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1.
对甘蓝型油菜异核型雄性不育材料Ｎｃａ（Ａ１、Ａ２）和保持材料ＣａＮ（Ｂ１、Ｂ２）及其亲本中油８２１（Ｐ１）和埃塞俄比亚芥（Ｐ２）进行了染色体数目和核型分析。各材料的核型：Ｐ１：２ｎ＝３８＝２４ｍ＋１０ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ，Ｐ２：２ｎ＝３４＝３０ｍ＋４ｓｍ，Ａ１：２ｎ＝３８＝２８ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ，Ｂ１：２ｎ＝３８＝３０ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ，Ａ２和Ｂ２：２ｎ＝３８＝３２ｍ＋６ｓｍ。异核型材料与亲本Ｐ１均有较不对称或较进化的“２Ｂ”核型，Ｐ２有比较对称或原始的“２Ａ”核型。 相似文献
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用＂红麻７２２＂（Ｈｉｂｉｓｃｕｓｃａｎｎａｂｉｎｕｓ．Ｌ．）２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３６＝３２＋４（ＳＡＴ）与＂金钱吊芙蓉＂（Ｈｉｂｉｓｃｕｓ，ｒａｄｉａｔｕｓ．Ｌ．）２ｎ＝７２＝７０＋２（ＳＡＴ）进行种间杂交育种研究，从杂种后代中选育出＂芙蓉红麻３６９＂，其细胞染色体核型研究结果，Ｆ１根尖细胞染色体数目为５４，其中有３个随体染色体，至Ｆ７以后染色体数目为３６的细胞频率继代略有提高，Ｆ１２细胞染色体数目为３６已占观察细胞数的９５．５％。全部染色体为中部着丝点，其中６条染色体短臂上有随体。核型公式：２ｎ＝３６＝３０ｍ＋６ｍ（ＳＡＴ）．具有６个随体染色体是区别双亲染色体核型的重要特征。 相似文献
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山西晋北三种类型大豆的核型分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文对山西省北部三种不同生态类型大豆（小黑豆、大黑豆、黄豆）进行了核型分析。结果表明：三种大豆体细胞染色体数均为２ｎ＝４０，主要由中间和亚中部着丝点染色体组成。三种大豆只有一对粒位于最长染色体上的随体，而且随体染色体形态相近，三种大豆的核型公式分别为：小黑豆２ｎ＝２ｘ＝４０＝２８ｍ＋１２ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）；大黑豆２ｎ＝２ｘ＝４０＝６Ｍ＋１８ｍ＋１２ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）；黄豆２ｎ＝２ｘ＝４０＝２Ｍ 相似文献
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用正红花油预处理、无解离涂片和Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色的方法对黄果西番莲的染色体核型进行观察和分析，其核型为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１８＝１２ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ；按Ｓｔｅｂｂｉｎｓ核型分类标准，属于２Ａ型。 相似文献
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用“红麻７２２”２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３６＝３２＋４（ＳＡＴ）与“金钱吊芙蓉”２ｎ＝７２＋２（ＳＡＴ）进行种间要交育种研究，从杂种后代中选育出“芙蓉红麻３６９”，其细胞染色体核型研究结果，Ｆ１根尖细胞染色体数目为５４，其中有３个随体染色体，至Ｆ７以后染色数目为３６的细胞频率继代略有提高，Ｆ１２细胞染色体数目为３６已占观察细胞数的９５．５％。全部染色体为中部着丝点，其中６条染色体短臂上有随体。核型公式：２ｎ＝ 相似文献
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东农３０３（Ｓ．Ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍ）核型为：２＝４ｘ＝４８＝５×（４）＋５×（４）ＳＭ＋１×（４）ＳＴ＋１×［（２）ＳＴ＋（２）］，组型为：２ｎ＝４ｘ＝１１Ⅳ＋＋（１Ⅱ＋１Ⅱ）＝５Ｍ（Ｂ、Ｅ、Ｇ、Ｋ、Ｌ）＋５ＳＭ（Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｈ、Ｊ）＋１ＳＴ（Ⅰ）＋１［（Ｔ＋ＳＴ）（Ｆ）］。Ｓ４－５－３－６－５－１－５０－（１０）（Ｓ．Ｔｕｂｅｒｏｓｕｍ）核型为：２ｎ＝４ｘ＝４８＝４×（４）Ｍ＋６×（４）ＳＭ＋１×（４）ＳＴ＋１×［（２）ＳＴ＋（２）Ｔ］，组型为：２ｎ＝４ｘ＝１１Ⅳ＋（１Ⅱ＋１Ⅱ）＝４Ｍ（Ｅ、Ｇ、Ｋ、Ｌ）＋６ＳＭ（Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ，Ｄ、Ｈ、Ｊ）＋１ＳＴ（Ⅰ）＋１［（Ｔ＋ＳＴ）（Ｆ）］。Ａ组与Ｆ组带有髓体，两份供试材料的对应组中染色体略有分化，但基本一致。 相似文献
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福建野生茶的细胞学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以福鼎大白茶（简称福大）为对照,研究了福建省野生茶中具代表性的安野、宁野、尤野３个野生茶的染色体减数分裂行为及核型。结果表明,上述３个野生茶及对照的终变期均出现不正常配对,出现率分别为９８％、６３％、１４３％、１７７％,后期Ⅰ,后期Ⅱ出现的落后染色体,福大最多达５～６条,尤野为３～４条,安野为３条,宁野为２～３条,福大落后染色体所占的比例为野生茶平均数的三倍以上;花粉母细胞中染色体不对称分离的比例,以福鼎大白茶最高;４个材料的核型均为２ｎ＝２６ｍ＋４ｓｍ,但随体的位置不一,染色体长度也不同,福鼎大白茶为２Ｂ型,３个野生茶为２Ａ型,表明３个野生茶在进化上比福鼎大白茶原始,且其原始性由宁野、安野、尤野依次递减。 相似文献
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以毛酸浆的根尖为实验材料,对几种预处理方法、解离方法、染色体制片方法进行了比较研究。结果表明:毛酸浆根尖用0.1%秋水仙素和0.002 mol/L 8-羟基喹啉1∶1混合液4℃条件下处理3 h,固定后先用1 mol/L HCl在60℃条件下解离3 min,再用混合酶液进行酶解,染色制片后得到的染色体图像效果比较清晰。供试的2个品种染色体数目均为2n=24,属于小型染色体,但它们的核型具有明显差异,‘铁把小菇娘’:染色体总长为30.72μm,绝对长度范围1.61~3.42μm,核型公式2n=2sm+22m,属于1B核型,核型不对称系数为56.35%;‘粒粒甜菇娘’:染色体总长28.42μm,绝对长度范围1.52~3.32μm,核型公式2n=2sm+2M+20m,属于2B核型,核型不对称系数为54.93%。 相似文献
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S. McGrath T. R. Hodkinson T. M. Charles D. G. Zen S. Barth 《Grass and Forage Science》2010,65(4):398-409
