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1.
分析了中国东北小兴安岭林区红松种群的生活史过程及其影响因素,对红松生活史的４个阶段进行了分析,并讨论了其进化和保护对策．红松的传粉和受精主要受天气条件的影响．林冠下的光照是控制红松幼苗生长和存活的主要因素．红松种子生产的周期性波动会引起有关动物种群的相应变化．动物是阔叶红松林生态系统中不可缺少的组成成分,松鼠在红松种群的天然更新中起着非常重要的作用．了解森林生态系统中物种的协同进化关系对于我们保护森林生物多样性和生态系统的完整性有着重要的意义．在红松的保护中,我们不仅要保护树木本身,而且还应当保护与红松相关的动物、生境乃至整个生态系统． 相似文献
2.
Forest certification for community-based forest management was designed to strengthen an area’s forestry functions while simultaneously alleviating poverty by developing the existing community forest. It is fundamental for forest certification to maintain the economic benefits for certified local sellers and balance conservation goals with increasing local incomes. This study explores how FSC certification of a community-based forest enterprise in Southeast Sulawesi in Indonesia could improve effectively field situations of community forest management and strengthen local peoples’ financial benefits and social perceptions towards conserving forests. FSC group certification was introduced in the area of teak community forest of several villages in 2005. Because of local strong interest in group certification, the size of certified forests, the number of group certification members and the amount of certified wood harvested gradually increased. The support of a local NGO and an international NGO contributed towards successful establishment of group certification and establishment of a small-scale forestry enterprise producing certified wood in a sustainable manner. These NGOs played important roles in establishing strong relationships between producers and consumers, strengthening local forest management institutions, and promising social and economic benefits to the local people. 相似文献
3.
Jalal Henareh Khalyani Manouchehr Namiranian S. M. Heshmatol Vaezin Jahangir Feghhi 《林业研究》2014,25(1):205-210
We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests cover 6.07 million ha and support rich plant and animal diversity. Changes in local community social and economic sys-tems and the inefficiency of traditional forest management led to a criti-cal situation in the stability of forest regeneration in recent decades. Due to a shortage of productive and arable lands and resulting unemployment and poverty, people overexploited the Zagros forests. Outside interven-tion in traditional forest management creates conflicts between local peoples and forest management organizations. To achieve sustainable forest management, including forest resources conservation and im-provement of natural resource based livelihoods of communities, it is desirable to implement Forestry Incentive Programs （FIP） based on the important functions of forests. Detailed information on the so-cio-economics of communities, the effect of forests on local livelihoods, and lists of products extracted from the forest were obtained from a sur-vey of local communities though questionnaire, interview and observa-tion. We studied 276 households in three villages and completed 76 ques-tionnaires by householders in the quantitative analysis. Sampling was performed by simple random sampling （SRS）. The needs of rural com-munities, such as livestock husbandry, mainly arise from the characteris-tics and environmental features of villages. We identified the driving forces, pressures, status, impacts and responses （DPSIR） to design incen-tive programs, by DPSIR analysis and interaction analysis. Evaluation of local community benefits from forests showed that in order to improve forest management, 319 dollars per year would be needed by each family as an incentive in 2010 to prevent lopping and firewood collecting, the main causes of forest degradation. 相似文献
4.
《Forest Ecosystems》2015,(4)
Background:With the loss of species worldwide due to anthropogenic factors,especially in forested ecosystems,it has become more urgent than ever to understand the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship(BEFR).BEFR research in forested ecosystems is very limited and thus studies that incorporate greater geographic coverage and structural complexity are needed.Methods:We compiled ground-measured data from approx.one half mil ion forest inventory sample plots across the contiguous United States,Alaska,and northeastern China to map tree species richness,forest stocking,and productivity at a continental scale.Based on these data,we investigated the relationship between forest productivity and tree species diversity,using a multiple regression analysis and a non-parametric approach to account for spatial autocorrelation.Results:In general,forests in the eastern United States consisted of more tree species than any other regions in the country.The highest forest stocking values over the entire study area were concentrated in the western United States and Central Appalachia.Overall,96.4 % of sample plots(477,281)showed a significant positive effect of species richness on site productivity,and only 3.6 %(17,349)had an insignificant or negative effect.Conclusions:The large number of ground-measured plots,as well as the magnitude of geographic scale,rendered overwhelming evidence in support of a positive BEFR.This empirical evidence provides insights to forest management and biological conservation across different types of forested ecosystems.Forest timber productivity may be impaired by the loss of species in forests,and biological conservation,due to its potential benefits on maintaining species richness and productivity,can have profound impacts on the functioning and services of forested ecosystems. 相似文献
5.
