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1.
The life-cycles of three willow beetle pests, Phratora (= Phyllodecta) vulgatissima, Phratora (=Phyllodeeta) vitellinae and Galerucella lineola (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), were investigated during 1994–95 in a plantation of short-rotation coppiced willows (Salix viminalis cv. Bowles Hybrid) at Long Ashton, Bristol, UK. The P. vulgatissima had one generation during the year. Overwintered adults emerged from hibernation in April and after a short feeding period, copulation and egg-laying occurred. Larval stages were found from May–July. The new generation of adult beetles appeared in July–August and fed for a while before hibernating. Hibernating adults were found in hedgerows around the site and in the plantation on willow stools and ground vegetation. Dispersal of adult beetles between feeding and overwintering sites appeared to be fairly localized. Hence, crop management strategies that reduce the potential for overwintering in and around plantations may help to minimize spring re-invasion and damage. Although based on limited observations, the biology of P. vitellinae and G. lineola appeared similar to that of P. vulgatissima. However, there is evidence in the literature that both these species, unlike the latter, can have a partial second generation in some years. The potential effect of insect herbivory on the growth and biomass yield of S. viminalis cv. Bowles Hybrid was investigated experimentally by artificial hand-defoliation of pot-grown plants. Yield losses were strongly correlated with the amount and time of defoliation. Results indicated that even slight or moderate damage by insect herbivores could have a significant impact on the biomass productivity of coppiced willows. 相似文献
2.
Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris L. is a strategic crop of sugar industry in Egypt. It is threatened by several insect pests among most important of them
is the beet beetle Cassida vittata. This work deals with the biological control of this insect using four Egyptian and imported entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs).
The nematodes included Steinernema carpocapsae S2, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora S1, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora (1-3). Daily mortality of larvae, pupae and adults of C. vittata were recorded after treatment with serial concentrations (from 500 to 4,000 infective juveniles/ml) of each of four studied
EPNs. Development of nematodes in insect bodies was followed up. S. carpocapsae S2 was chosen for the application against different stages of the pest in a sugar beet field. In the field, single application
of S. carpocapsae S2 killed 65% of the larvae, 92% of the pupae and 57.3% of the adults of C. vittata within a week. This work is the first report on using the EPNs to control sugar beet beetle. 相似文献
3.
An experiment upon an agri-silvicultural system involving Willow (Salix alba) tree, Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and Knol khol (Brassica oleracea var. caularapa) was laid in randomized block designed at farmers’ willow field at Shalimar near Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar India during 2005 and 2006. The main plot was divided into sub-spots with 8 m
× 2 m in size each in which four two-year-old willow (Salix alba) trees were at a spacing of 2 m × 2 m in a sub-spot. The intercrops were maintained at recommended spacing and supplied with
recommended doses of fertilizers. The benefit-cost ratio in willow plantation intercropped with vegetable crops of Kale and
Knol Khol was analyzed and compared with the benefit-cost ratio of sole willow tree forestry. The results showed that every
rupee invested in plantation of agri-silvicultural system generates benefit-cost ratio of 2.78 and 2.79 in case of Willow
intercropping with Kale and Willow with Knol khol, respectively, while as for sole crop of willows benefit-cost ratio was
calculated to be 2.66. These results provided circumstantial evidence in favour of adopting agroforestry involving willow
instead of Sole tree forestry. 相似文献
4.
The ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees in Japan, and tree species differ in their susceptibility to P. quercivorus. We hypothesized that interspecific differences in susceptibility are caused by differences in beetle infestation patterns,
that is, how many beetles fly to a tree and how many of those arriving bore holes. To examine how tree susceptibility is related
to these parameters, two tree species with different degrees of susceptibility were studied (highly susceptible Quercus crispula and less susceptible Q. salicina). Specifically, we measured the number of male beetles per unit area that flew to the host trees (NFM) and the density of
holes bored by male beetles (DH). From these two values, we calculated the proportion of male beetles flying to a host tree
that bored holes (PBM). These parameters were compared for the two Quercus species. Although the two species did not differ in NFM in 2003, PBM was markedly lower for Q. salicina than for Q. crispula and DH was significantly lower for Q. salicina than for Q. crispula. Thus, the lower susceptibility of Q. salicina is partly explained by its low PBM. 相似文献
5.
