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1.
不同药剂防治小麦白粉病田间药效试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为筛选防治小麦白粉病的高效新药剂,对5种杀菌剂进行了田间防效试验。结果表明,药后10 d,30%醚菌酯WP 30 g/667 m2、20 g/667 m2防效分别为78.57%和72.10%,防治效果优于其它药剂处理的防效;20%三唑酮EC 80 ml/667 m2和80%戊唑醇WP 15 g/667 m2处理对小麦白粉病的防效分别为62.63%、54.40%;30%氟菌唑WP 20 g/667 m2和20%乙嘧酚磺酸酯ME 20 ml/667 m2处理对小麦白粉病防治效果分别为50.17%和44.99%。药后20 d,30%醚菌酯WP 30 g/667 m2和30%醚菌酯WP 20 g/667 m2处理对小麦白粉病的防效分别达到93.40%和83.53%,防效在各处理中最高,其次为20%三唑酮EC 80 ml/667 m2,防效为61.25%,以上3处理之间差异不显著;但与对照及其他处理都达到显著性差异;80%戊唑醇WP 15 g/667 m2和20%乙嘧酚磺酸酯ME 20 ml/667 m2的防治效果分别为42.60%和18.28%,30%氟菌唑WP 20 g/667 m2处理对小麦白粉病防治效果仅有5.90%。因此30%醚菌酯WP 30 g/667 m2和20 g/667 m2处理可有效控制小麦白粉病的发生及危害,且对小麦生长安全,可以作为三唑酮的替代药剂或与其他药剂合理轮换使用。 相似文献
2.
为了筛选小麦纹枯病的高效防治药剂,对多种化学药剂进行了室内毒力测定、盆栽试验和田间防效试验.室内毒力测定结果表明,烯唑醇、井冈霉素、敌力脱、适乐时对小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealia)抑菌效果较好,EC50均小于1 mg/kg;敌萎丹、立克秀、甲基托布津、扑力猛、五氯硝基苯、三唑酮和退菌特对小麦纹枯病菌也有较好的抑菌效果,EC50均在10 mg/kg以下.盆栽试验结果表明,21%复方适乐时FS1 : 500包衣和2.5%适乐时FS 1:500包表处理防效最好,分别达到84.23%和83.52%;其次为12.5%烯唑醇WP 1 : 625拌种和2%立克秀WS 1 : 500拌种,为81.49%和77.23%;3%敌萎丹FS 1:500包衣、2.5%扑力猛FS 1:500包衣、15%三唑酮WP 1:500拌种和20%井冈霉素SP 1:500拌种也有较好的防效,平均防效均大于60%.大田试验结果表明,返青期3%敌萎丹FS 1:500包衣和12.5%烯唑醇WP 1:625拌种防效最好,防效分别为55.43%和51.51%;收获期白穗率调查结果发现,12.5%烯唑醇WP 1:625拌种防效最好,达84.63%;其次为3%敌萎丹FS 1:500包衣和15%三唑酮WP 1:500拌种,防效分别达到73.36%和72.31%.收获期产量调查结果表明,3%敌萎丹FS 1:500包衣、21%复方适乐时FS 1:500包衣和2.5%适乐时FS 1:500包农处理增产效果较好,分别达到13.81%、12.34%和11.50%.从防治效果和增产效果综合考虑,敌萎丹、复方适乐时、适乐时是较好的种子处理剂. 相似文献
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本研究利用大载荷油动植保无人机(FBH300T)开展橡胶树白粉病和炭疽病(简称橡胶树“两病”)的飞防试验，分析飞行离冠层高度3、5、7 m和施药量60、90、105 L/hm2两个参数对橡胶树上、下层叶片雾滴沉积分布的影响。发现飞行高度和施药量对雾滴密度和雾滴覆盖率均表现出极显著的影响，筛选出飞行离冠层高度5 m、施药量90 L/hm2、飞行速度5 m/s是该机型的最优施药参数。利用兼治橡胶树多种叶部病害的新型专用药剂19%保叶清微乳剂，以及60%硫磺粉悬浮剂、45%戊唑·咪酰胺水乳剂和50%硫磺·三唑酮悬浮剂等高效药剂与大载荷植保无人机配套施用，分析各药剂单独和两两混配施用对橡胶树“两病”的飞防效果。结果表明：4个单剂中对白粉病防效最好的是50%硫磺·三唑酮悬浮剂，其次是19%保叶清微乳剂；对炭疽病防效最好的是19%保叶清微乳剂，其次是45%戊唑·咪酰胺水乳剂。药剂两两混配施用下，19%保叶清微乳剂和60%硫磺粉悬浮剂按1∶1混配对白粉病和炭疽病的防效最好，其次是19%保叶清微乳剂和50%硫磺·三唑酮悬浮剂按1∶1混配。本研究结果可为橡胶树... 相似文献
5.
噻呋酰胺种衣剂防治小麦纹枯病效果及安全性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨噻呋酰胺应用于小麦种衣剂的可行性,测定了噻呋酰胺对小麦纹枯病的防效及对种子的安全性。结果表明,噻呋酰胺对小麦纹枯病有很好的毒力,EC50为0.075 mg·L-1; 噻呋酰胺FS以不同比例包衣后能够显著提高种子发芽势及发芽率;噻呋酰胺包衣能够显著提高小麦出苗率和植株鲜重,对根长及茎长的影响不显著; 1∶200和1∶400包衣对拔节期小麦纹枯病的防效分别为90.32%和87.79%,显著高于同等剂量下对照药剂防效。说明噻呋酰胺作为小麦种衣剂应用于纹枯病的防治是安全高效的。 相似文献
6.