A sufficient database of seed yield components is the prerequisite to predict which component contributes most to the seed yield complex and to dissect the biology of the complex quantitative trait seed yield. Phenotypic variation of eleven vegetative and reproductive traits was characterized for 2481 individuals from fifty Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) ecotypes and cultivars. Considerable levels of among‐ and within‐population variation were found across several inflorescence characters. Principal component and canonical variate analysis separated ecotypes from cultivars, and cultivars generally had later dates of ear emergence, better spring and summer growth, longer rachis length and more spikelets per spike than ecotypes. Strong positive relationships were seen between inflorescence characters using both correlation and regression analyses. The strong relationship between rachis length and other inflorescence characters suggested that rachis length could be used as a performance predictor for several other characters of the spike. This phenotypic study has helped to determine basic patterns of morphological diversity and correlations between characters. It is discussed in which way further developmental genetic studies can be directed. 相似文献
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为了更好地理解环境和基因型对小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量的影响,为小麦品质改良提供科学依据,采用比色法测定了美国西部51个硬质小麦品种的阿拉伯木聚糖组分含量,这些小麦品种包括冬小麦和春小麦,分别被种植在3个不同的地点.结果表明,参试冬小麦品种水溶性和总阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异范围分别为0.39%～0.81%和3.09%～4.04%,春小麦品种这两种木聚糖含量范围分别为0.48%～0.92%和3.94%～4.70%.小麦籽粒阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异同时受品种、环境及其互作效应的显著影响,环境效应太于品种效应.小麦品种间阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异主要表现在水溶性组分上.就不同组分而言,基因型对水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖组分的影响相对较大,环境则分别对冬小麦水不溶性、春小麦水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖组分有较大的影响.品种间和环境间阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变异,冬小麦大于春小麦;水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的遗传型方差春小麦大于冬小麦.冬、春小麦的水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量的广义遗传力均大于95%,通过遗传育种的方法改良小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量是可行的.冬小麦与春小麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量的平均值之间无明显差异. 相似文献
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In this study, the seeds of open-pollinated winter rapeseed cultivars, hybrid winter rapeseed cultivars, open-pollinated spring rapeseed cultivars and hybrid spring rapeseed cultivars were investigated. The physical, optical, mechanical, geometric and image texture properties of rapeseeds were compared. Statistical models were developed based on the analyzed parameters to discriminate between seed groups. Most parameters effectively discriminated between cultivars of winter and spring rapeseed, including true density, porosity, L*, a*, b*, and spectral values at 400 nm, 470 nm, 500–530 nm, 560–620 nm, 640–650 nm and 690 nm. Four homogeneous groups were identified based on linear dimensions: F (surface area), S (width) and shape factors W6 (circularity ratio), Rb (Blair-Bliss coefficient) and W13 (roundness). No statistically significant differences in the mean values of hardness or area under the force-displacement graph were observed between seed groups. The model developed based on image texture variables from channel Y (luminance) was characterized by the highest discrimination accuracy of 82–87%. The experimental groups were classified with 89–92% accuracy in the model combining the best variables from each group of physical parameters. Total classification accuracy in neural networks reached 75% for a validation set comprising geometric properties and 91–92% for a validation set containing physical characteristics. 相似文献