Fumigant activity of essential oil vapors distilled from Carum copticum C. B. Clarke and Vitex pseudo-negundo Hand I. MZT. was tested against eggs, larvae and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Fumigant toxicity was assessed at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH, in dark condition. The influence of different concentrations of
the essential oil vapors on egg hatchability, larval and adult mortality was significant. Data probit analysis showed that
lethal concentration of the essential oil to kill 50% of the population (LC50) for egg, larvae and adult were found to be 1.01, 2.50 and 0.90 μl/l air of C.
copticum oil, followed by 2.20, 8.42 and 9.39 μl/l air essential oil of V. pseudo-negundo, respectively. Between these essential oils, C. copticum was almost more toxic than V. pseudo-negundo on all growth stages of C. maculatus. The present study suggests that essential oils from these medicinal plants may be potential grain protectants as botanical
alternative fumigants and could be used in the management of various life stages of C. maculatus. 相似文献
6.
Patterns of resistance to willow leaf rust caused by Melampsora sp. were measured on Salix eriocephala, Salix sericea, and their interspecific hybrids in natural field populations in 1991–94 and on potted plants in common garden experiments in 1994 and 1995. Testing was carried out to establish if the resistance of hybrids was intermediate between pure parental species (additive), equal to one of the parents (dominant), lower than both parents (susceptible), higher than both parents (resistant), or not different than either parent (null hypothesis). Support was generally found for hybrid susceptibility in the field and common garden experiments, with the null hypothesis of no difference having some support. The results from the common garden study suggest that the susceptibility of hybrids seen in the field is due to genetic differences. Hybridization between these species of willows results in increased susceptibility to this pathogen. The variation among years in the relative susceptibility of hybrid and parental willows may be due to environmental effects on the willows or to shifts in the abundance of Melampsora races. 相似文献
7.
Katsumi Togashi Yosuke Taga Kazunobu Iguchi Takuya Aikawa 《Journal of Forest Research》2008,13(2):127-131
Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda has been recovered for the first time from adults of the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus urussovi (Fischer), in Hokkaido, Japan. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zuccarini) Carrière and Abies sachalinensis (Fr Schmidt) Masters infested with M. urussovi larvae. PCR–RFLP analysis indicated that B. mucronatus in Hokkaido is the European type. 相似文献
8.
G. Georgiev 《Journal of pest science》2005,78(3):161-165
The major bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were studied from 1987 to 2003. Poplar shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected in 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in the laboratory, and infestations were also studied in the field. B. intercessor was recorded in seven localities and was found to be a gregarious external larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis. Two generations of the parasitoid developed on the host. The first (summer) generation was associated with early and mid-stage (up to third instar) host larvae, and the second (overwintering) generation with third- to fifth-instar larvae. The average number of parasitoid individuals feeding on a host was 4.5 and 12.4 in summer and overwintering generations, respectively. The maximum number recorded was 25 individuals per host in the overwintering generation. B. intercessor overwintered as a mature larva on the host and completed its development in early spring. The adults from the overwintering generation appeared in April, about 1 month prior to emergence of P. tabaniformis. The life cycle of B. intercessor was not in close synchrony with the development of P. tabaniformis in the spring, but the parasitoid adults which fed on honey-sugar solution lived for up to 31 days (males) and 86 days (females), respectively. This suggests that, in the field, B. intercessor females eclosing in the spring could survive until the host larvae appear if nectar is available. Adults of the summer generation emerge from July to September when sufficient suitable host larvae are available. B. intercessor was responsible for 1.5% of the average mortality of the P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. The host mortality caused by the summer generation of the parasitoid ranged from 3.2% to 5.8%. 相似文献
9.
The green oak leaf roller (Tortrix viridana L.) is a major pest on oaks. The green oak leaf roller is one reason within a disease complex for the oak decline, and it
leads to defoliation of oaks in spring. In Germany, Quercus robur L. is mainly affected. The partitioning of genetic variation within and among populations of forest pests is linked to their
capacities for migration. And the capacity for migration is the basis for dispersal of the pest species to different host
trees and host populations and, therefore, for further outbreak events. Thus, the within population spatial genetic structure
(SGS) of T. viridana was investigated based on nuclear (AFLP) markers to analyse the dispersal capacity of this insect pest species at a very
small spatial scale. A total of 401 individuals of the green oak leaf roller from four stands in North Rhine-Westphalia (Western
Germany) were examined. In three of four populations, the AFLP markers revealed clearly SGS up to 40 m, which can be explained
by the mating behaviour within this species. 相似文献
10.
