共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 255 毫秒
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覆草旱作对水稻主要农艺性状的影响及节水效应 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
为减小南方季节性干旱对水稻生长的影响,提高水分利用效率,于2003年在江西省余江县进行了水稻覆盖旱作的田间试验。大田条件下对比研究了裸地旱作、稻草覆盖旱作和常规水作下水稻大田生长期内的水分利用效率和作物主要农艺性状。结果表明,常规水作处理的灌溉水总量分别是裸地旱作和稻草覆盖旱作灌水量的2.42 和3.31倍。旱作处理下水稻的淹水时间明显减少,只有常规淹水处理的1/10左右。由于淹水时间的减少,水分渗漏量和田面蒸发损失也大大降低。旱作条件下,稻草覆盖旱作的水稻分蘖数、叶面积、根系生长明显优于裸地旱作。覆盖旱作产量最高可达6 747 kg/hm2,接近于常规水作对照的6 811.5 kg/hm2,两者无显著差异。而裸地旱作处理的水稻产量仅为4 716 kg/ hm2,显著低于常规水作和稻草覆盖旱作处理。水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均为稻草覆盖旱作>裸地旱作>常规水作。 相似文献
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断根和覆草旱作条件下水稻的产量效应 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
通过大田对比试验研究了常规水稻与覆草旱作水稻的产量构成、根系呼吸强度以及断根对产量的影响。 结果表明,覆草旱作水稻籽粒产量(5850.9 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])明显低于常规水稻（6685.7 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup]）,但前者的秸秆产量(5735.5 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])高于常规水稻(5489.5 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])。常规水稻实粒占平均单蘖总量的百分数远大于覆草旱作水稻,覆草旱作水稻叶、鞘、秕粒的比例大于常规水稻。覆草旱作的根冠比（0.116）显著大于常规水稻（0.087）,前者的根系呼吸强度是常规水稻的2.7倍。旱作水稻断根后普遍有增产的趋势,而常规水稻则有减产的趋势。常规水稻断1/4、2/4和3/4根系时,平均每穴籽粒产量较不断根的分别下降23％、15％和20％。然而,旱作条件下,断1/4、2/4和3/4根系的水稻较全根的分别增产20％、7％和3％。由此可见,水稻旱作抑制了同化产物向籽粒的转运,叶和鞘中积累了较多的同化产物;旱作水稻根系冗余生长,消耗了大量碳水化合物,可能导致水稻籽粒产量下降。 相似文献
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早稻直播覆膜旱作对灌浆成熟期根叶生理特性及产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对早稻直播覆膜旱作与常规水作栽培对灌浆成熟期根叶生理特性及产量的影响进行了比较研究。与常规水作栽培水稻相比，直播覆膜旱作早稻千粒重显著下降，是导致产量明显下降的主要原因之一。而粒重的下降则主要归因于直播覆膜旱作较常规水作水稻灌浆成熟期根叶生理机能的衰退要快，表现为根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率等下降较快，叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等保护酶活性迅速下降，而丙二醛含量较高，使籽粒干物质积累受阻，揭示出提高灌浆成熟期根叶生理机能是进一步提高直播覆膜旱作早稻粒重和最终产量的重要途径。 相似文献
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覆盖方式对旱作水稻后期冠层生理生态特性及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以超级杂交稻组合P88S/1128为材料,设置地膜覆盖、稻草覆盖和液体膜覆盖3个处理,以裸地为对照,研究了不同覆盖方式对旱作水稻群体生理生态特性的影响。研究表明,覆盖方式对旱作水稻群体微气象因子和水稻的个体生长都有明显影响,表现为覆盖显著降低了高温季节特别是高温时段水稻冠层的温度,提高了相对湿度,营造了群体内部良好的微气象环境。覆盖处理的叶片蒸腾作用增强,叶片的温度降低,叶片的抗高温胁迫能力提高,从而光合速率显著提高。覆盖栽培下产量构成各因子均有明显优化,其中地膜覆盖栽培下的每穗粒数和结实率最高,产量较对照增加16.81%;稻草覆盖处理的有效穗增多,较对照增产9.59%。但液体膜覆盖的增产效果不明显,产量构成因子与对照相比差异不显著。 相似文献
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水分管理方式对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
以杂交籼稻汕优63和丰优香占及粳稻武育粳3号和9516为材料,研究了中期搁田、结实期干湿交替灌溉以及旱作对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与水层灌溉相比,搁田处理显著提高了水稻产量。结实期干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量的影响因施氮量不同而有所差异。在常规施氮量（240 kg/hm2）下,干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量无显著影响,而在高氮（300 kg/hm2）条件下,干湿交替灌溉显著提高了水稻产量。水稻旱作与常规水作产量无明显差异。除武育粳3号外,中期搁田处理显著提高了汕优63和丰优香占的氮肥利用率;结实期干湿交替灌溉提高了高施氮量处理氮肥的农学利用率和生理利用率;水稻旱作有利于提高氮肥吸收利用率。 相似文献