Guillermo Martínez Pastur Emilie Andrieu Louis R. Iverson Pablo Luis Peri 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,85(3):315-318
Forest ecosystems are impacted by multiple uses under the influence of global drivers, and where landscape ecology tools may substantially facilitate the management and conservation of the agroforestry ecosystems. The use of landscape ecology tools was described in the eight papers of the present special issue, including changes in forested landscapes due to agricultural and forestry activities, landscape changes due to recent intensification of agriculture, and the impacts of agroforestry as compared to natural forest ecosystems. Landscape ecology can improve the economic, environmental and social values of agroforestry, and this knowledge should help to develop new management alternatives for agroforestry. We believe that these papers will inform management at the landscape level, especially in agroforestry landscapes, offering new tools for management and conservation. 相似文献
6.
Land use transformation in the mountainous mainland Southeast Asia region and the role of indigenous knowledge and skills in forest management 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The mountainous mainland Southeast Asia region, that covers adjoining parts of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and China, contains the region's largest remaining tropical forest. The people living in the forested mountains, who belong to a diversity of ethnic minority groups, possess a wealth of local knowledge and skills in forest management. With rapid decrease in forest area, implementation of forest conservation policies, improved access to market and replacement of shifting cultivation with permanent cropping, land use and management in the region has been rapidly changing. Some indigenous knowledge and technology in forest management will inevitably continue to be lost in the process, but not all. This paper shows how local forest management systems have been adapted to deal with the change, with specific focus on deployment and adaptation of indigenous knowledge and skills. First background on the region and its traditional land use systems will be provided. A review will then be made of the cropping system changes that have been taking place and their driving forces and how local farmers have adapted indigenous knowledge and skill in forest management to meet current needs and conditions. Cases drawn from studies in the region will illustrate how deployment of indigenous technology not only helps the farmers to improve their productivity but can also provide services in forest regeneration and biodiversity conservation. To do this farmers, including those who were former migratory opium growers, make use of the knowledge of their own environment and locally available genetic resources and the community's organizational and management skills. It will also be shown that farmers’ knowledge and skills are not static, but continually revised and integrating modern inputs as well as transfer of new ideas and innovations. 相似文献
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8.
丽江市天保工程实施成效及天保工程二期的实施对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
丽江市天保工程的实施,有效地保护了森林资源,加快了森林植被恢复步伐,有力地促进了地方经济的发展,生态效益和经济效益显著.丽江市在天保工程实施中取得了一些成功经验,但仍存在天然林生态系统仍然十分脆弱,森工企业改革相对滞后,林区产业支撑能力不强等问题.藉此提出了落实工程目标责任制;加快森林植被恢复进程,构建国家生态安全;妥善安置职工就业,切实保障林农利益;落实属地责任,逐步推进林区改革;依托资源优势,加快产业发展等天保工程二期的实施对策. 相似文献
9.