复方适乐时拌种防治小麦纹枯病和全蚀病的试验研究 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：6
1999～ 2 0 0 0年分别在自然病地和土壤混合接菌条件下 ,应用 10 %复方适乐时悬浮种衣剂拌种进行防治小麦纹枯病和全蚀病试验。结果表明 ,复方适乐时以 10 0kg麦种拌 16 7、2 0 0、2 5 0ml和对照药剂 10 %三唑醇可湿性粉剂按种子重量 0 .4 %拌种 4个处理防效显著 ;以复方适乐时悬浮种衣剂 2 5 0ml/ 10 0kg种子拌种防效最高 ,对纹枯病平均防效 5 4 .36 %～ 6 4 .0 3% ,对全蚀病平均防效 6 4 .33% ,增产幅度为 16 .99%～ 2 2 .32 %。复方适乐时拌种比三唑醇拌种安全性高 ,对小麦生长和发育无不良影响 相似文献
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为探究拌种药剂减量下增施不同类型肥料对麦田蚜虫和白粉病防控及光合和产量的影响,以小麦蚜虫低感品种川麦104和高感品种内麦836为试验材料,采用大田试验,对种衣剂减量20%下,配合施用光合菌剂、微生物菌剂、硅肥或磷酸二氢钾后麦田土壤酶活性、小麦植株光合特性、病虫防治情况和产量性状的变化进行了比较分析。结果表明,拌种药剂减量20%条件下增施微生物菌剂较种衣剂常规用量处理能显著提高孕穗期川麦104的根际土壤的脲酶活性,以及内麦836的根际土壤过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶活性。在孕穗期和抽穗期,低感品种川麦104的麦蚜数量均显著低于内麦836;增施微生物菌剂和硅肥均能显著降低麦蚜和白粉病发生,对蚜虫防效和白粉病防效较常规药剂拌种用量处理分别提高8.0和10.2个百分点。拌种药剂减量20%配合施用光合菌剂、微生物菌剂、硅肥和磷酸二氢钾均能有效提高小麦旗叶氮素含量和SPAD值,改善叶片光合效率。增施硅肥下川麦104和内麦836的产量最高,较常规种衣剂用量处理分别增加16.0%和18.2%,差异均显著。以上结果说明,小麦种子种衣剂减量配合施用硅肥或微生物菌剂可有效提高麦田土壤酶活性,减少蚜虫和白粉病发生,改善小麦叶片光合特性,提高产量。 相似文献
9.
不同种子处理剂对小麦全蚀病的防治效果 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
为了筛选小麦全蚀病的高效防治药剂,对8种种子处理剂(敌萎丹、立克秀、全蚀净、烯唑醇、扑力猛、多茵灵、适乐时和三唑酮)进行了室内毒力测定、盆栽试验和田间防效试验.室内测定结果表明,敌萎丹对小麦全蚀病菌茵丝生长抑制效果最好,EC50为0.24mg/kg;其次是立克秀、全蚀净和烯唑醇,EC50分别为0.33、0.41和0.43 mg/kg;扑力猛和多茵灵对小麦全蚀病菌菌丝生长也有一定的抑制效果,EC50均在1.5mg/kg以下;适乐时和三唑酮抑茵效果较差.盆栽拌种试验结果表明,全蚀净防效最好,为83.3%;其次为敌萎丹,防效为81.12%;立克秀、烯唑醇和扑力猛防效也都达到70%以上.大田拌种试验结果表明,全蚀净防效最好,防效达到72.09%;防效在50%以上的处理有敌萎丹和适乐时,防效分别为55.56%和50.29%.综合评价认为,全蚀净和敌萎丹为防治小麦全蚀病的较好种子处理荆. 相似文献
10.
为了解10.4%吡虫啉·烯唑醇悬浮种衣剂对小麦纹枯病、蚜虫的防治效果及最佳用药量,采用室内和田间小区试验相结合的方法,以郑麦366为试验品种,以600g.L-1吡虫啉和12.5%烯唑醇为对照药剂,设置3种不同药种质量比(1∶50、1∶60、1∶70)处理,研究不同剂量的10.4%吡虫啉.烯唑醇悬浮种衣剂对小麦蚜虫和纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,10.4%吡虫啉.烯唑醇悬浮种衣剂包衣对小麦发芽、出苗和生长无不良影响,用药剂量越大,对小麦蚜虫和纹枯病的防治效果越好。在防治蚜虫方面,该种衣剂在药种比为1∶50和1∶60时防效分别为85.61%～97.71%和80.15%～93.38%,与对照药剂600g.L-1吡虫啉FS1∶300包衣效果差异不显著;药种比为1∶70时,在蚜虫发生前期和中后期防效分别为91.32%～94.91%和74.88%～83.27%,其中中后期防效显著低于药种比1∶50、1∶60和对照药剂处理。在防治纹枯病和枯白穗方面,该种衣剂在药种比为1∶50时防效分别为76.91%～86.64%和78.29%,与对照药剂12.5%烯唑醇WP 1∶1500拌种处理差异不显著;药种比为1∶60时的防效分别为69.14%～80.87%和72.68%,显著低于药种比1∶50包衣处理,与对照药剂差异不显著;药种比为1∶70时防效分别为60.75%～78.35%和64.43%,显著低于药种比1∶50、1∶60和对照药剂。以上结果说明,10.4%吡虫啉·烯唑醇悬浮种衣剂对小麦蚜虫和纹枯病具有良好防治效果,最佳使用剂量为药种比1∶50～1∶60。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
14.
Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
15.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献
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Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on
yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC2 and BC3 substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC2 and BC2 substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were
significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between
reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than
cytoplasmic factors.
Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station. 相似文献
19.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
20.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献