性,少数种类为多食性,取食或寄生于林下灌木层和草本层的昆虫大多数为多食性,少数种类为寡食性,较少为单食性.多数种类的取食部位较为固定,但也有许多种类可以在几个部位取食. 相似文献
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J. A. Cale A. W. Ashby J. L. West S. A. Teale M. T. Johnston J. D. Castello 《Forest Pathology》2015,45(1):71-75
Tripartite interactions among phytophagous insects, pathogens and their host plants provide insight into the role of host physiology in determining susceptibility to attack. American beech (Fagus grandifolia) often is simultaneously attacked by beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga), one or more Neonectria pathogens and Xylococculus betulae that can result in beech bark disease (BBD). Additionally, beech is frequently infected by heartrot‐decay fungi. Cursory observations in 2011 suggested that beech scale and Neonectria lesion densities were lower and greater, respectively, on trees with decay. In 2012, digital image analysis was used to quantify densities of these organisms on 123 beech from the Adirondack region of New York. Three groups of study trees (n = 41) were used: Inonotus glomeratus‐infected, Phellinus igniarius‐infected and non‐decay trees. Trees infected by decay pathogens supported lower densities of beech scale and higher densities of Neonectria. Densities of X. betulae did not significantly vary among decay groups. These results may be explained by decay‐induced changes in host physiology. Additional work is needed to elucidate the potential role of host bark chemistry in the BBD complex. 相似文献
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植物基因工程及其在林木害虫防治上的应用 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
植物基因工程主要包括目的基因的分离、基因工程载体的构建、植物细胞的遗传转化、转化细胞的组织培养和植株再生、外源基因表达的检测等几个方面。利用该技术目前已转化了20多种林木树种,并成功地将抗虫的苏云金芽杆菌内毒素基因和蛋白酶抑制剂基因转入林木树种。 相似文献
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Despite widespread recognition of linkages between vegetation and insects, understanding of the ecological mechanisms underlying these relationships is limited. Better comprehension of relationships linking abundance and biomass of insects to vegetation would increase accuracy of predictions of the effects of forest management activities on insect communities. This knowledge could also be pivotal to understanding predator–prey dynamics linked to insect populations. We sampled nocturnal flying insects and measured vegetation characteristics in 34 stream reaches in conifer-dominated forests of the Oregon Coast Range in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. We considered five a priori hypotheses (resource quality, resource diversity, resource abundance, resource concentration, and stream cover hypotheses) that could explain mechanisms underlying associations between riparian vegetation and nocturnal flying insects, and used an information-theoretic approach to determine the relative strength of evidence for each. The resource quality hypothesis, which predicts that abundance and biomass of insects increases with cover of deciduous vegetation, explained substantial variation for nearly every order of insect investigated, whereas the remaining hypotheses explained relatively little. Abundance and biomass of insects had stronger associations with characteristics of canopy trees than with characteristics of shrub or understory trees, suggesting that deciduous trees are an important habitat element for nocturnal flying insects in these areas. Resource managers planning riparian vegetation management in conifer-dominated forests should be aware that manipulation of the cover of deciduous trees in riparian areas could have a large impact on these insects and their vertebrate predators. By providing information on forest canopy composition, remote sensing may offer a low-cost tool for identifying areas with high abundance and biomass of insects during conservation planning. 相似文献
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Holopainen JK 《Tree physiology》2011,31(12):1356-1377
Plants produce a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Under abiotic and biotic stresses, the number and amount of produced compounds can increase. Due to their long life span and large size, trees can produce biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) in much higher amounts than many other plants. It has been suggested that at cellular and tree physiological levels, induced production of VOCs is aimed at improving plant resistance to damage by reactive oxygen species generated by multiple abiotic stresses. In the few reported cases when biosynthesis of plant volatiles is inhibited or enhanced, the observed response to stress can be attributed to plant volatiles. Reported increase, e.g., in photosynthesis has mostly ranged between 5 and 50%. A comprehensive model to explain similar induction of VOCs under multiple biotic stresses is not yet available. As a result of pathogen or herbivore attack on forest trees, the induced production of VOCs is localized to the damage site but systemic induction of emissions has also been detected. These volatiles can affect fungal pathogens and the arrival rate of herbivorous insects on damaged trees, but also act as signalling compounds to maintain the trophic cascades that may improve tree fitness by improved efficiency of herbivore natural enemies. On the forest scale, biotic induction of VOC synthesis and release leads to an amplified flow of BVOCs in atmospheric reactions, which in atmospheres rich in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) results in ozone formation, and in low NOx atmospheres results in oxidation of VOCs, removal in ozone from the troposphere and the resulting formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles. I will summarize recent advances in the understanding of stress-induced VOC emissions from trees, with special focus on Populus spp. Particular importance is given to the ecological and atmospheric feedback systems based on BVOCs and biogenic SOA formation. 相似文献