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免耕套种与秸秆还田对水稻生长和稻米品质的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在稻麦两熟条件下,研究了麦田免耕套种水稻与秸秆还田对水稻生长和稻米品质的影响。与移栽稻相比,免耕套种水稻株高较低,单茎叶面积略小,生物量低,但生育后期干物质累积量增加迅速。第1年免耕套种秸秆还田的产量最高,翻耕移栽秸秆还田的产量略高于移栽秸秆不还田的产量,但随着连续免耕时间的延长,第2年免耕套种的产量降低。在单位面积穗数相差不大的情况下,免耕套种水稻每穗实粒数较少,千粒重较高,套种水稻可获得较高产量。水稻免耕套种可明显改善稻米的加工品质和外观品质,提高出糙率、精米率和整精米率,降低垩白率和垩白度。翻耕移栽秸秆还田也能提高整精米率,降低垩白率和垩白度。水稻免耕套种和秸秆还田可提高稻米蛋白质含量,降低直链淀粉含量,使胶稠度变软,稻米品质变优;而水稻移栽秸秆还田条件下蛋白质含量提高,直链淀粉含量略增,胶稠度变硬,食味品质有变劣的趋势。 相似文献
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Growth Characteristics and Yield of Late-Season Rice under No-tillage and Non-flooded Cultivation with Straw Mulching 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A long-term field experiment(started at 2003)was conducted to determine the effects of different rice cultivation methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of late-season rice under double-rice cropping system in seasonal drought region of southeast China(Yujiang County,Jiangxi Province).The rice cultivation methods included no-tillage and flooded rice cultivation(N-F),no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching(N-SM),and no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation without straw ... 相似文献
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Effects of Non-flooded Cultivation with Straw Mulching on Rice Agronomic Traits and Water Use Efficiency 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the main foodstuffs of Chinese people. More than 30% crop field is used for rice cultivation in China. It provides 45% of crop yields in our country. However, the production of irrigated rice requires considerable water, up t… 相似文献
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Yield, grain quality and water use efficiency of rice under non-flooded mulching cultivation 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Plastic film or straw mulching cultivation under non-flooded condition has been considered as a new water-saving technique in rice production. This study aimed to investigate the yield performance in terms of quality and quantity and water use efficiency (WUE) under such practices. A field experiment across 3 years was conducted with two high-yielding rice cultivars, Zhendao 88 (a japonica cultivar) and Shanyou 63 (an indica hybrid cultivar) and four cultivation treatments imposed from transplanting to maturity: traditional flooding as control (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM), and non-flooded no mulching (NM). Compared with those under the TF, root oxidation activity, photosynthetic rate, and activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains during the grain filling period were significantly increased under the SM, whereas they were significantly reduced under the PM and NM treatments. Grain yield showed some reduction under all the non-flooded cultivations but differed largely among the treatments. The reduction in yield was 7.3–17.5% under the PM, 2.8–6.3% under the SM, and 39–49% under the NM. The difference in grain yield was not significant between TF and SM treatments. WUE for irrigation was increased by 314–367% under the PM, 307–321% under the SM, and 98–138% under the NM. Under