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1.
《林业科学》2016,(6)
【目的】对原生林及其皆伐后自然演替形成的次生林和造林形成的人工林的细根生物量及土壤特性进行研究,分析不同更新方式对细根动态分布的影响、了解细根与土壤特性之间的互动效应,为阐明森林生态系统中碳和养分循环以及为该地区森林恢复和森林经营提供理论依据。【方法】以小兴安岭南坡典型阔叶红松林、皆伐后天然更新的白桦次生林、皆伐后栽植的红松人工林和兴安落叶松人工林为研究对象,于2013年5—9月用连续钻取土芯法采集细根(直径≤2 mm)和土壤,测定细根生物量的垂直分布与季节动态,分析生物量与土壤特性的相关性。【结果】典型阔叶红松林、红松人工林细根生物量均显著高于白桦次生林和兴安落叶松人工林(P0.05);各森林类型细根生物量的垂直分布存在显著差异(P0.05),细根主要集中在0～20 cm土层中,其中白桦次生林0～20 cm土层中细根生物量占其细根总生物量的比例最高(75.81%),典型阔叶红松林最低(62.73%);各森林类型细根生物量存在季节性波动,各森林类型活、死细根生物量均有2个峰值;4种森林类型的细根生物量与土壤温度的相关性不显著,除典型阔叶红松林外,其他3种森林类型的细根生物量与土壤含水率极显著正相关(P0.01),4种森林类型的细根生物量与土壤水解氮含量极显著正相关(P0.01),白桦次生林的细根生物量与土壤有效磷含量显著负相关(P0.05)。【结论】本地区的顶极群落——典型阔叶红松林和以典型阔叶红松林的建群种为主要组成树种的红松人工林细根生物量显著高于以先锋树种白桦和兴安落叶松为主要组成树种的白桦次生林和兴安落叶松人工林;细根生物量在土壤中的分布具有明显的不均匀性,主要集中在养分含量较高的土壤表层,处于演替顶极阶段的森林较处于演替早期的森林采取更精细的获取资源的策略,土壤下层细根占细根总生物量比例较高;细根生物量的季节变化与物候节律一致,细根生物量的高峰期出现在春末和初秋。 相似文献
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以择伐40年后的阔叶红松林过伐林(以下简称为择伐林)和未砍伐的典型阔叶红松林(以下为原始林)为研究对象,探讨了择伐对细根生物量时空分布的影响。结果表明生长季原始林和择伐林死细根生物量、活细根生物量和总细根年平均生物量没有显著差异(P0.05);总细根生物量以及活细根在6月以及9月存在显著差异(P0.05),死细根在5月、7月以及8月存在显著差异(P0.05);原始林和择伐林的细根生物量随土层深度的增加逐渐减少,80%的活细根和75%以上的死细根分布在0 20 cm的土层中,其总细根生物量、活根和死根仅在3040 cm存在显著差异(P0.05);原始林和择伐林的不同直径级(2 5 mm和≤2 mm)的活细根的生物量比、死细根的生物量比以及总细根生物量比在相同土层内没有显著差异(P0.05)。 相似文献
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《林业科学研究》2021,(2)
[目的 ]分析阔叶红松林林分结构的标记二阶特征,探讨不同标记二阶特征函数提供的结构信息和结构形成的生态过程,为阔叶红松林保护、恢复和结构优化调整提供理论依据。[方法 ]以吉林蛟河4种不同类型阔叶红松林为研究对象,运用单变量双相关函数、标记双相关函数、标记变异函数、标记大小分化度和标记混交度等二阶特征函数,分析树种和林木大小分化空间特征。[结果 ]不同类型阔叶红松林林木分布格局差异明显,核桃楸、沙松红松林(样地A)、水曲柳红松林(样地C)和核桃楸、色木槭红松林(样地D)在一定的尺度上呈现显著聚集分布的趋势,而核桃楸、水曲柳红松林(样地B)中的林木为随机分布格局;样地A中在距离为r=0～50 m的范围内林木标记胸径趋向于小于平均胸径且相似大小林木聚集,其中,在r=0～8 m和r=13～33 m的尺度上林木胸径显著小于平均胸径,其他几类阔叶红松林仅在r小于8 m尺度内小于样地平均胸径,其它尺度上林木的胸径大小随机分布;样地B和样地C不同胸径大小的林木呈现空间上不相关的趋势,而样地D在r=0～9 m的尺度上呈现不同胸径大小的林木聚集分布;4类阔叶红松林不同大小林木的分布并非是完全随机分布的格局,样地A在r=0～21 m和r=25～33 m尺度上相似大小的林木聚集在一起,样地B和样地D分别在r=4～6 m和r=0～12 m的尺度上表现出相似大小林木显著聚集的特征,而样地C在r=0～5 m的尺度上不同大小的林木聚集分布;4类阔叶红松林内树种整体属于完全随机分布,但在一定的尺度上存在同种聚集的现象,样地A、样地B、样地C和样地D相同树种聚集的尺度范围分别为r=0～10 m,r=0～25 m,r=0～12 m和r=0～8 m。[结论 ]不同类型阔叶红松林标记二阶特征存在明显的差异,与阔叶红松林处于不同的发育阶段及干扰程度有关。标记二阶特征进一步细化了不同尺度上的树种和林木大小的分化特征。 相似文献