The response of adult females of Monochamus alternatus to volatiles of non-host plants was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Eight non-host plant species were tested, namely
Broussonetia papyrifera, Cedrus deodara, Firmiana simplex, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Platycladus orientalis, Populus
xiaohei, Salix babylonica and Sophora japonica. The volatiles of all test species, except those of C. deodara, repelled the females in the olfactometer bioassays. Oviposition by adult females on the host plant, Pinus massoniana, was deterred by the volatiles of non-host plants and by some other chemicals. Volatiles of P. orientalis had the strongest oviposition-deterring activity and those of S. japonica the least. Volatiles of C. deodara had no influence on oviposition of the females. Selected chemicals, namely benzaldehyde, citronellal, essential oil of Mentha spicata, eucalyptol, nerolidol, nicotine and salicylaldehyde, strongly deterred the females from oviposition, and nicotine caused
maximum decrease in egg-laying and scar-excavation. 相似文献
11.
Kazutaka Kato 《Journal of Forest Research》2005,10(3):205-210
The factors involved in the successful escape of overwintered larvae of Epinotia granitalis from host oleoresin in the phloem of Cryptomeria japonica were studied. The mortality, period, and body weight of E. granitalis overwintered larvae while feeding on the phloem of C. japonica were compared with the same parameters for Semanotus japonicus larvae. The seasonal fluctuation in the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals in the phloem was also assessed. The oleoresin mortality of E. granitalis was low compared with that of S. japonicus. Although both species started feeding on approximately the same date in spring, the feeding period of E. granitalis was only about 24 days, showing that E. granitalis faced the danger of host oleoresin for a shorter period than S. japonicus. The larval weight of E. granitalis was consistently greater than that of S. japonicus through the phloem-feeding period of E. granitalis, and the growth rate was also higher in E. granitalis, suggesting that E. granitalis had a better ability to avoid host oleoresin. These results demonstrated that not only the feeding habits, that is, the tendency of a single larva to feed at several sites, but also the shorter feeding period and larger body size were probably the important factors facilitating escape of E. granitalis from host oleoresin mortality. Furthermore, the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals increased after the starting date of larval feeding in spring. Because E. granitalis finished feeding before the culmination of the ability of C. japonica to form traumatic resin canals, it was likely that the shorter feeding period was the most important factor in enabling E. granitalis to escape from mortality by host oleoresin. 相似文献
12.
An herbivorous insect, the green oak leaf roller (Tortrix viridana) and one of its host species, pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), were investigated for their genetic variation within and among populations on the basis of mitochondrial, chloroplast, and anonymous markers. Oaks and green oak leaf rollers from 10 oak stands in North Rhine-Westphalia (North-Western Germany) were examined. The genetic variation of pedunculate oaks is much lower within than among populations when assessed using chloroplast gene markers and higher among populations when assessed using anonymous markers. When using mitochondrial and AFLP markers, the genetic variation of the green oak leaf roller populations was higher within than among the populations, which suggests a high gene flow between the populations. Mantel tests on the gene diversities of oaks and the green oak leaf roller yielded a significant negative correlation for both marker types. To sum up, the reasons for the differences in the spatial patterns of the genetic variation of the host and herbivorous insect may be found in their different generation times, mechanisms and capacities for dispersal.The results for the green oak leaf roller revealed a higher migration rate than assumed before which has consequences for the prediction of the dynamics of future outbreak events. 相似文献
13.
Kamil Karut 《Journal of pest science》2007,80(2):93-97
Efficient use of parasitoids in pest control depend on the knowledge of the biological relationships between host and parasitoid.
Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is one the most important natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) that is found in fields and greenhouses in Adana, Turkey. Although more studies have
been done to determine the relationships between E. mundus and B. tabaci, the differences among strains of E. mundus could have important biological concequences. In this study, biological characteristics of native population of E. mundus parasitization of B. tabaci (Q biotype) were determined using bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) at a constant temperature of 25 ± 1°C, relative humidity 70 ± 10% and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod regimen. All B. tabaci nymphal instars were parasitized by E. mundus, but the mean number of daily-parasitized nymphs was highest in the second instars (15.3). In addition, second instar females
had the shortest mean development time (15.2 days). Mean development times of parasitoids obtained from first, second, third
and fourth B. tabaci instars varied from 15.2 to 16.2 days and 15.2 to 15.9 days for female and male, respectively. Proportion of female (♀/♂+♀)
varied from first (0.53) to second (0.34) host instars. Impact of results on potential biological control of B. tabaci was discussed through conservation native natural enemies. 相似文献
14.
We caught the adults of a secondary wood-boring insect, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky), on Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don., trees and logs with manipulated bark water contents to clarify the mechanism of host selection by C. rufipenne. More C. rufipenne were trapped when the bark water content range was ca. 120–200%. Fewer C. rufipenne were trapped at higher and lower bark water contents. These findings indicate that C. rufipenne adults do not simply select weakened or dying trees. Bark water content is one of important factors for C. rufipenne choosing their host for oviposition. 相似文献
15.
Victor M. Izzo Nathan Mercer Jordan Armstrong Yolanda H. Chen 《Journal of pest science》2014,87(4):597-608
Insect herbivores can become extensive invaders if they are able to undergo host expansions onto widely-grown agricultural host plants. An important yet unresolved question is whether all herbivore populations are equally able to utilize new host plants or if populations may be geographically structured, that is only a subset has the potential to undergo a host range expansion and become widely invasive. We examined if derived and ancestral geographic populations of L. decemlineata or Colorado potato beetle, varied in host preference and performance on both wild (Solanum rostratum) and cultivated (Solanum tuberosum) host plants. Sampling from six different North American regions (3 ancestral and 2 derived), we performed two full-factorial experiments to test for differences in host preference, acceptance, and performance on S. rostraum and S. tuberosum. Our results reveal the development of new (cultivated) host associations within pest populations of L. decemlineata following its geographic expansion. Pest beetles (i.e., Vermont populations) discriminated less between host plants and grew faster than all other beetle population on both host species. The Vermont beetles also developed faster on leaves than all other populations. The greater general preference, acceptance, and performance of Vermont beetles on all host types underscores the virulence of the pest form of the beetle and may help to explain the absence of pest incidence within the ancestral regions of L. decemlineata. 相似文献
16.
The parasitoid complex of Saperda populnea (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) was studied during the period 2002–2003 at different sites in Bulgaria. Galls containing cerambycid larvae were collected on branches of aspen (Populus tremula L.), goat willow (Salix caprea L.) and hybrid poplars and were studied under laboratory conditions. As a result, four new species for the parasitoid complex of S. populnea in Bulgaria were recorded: Dolichomitus tuberculatus (Geoffroy), Xylophrurus lancifer (Gravenhorst), Gelis ornatulus (Thomson) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Dendrocerus serricornis (Boheman) (Hym., Megaspilidae). D. serricornis and G. ornatulus are new species for Bulgarian fauna. D. tuberculatus and X. lancifer were found as primary parasitoids, and G. ornatulus and D. serricornis as hyperparasitoids. The primary parasitoids developed solitarily in the host larvae. D. serricornis was reared gregariously from a puparium of Billaea irrorata (Meig.) (Dipt., Tachinidae). The host of G. ornatulus was not identified, but the hyperparasitid could be connected with Iphiaulax impostor (Scop.) (Hym., Braconidae). The mortality of S. populnea caused by the parasitoids was 2.0–6.3%. 相似文献
17.