the same treatment especially under non-flooded conditions, the indica hybrid cultivar showed a higher grain yield and higher WUE than the japonica cultivar. The SM significantly improved milling, appearance, and cooking qualities, whereas the PM or the NM decreased these qualities. We conclude that both PM and SM could significantly increase WUE, while the SM could also maintain a high grain yield and improve quality of rice. The SM would be a better practice than the PM in areas where water is scarce while temperature is favorable to rice growth, such as in Southeast China. 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》2005,91(2-3):307-318
A 3-year field experiment examined the effects of non-flooded mulching cultivation and traditional flooding and four fertilizer N application rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha−1 for rice and 0, 60,120, and 180 kg N ha−1 for wheat) on grain yield, N uptake, residual soil Nmin and the net N balance in a rice–wheat rotation on Chengdu flood plain, southwest China. There were significant grain yield responses to N fertilizer. Nitrogen applications of >150 kg ha−1 for rice and >120 kg ha−1 for wheat gave no increase in crop yield but increased crop N uptake and N balance surplus in both water regimes. Average rice grain yield increased by 14% with plastic film mulching and decreased by 16% with wheat straw mulching at lower N inputs compared with traditional flooding. Rice grain yields under SM were comparable to those under PM and TF at higher N inputs. Plastic film mulching of preceding rice did not affect the yield of succeeding wheat but straw mulching had a residual effect on succeeding wheat. As a result, there was 17–18% higher wheat yield under N0 in SM than those in PM and TF. Combined rice and wheat grain yields under plastic mulching was similar to that of flooding and higher than that of straw mulching across N treatments. Soil mineral N (top 60 cm) after the rice harvest ranged from 50 to 65 kg ha−1 and was unaffected by non-flooded mulching cultivation and N rate. After the wheat harvest, soil Nmin ranged from 66 to 88 kg N ha−1 and increased with increasing fertilizer N rate. High N inputs led to a positive N balance (160–621 kg ha−1), but low N inputs resulted in a negative balance (−85 to −360 kg ha−1). Across N treatments, the net N balances of SM were highest among the three cultivations systems, resulting from additional applied wheat straw (79 kg ha−1) as mulching materials. There was not clear trend found in net N balance between PM and TF. Results from this study indicate non-flooded mulching cultivation may be utilized as an alternative option for saving water, using efficiently straw and maintaining or improving crop yield in rice–wheat rotation systems. There is the need to evaluate the long-term environmental risks of non-flooded mulching cultivation and improve system productivity (especially with straw mulching) by integrated resource management. 相似文献