Institutional arrangement and typology of community forests of Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland of North-East India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Most community forests in hill regions of northeast India have been managed by traditional local institutions for centuries and most of these institutions remain functional even today. Higher forest coverage on private and community lands as compared to government land indicates that traditional institutions effectively manage community forests in the region. The present study was conducted through a survey of literature and field work using participatory research tools viz., PRA exercises, group discussions and questionnaire interviews with key informants in northeast India. We categorized the institutions involved in conservation and management of forests into three major types: traditional, quasi-traditional and modern. Traditional institutions with hierarchal structure were found in all states and are intact and functional in the state of Meghalaya. Quasi-traditional institutions, a blend of traditional and modern institutions were prevalent in Nagaland while modern institutions have almost replaced traditional institutions in Mizoram. We recorded at least eleven types of community forests viz., group of village forest, village forest, restricted forest, sacred forest, clan forest, cemetery forest, regeneration forest, bamboo forest, recreation forest, village reserved forest and medicinal plantation in villages of three states. The tribal people, through long-term trial and error experiments, have developed an elaborate, functional and generally democratic system of conservation and management of forests and associated natural ecosystems. Several forest and natural resource management lessons can be learnt from the institutional structure and decision making system of the evolving and dynamic institutions of tribal communities of the region. 相似文献
10.
光热和水分条件对石灰岩山地侧柏人工林更新的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)是我国荒山造林、水土保持和涵养水源的重要常绿树种之一。它适应环境的能力强,栽培范围广,常被栽植于我国的石灰岩山地上。耐干旱瘠薄是公认的侧柏生态学特性之一,但是,侧柏幼苗和幼树的更新和生长受山地环境影响较大。通过热红外成像法移动观测山体光热能量的分配特征,利用SketchUP软件三维阴影分析的功能进行林窗日照和遮阴分布的计算机模拟,以及在山东省侧柏主要栽培区对山地林窗幼苗进行实地调查研究,结果表明:侧柏苗适合栽培在湿润而光照充足的立地上。山地阴坡和阳坡、山谷和山脊的光照和湿度的差异导致侧柏幼苗更新的变化,以至于一边因密度过大而出现严重的种内竞争,另一边因幼苗更新不畅而常出现林窗和空地。因此,需要通过适度的人工抚育和管理来解决该问题,以便在我国北方地区建立起稳定和完善的侧柏森林生态系统。 相似文献
11.
随着森林认证工作在我国的陆续开展,高保护价值森林越来越受到人们的重视。高保护价值森林是可持续经营的重要内容,应对其进行合理的保护与科学的经营。在综述高保护价值森林的内涵的基础上,分别阐述了6种类型高保护价值森林的判定标准以及部分可评定区域。根据高保护价值森林的实际情况,从规划、国家政策、地方法规、科技支撑等宏观层面提出了保护建议。分析了6种类型高保护价值森林存在的经营管护问题,并提出相应的经营管理建议,为高保护价值森林经营提供参考。 相似文献
12.
实行森林管护经营责任制是对传统森林经营的一次改革,是实施好天然林资源保护工程的重大举措,它符合社会主义市场经济体制的要求,也与当前我国林业生产力发展水平相适应。黑龙江省鹤北林业局在一期森林资源管护经营工作中积累了丰富实践经验,为二期管护奠定了坚实的基础。在目前黑龙江省森工林区一手抓生态保护一手抓经济转型的关键时期,企业将如何推进二期管护经营承包,我们应通过进一步总结和示范,落实惠民政策,注重实效,这样必将能完成好二期管护经营任务。 相似文献
13.
Endri Martini James M. Roshetko Meine van Noordwijk Arif Rahmanulloh Elok Mulyoutami Laxman Joshi Suseno Budidarsono 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(3):401-417
Domestication of desirable forest resources in agroforestry is expected to contribute to community based forest conservation efforts, but there may be an optimum level of domestication in this respect. Aren or sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) is a multipurpose tree that provides livelihoods for local people and food for other biota in the landscape. However, its domestication is still limited in many places, such as in Batang Toru Forest Block, an area of high conservation value, including habitat for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Options for aren management were prioritized as part of a landscape-scale conservation study by comparing domestication levels in the area. Data on economic indicators and ecological knowledge were gathered through interviews with key farmers, focus groups and transect walks. Four representative villages were selected for the study, that is, (i) two villages with no domestication of aren; and (ii) two villages with aren cultivation in rubber-based land-use systems. Costbenefit analyses suggested that in a rich biodiversity area, such as Batang Toru, although aren was one of the sources of local livelihoods, additional investment for domestication beyond cultivation was not an option considered by farmers. Farmers still perceived wildlife as an efficient mode of aren regeneration, supported by the coexistence of people and other biota in the area. It appears the value of aren for local people’s livelihoods and conservation can be enhanced by increasing its stocking density. There is also scope for improving market access and share of end-user value received by farmers. 相似文献
14.