Ferenc Lakatos Wojciech Grodzki Qing-He Zhang Christian Stauffer 《Journal of Forest Research》2007,12(5):345-349
The distribution of the double spined spruce engraver beetle Ips duplicatus ranges from Scandinavia and northeastern Europe to northern Asia. In Europe, I. duplicatus usually is associated with I. typographus on Picea abies, and due to morphological similarities and similar gallery constructions the damage and significance of I. duplicatus are often not recognised and thus underestimated. I. duplicatus has been recently reported from the southern part of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, northern parts of Austria and
Germany; records are missing from many other central European countries (e.g., Hungary). The species became an important pest
in some parts of central Europe, and continuous outbreaks of this bark beetle have been reported in Inner Mongolia, China,
since the 1950s. The aim of this study was to compare I. duplicatus populations from Europe and Asia by genetic means using the analysis of the mitochondrial DNA. Individuals of I. duplicatus populations from China, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were collected, and 520 bp fragments of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were analysed. Four haplotypes were detected and a sequence divergence of 0.8% was found between the populations
from China and Europe. These differences associate with behavioural differences in the pheromone bouquet and behavioural response
of the two groups. Within Europe three haplotypes were found, but due to the small sample size no significant geographical
distribution was demonstrated. 相似文献
18.
Levent Gültekin 《Journal of pest science》2006,79(1):23-25
The biology and host plant range of Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth were studied in the eastern part of Turkey. This weevil feeds and grows on Heracleum trachyloma Fisch. et C.A. Mey, Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden, Heracleum pastinacifolium C. Koch, H. platytaenium Boiss., Angelica
sylvestris L. and Falcaria sp. of the family Apiaceae (=Umbellifera). In the early spring, adults emerged from overwintering places and started feeding
on host plants. After feeding for several days on leaves, they mated and laid eggs on the main stem of a host. After emergence,
larvae fed in stems up to late summer and pupated in the same places. Pupae were found at the beginning of autumn and then
adults of the new generation emerged from the stem. Most of adults overwinter under dry plants at rootneck and under stones.
L. nordmanni have one generation per year in eastern Anatolia. This Caucasian weevil species is recorded for the first time for Turkish
fauna. The biology and host plant records are presented. 相似文献
19.
The study of the life history dynamics of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) is important because the beetles vector the pinewood nematode. The objectives of this study were to investigate
differences in beetle life history parameters between the two common host tree species in Turkey, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra. Relationships between the number of oviposition sites, holding time (time between log cut and oviposition), log moisture
content, log volume and area, and adult survivorship were evaluated. No significant differences were found between the two
tree species except adult density per m2. The holding time did not influence the number of oviposition sites, larval entry holes or adults for P. sylvestris. There was a negative correlation between the holding time and the number of oviposition sites for P. nigra. The number of adults emerged per log was correlated with the number of larval entry holes only for P. sylvestris. Only 12 and 15% of the initial cohort completed development and emerged as adults for P. sylvestris and P. nigra, respectively. Both tree species are equally suitable hosts for M. galloprovincialis development. We conclude that the high within-log mortality of beetles is a combination of resource quality and quantity
factors and intraspecific competition and cannibalism during larval development. 相似文献
20.
Shi-xiang Zong You-qing Luo Ya-qin Cui Jian-wei Wang Wei Yan Ai-jie Liu Heliövaara Kari 《中国林学(英文版)》2009,11(1):24-27
The population density and distribution of the three major boring pests, Holcocerus artemisiae, Sphenoptera sp. and Adosopius sp. were studied in their host plant Artemisia ordosica. Results show that the larvae of H. artemisiae mainly bore the rhizome of A. ordosica, but also the larvae of Sphenoptera sp. and Adosopius sp. bore the rhizome of A. tordosica. The adults of Sphenoptera sp. and Adosopius sp. feed on the leaves of A. ordosica as a nutritional supplement. The distribution of the larvae of three pests in their host plant is completely different. H. artemisiae and Sphenoptera sp. are distributed in the whole A. ordosica plant. The newly hatched larvae first feed on the phloem and xylem of stem and then burrow to the roots before the winter
of the same year. However, Adosopius sp. is distributed mainly in the roots. The newly hatched larvae move from the phloem to the xylem, and gradually damage
the lower part of the trunk. The larvae of the three pests sometimes coexist in a single A. ordosica plant. However, the probability of the coexistence of the three pests is very small. The highest probability of coexistence
of two pests was observed in Sphenoptera sp. and H. artemisiae, while the probability of coexistence of Sphenoptera sp. and Adosopius sp. as well as H. artemisiae and Adosopius sp. was smaller. The reasons for coexistence or its avoidance are not only related to the amount of food provided nor the
volume of larval living space in a single A. ordosica plant, but also related to the development characteristics of different kinds of larvae and interspecific competition. 相似文献