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阔叶红松林是长白山、小兴安岭、张广才岭、老爷岭等山系的主要森林类型,是地带性的顶极森林植物群落,分布广泛,生产力高,是我国主要的木材生产基地,每年为国家提供大量的木材和林副产品。同时,又地处松花江、鸭绿江、图门江的上游,具有重要的水源涵养意义。因此,阔叶红松林的研究受到了国内外学者的重视。对阔叶红松林生物量(现存量)的研究是长白山森林生态系统研究工作的一部分,是森林生态系统研究中的重要方面,它以林木的干重为指标,揭示了能量形式在系统中的固定、分配、转化规律及能量循环过程, 相似文献
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一、前言阔叶红松林生物量是以林木的干重为指标。研究它是森林生态系统中的重要方面,可以揭示以重量为指标的能量形式在森林生态系统中的固定、分配、转化规律及具体的能量循环过程。这是研究物质循环和能量循环的基础材料,能为合理开发森林资源,利用森林资源,为创造结构合理的丰产稳产人工林生态系统提供理论依据。本文所研究的阔叶红松林生物生产量 (Biornass)是指现有林地的现存量。这个现存量对阔叶红松林这个顶极森林植物群落来讲是处于相对稳定状态。实际上现 相似文献
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通过对阔叶红松林择伐后19a的调查,证明择伐强度对阔叶红松林的恢复和发展有着重大影响。在调查的9个小区中,6小区择伐强度较小,伐后它的公顷保留量比其它8个小区平均每公顷多保留27.70m3,19a后,6小区的公顷生长量比8个小区平均每公顷为生长56.24m3,6小区比8小区每公顷多保留29.92m3蓄积,19a后,6小区净增林木蓄积143.06m3/hm2,8小区仅净增65.28m3/hm2,前者的净增量是后者的2.2倍。用每公顷少采29.92m3蓄积,换来每公顷多生长77.78m3蓄积,这是生态经济双丰收。现在6小区已完全郁闭成林,公顷蓄积量已达本地区阔叶红松林近熟林水平,8小区还处于阔叶红松林中龄林初期。6小区林木多样性指数,丰富度指数,均匀度指数均高于其它8个小区,重要值与其它8个小区近似,处于合理的区间,天然更新良好,说明适宜控制择伐强度,对阔叶红松林的恢复和发展十分有利。 相似文献
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长白山阔叶红松林早春植物生长特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以长白山阔叶红松林下的早春植物为对象,对其生长发育过程、生长环境特点、生物量及其群落学特征进行研究,结果表明:长白山阔叶红松林下早春植物有12种2变种,相对重要的前10种依次为黑水银莲花、朝鲜银莲花、顶冰花、多被银莲花、东北延胡索、侧金盏花、五福花、全缘叶延胡索、大人字果、线叶延胡索;早春植物生长发育需凉爽、湿润、光照充足的环境条件,其生长发育过程与上层林冠有密切关系。长白山阔叶红松林下早春植物总生物量为395.83 kg·hm-2,其中,地上部分生物量为135.26 kg·hm-2,占总生物量的34.17%;地下部分生物量为260.57 kg·hm-2,占65.83%,总密度为272.65万株·hm-2。早春植物在森林生态系统物质循环、能量流动方面具有重要作用。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
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《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献