Sanae Hammi Vincent Simonneaux Jean Baptiste Cordier Didier Genin Mohamed Alifriqui Nicolas Montes Laurent Auclair 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
On the south shore of the western Mediterranean Basin, mountain forest ecosystems are degraded, mainly due to their overexploitation. Topographic, edaphic and climatic conditions create stressful growing conditions and sensitive ecosystems. Nonetheless, in these ecosystems, forests remain an important resource for the subsistence of local populations. Historically the vulnerability of this resource has prompted mankind to establish traditional control forms of forest and pastoral areas. These common resource management systems are still functioning in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains under the name of agdal which refers to the territory, the resources and access rules laid down by the local population in order to manage the territory. 相似文献
15.
本文结合陕西省三道门森林公园良好的自然环境,通过采用发展林下经济-林麝特色养殖的方式,对该公园林麝苑进行规划设计。该项目以人工养殖林麝为主,建成运营后既能保护好现有森林公园林地资源,又可增加当地林麝数量,对保护林麝具有一定的积极作用,同时促进了当地的林下经济发展。项目实施后将成为发展陕南山地林下养殖的积极探索和有益尝试,为陕南地区林下经济产业发展提供有价值的参考。 相似文献
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Stewart A.W. Diemont Jessica L. BohnDonald D. Rayome Sarah J. KelsenKaity Cheng 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1696-1705
Numerous communities associated with at least five distinct ethnic Mayan groups in southern Mexico and Central America continue to rely upon forested areas as integral components of their agricultural systems. They carefully manage these areas so that forests provide food, raw materials, and animals. Management practices include removing and planting of woody and herbaceous species, apiculture, and seed harvest. Mayan agroforestry systems in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of Mesoamerica were evaluated to better understand traditional agroforestry system components and how indigenous Mayan agroforestry could be a part of regional forest conservation and restoration. Systems were within Mexican land grant areas (ejidos) or on contested land. Although these systems rely upon different woody species and management techniques, common among them are: (1) the use of multi-stage and successional pathways with forest as a part of the larger system, (2) species that are believed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to accelerate forest regeneration - more than 30 tree species are recognized and managed as potential facilitators of forest regeneration and (3) direct human consumption of forest products at all stages of regeneration. 相似文献
18.
密云县的退耕还林工程是京津风沙源治理工程的重要组成部分,分布在密云水库周围地区、国道、国铁干线公路两侧,以及生态脆弱地区。主要造林模式为生态型经济林造林模式、经济林模式、农业生态旅游模式、速生丰产林模式与水源保护林模式(荒山造林模式)。对退耕还林工程的生态效益进行了调查与深入的分析,结果表明:密云县退耕还林工程在净化空气、减少风沙危害、保持水土等各方面效益显著。 相似文献
19.
Integrated forest management–pursuing multiple management objectives on the same area–is one important approach to reconciling conflicting demands towards forests. While a few studies have examined its implementation at a local level, the literature is thus far lacking detailed analyses of how forestry professionals perceive and implement the integration of multiple demands towards public forests, as well as what factors are influencing local level decision-making. This study attempts to fill this gap. Focusing on nature conservation aspects and their integration into public forest management, where a primary objective is timber production, we examine the implementation of integrated forest management in five German Länder (German federal states) as perceived by state forest enterprise rangers (Revierleiter). Our findings indicate a great willingness and commitment among forest rangers to implement integrative nature conservation approaches through integrated forest management. However, there are also a number of factors that hinder their implementation. In particular there is a mismatch between the demands placed on rangers and the support provided to them regarding time, more flexible timber targets, and financial as well as personnel resources. We argue that the practical implementation of integrative nature conservation requires more favorable conditions which can actually facilitate the balancing of multiple demands through integrated forest management. 相似文献