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不同土壤水分含量对水稻水分利用特征的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用控制土壤水分含量的盆栽实验,研究了土壤水分含量对水稻水分利用特性的影响。结果表明,常规水作累积耗水量显著高于覆膜未淹水处理,但稍低于覆膜淹水处理;覆膜轻度水分胁迫或无胁迫处理不仅能够维持和提高产量,水分利用效率也有所提高。随着土壤水分含量的降低,全生育期水稻累积耗水量、各生育期耗水量及耗水强度逐渐降低,且田间持水量与全生育期累积耗水量呈极显著二次曲线相关。无水分胁迫覆膜处理下拔节孕穗期耗水量及模比系数高于其他生育期,其他处理耗水量和模比系数在乳熟期最高。随着土壤水分含量降低,抽穗开花期前各生育期水稻耗水模比系数有降低趋势,其后则有升高趋势;耗水强度下降;有效穗数和实粒数减少,产量逐渐降低,水分生产率先上升后下降。水稻产量与水分利用率具有显著二次曲线相关性。 相似文献
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长期秸秆还田与耕作方式对水稻产量及品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过稻麦两熟制下的长期定位试验,研究连续秸秆还田及不同耕作方式对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果显示,与“翻耕+秸秆不还田”（对照,CT）相比,“免耕+秸秆还田”处理（MTS）和“翻耕+秸秆还田”处理（CTS）改善了抽穗期水稻上3叶的氮素水平,显著提高了水稻产量,2年试验水稻产量CTS处理比CT处理增加6.9%~14.8%。从产量构成因素来看,MTS和CTS处理的有效穗数都显著提高,实粒数也有所增加;从稻米品质来看,MTS和CTS处理在一定程度上改善稻米的加工品质、外观品质及蒸煮食味品质。但“连续免耕+秸秆还田”处理（NTS）降低了水稻产量,产量比对照（CT）低10.9%~11.8%;与对照（CT）相比,NTS处理的每穗实粒数显著下降,外观品质和蒸煮食味品质变劣。 相似文献
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为给稻套麦的高产栽培和秸秆科学还田提供理论依据,通过大田小区和网室水泥池微区的3年定位试验,比较研究了稻麦两熟条件下免耕套播秸秆覆盖、免耕套播高茬、翻耕秸秆还田、翻耕秸秆不还田(CK)4个耕作方式处理对小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在同期同量播种条件下,免耕套种小麦穗数较少,千粒重较高,第一年实际产量略低.但随着连续免耕时间的延长,残留秸秆较多,稻田水绵严重,影响套种小麦出苗,免耕处理产量明显降低,免耕秸轩覆盖还田比翻耕不还田平均降低7.27%,因而必须改变播种方式或轮耕.耕翻秸秆覆盖还田在麦季的产量有增有减,比翻耕不还田平均减产1%左右.免耕与秸秆还田条件下虽然小麦容重降低,但出粉率提高,小麦的加工品质改善.在土壤肥力较低时,免耕处理小麦的蛋白质和湿面筋含量有降低趋势;而秸秆覆盖还田可提高蛋白质和湿面筋含量,有利于改善中强筋专用小麦的品质. 相似文献
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免耕玉米秸秆覆盖水稻的生育特性 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
2002~2003年在大田条件下研究了玉米茬移栽稻不同耕作方式对杂交稻的产量和生长特性的影响。结果表明,玉米茬晚稻以免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理产量最高,免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理次之,分别比传统翻耕移栽增产121%~20.5%和7.5%~7.7%。主要表现在白根比例高,根系伤流量大,分蘖早生快发,干物质量高。玉米茬晚稻免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理各主要生育期叶面积指数大,叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率高,氮素的积累和吸收量大。免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理开花前生长较旺,但后期存在早衰现象。 相似文献
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为探究黄土高原半干旱区保护性耕作提高春小麦产量的光合生理机制，依托黄土高原半干旱区2001年建立的不同耕作措施长期定位试验，于2019年研究了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作秸秆翻入(TS)、免耕秸秆不覆盖(NT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)四种耕作措施对春小麦叶片光合相关性状、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明，小麦叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在抽穗期达到峰值，保护性耕作延缓了花后叶片衰老，其中NTS处理的叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在乳熟期均显著高于其他处理；耕作措施对开花期小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶活性没有影响，但在灌浆期免耕和秸秆还田均提高了RuBP羧化酶活性，其中NTS处理的RuBP羧化酶活性是T处理的1.95倍；秸秆覆盖对小麦旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度影响显著，NTS处理可有效改善春小麦开花期和灌浆期的光合性能，其中NTS处理的开花期旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度比T处理分别提高了19.2%、30.7%、23.0%；免耕处理(NT和NTS)下花后干物质积累对籽粒贡献率较耕作处理(T和TS)提高了41.7%，秸秆还田处理(TS和NTS)花后籽粒干物质积累量及花后干物质积累对籽粒产量贡献率较不还田处理(T和NT)分别提高了71.2%和35.7%；NTS处理有效促进了小麦花后干物质积累和转运，显著增加了穗数和千粒重，使产量较T处理提高了18.7%。因此，在黄土高原半干旱区应用免耕秸秆覆盖的保护性耕作措施可促进春小麦旗叶花后光合作用、干物质积累及其向籽粒分配，延缓灌浆后期叶片衰老和叶绿素降解，协调和优化光合性能、光合时间、光合面积之间的关系，从而提高产量。 相似文献