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A trial was carried out to find management practices which would permit the best discrimination for winter performance of erennial ryegrass cultivars. Due to the mild winter experienced only a few of the plants were killed outright. The cultivars were therefore assessed for percentage of green herbage and for spring growth. There were four sites: an upland and lowland site at Aberystwyth and one site each at Edinburgh and Cambridge. At all sites two N rates (totals of 125 or 550 kg/ha in the first year after sowing) and 5 autumn cutting treatments were used to give differences in the amounts of herbage remaining at the onset of winter. The last dates of defoliation in the autumn were: C1 end of August; C2 end of September; C3 end of October; C4 mid-November; C5 was cut on all these dates. Four cultivars (Grasslands Ruanui, S321, Premo and Argo) which differed in their autumn growth potential, frost susceptibility and degree of winter dormancy were grown. The autumn yield of S321 was, in general, higher than that of the other cultivars but there were interactions with N, management and location. The data on percentage of herbage remaining green in February illustrated differences due to the siting of the trial. In the conditions prevailing the two Aberystwyth sites facilitated greater discrimination between cultivars than those at Edinburgh and Cambridge. In three of the four sites the management which produced most winter ‘burn’(including both that due to natural senescence and that due to winter damage) involved accumulation of herbage in the autumn but there were considerable sites × managements interactions. For example at Cambridge management produced no significant effect whereas at the Aberystwyth lowland site frequent defoliation in the autumn had more effect than allowing herbage to remain uncut after the end of August. High N significantly decreased the percentage of green herbage only at the two Aberystwyth sites. Over five-fold differences in spring yield were obtained, the heaviest yields being recorded at Edinburgh and Cambridge. However, there were large interactions between environments and cultivars; for example the higher N rate reduced spring yield at Aberystwyth but increased spring yield at Edinburgh and Cambridge. Premo and S321 had similar yields in spring at the Aberystwyth lowland and Cambridge sites but Premo was higher yielding than S321 at the Aberystwyth upland site and at Edinburgh. The large environmental effects and their interactions with cultivars illustrate the difficulties of cultivar assessment and the dangers inherent in national recommendations for grass cultivars. 相似文献
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生物入侵种喜旱莲子草的染色体核型特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对外来人侵植物喜旱莲子草(Atlernanthera philoxeroides)的染色体核型进行了分析.结果表明,该入侵种的染色体数为2n=96,属六倍体物种,各染色体间形态差异不明显,均为中着丝粒或近中着丝粒染色体,最长与最短染色体相对长度比为2.10,全套染色体未见随体,核型公式为2n=96=60 m+36 sm,核型类型为进化程度较高的2B型.喜旱莲子草的多倍性特征及2B核型为其生物入侵性提供了重要的细胞学证据,文中同时提出不改变基因组DNA序列结构的表观遗传变异可能是喜旱莲子草成功入侵的重要机制. 相似文献
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新疆小麦品种Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点等位变异的分布 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为给新疆小麦品质育种提供理论依据,利用Glu-A3、Glu-B3位点上的17个STS标记检测了185份新疆冬、春小麦品种Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点的等位变异。结果表明,新疆小麦品种以Glu-A3c、Glu-B3a和Glu-B3j亚基为主,其分布频率分别为64.86%、22.70%和17.84%。新疆冬、春小麦品种在Glu-A3位点上均以Glu-A3c亚基为主,分布频率分别为63.30%和67.11%;在Glu-B3位点上,新疆冬、春小麦品种分别以Glu-B3j和Glu-B3a为主,分布频率分别为22.02%和26.32%。新疆冬、春小麦农家品种亚基类型较少,冬小麦农家品种仅有5种类型（以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3i为主）,春小麦农家品种有10种类型（以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3d为主）。引进品种和自育品种亚基类型丰富,冬小麦引进品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3i为主,分布频率为12.84%和6.42%;春小麦引进品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3j为主,分布频率为17.11%和6.58%。冬小麦自育品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3j亚基类型为主,分布频率为45.87%和18.35%;春小麦自育品种以Glu-A3c和Glu-B3a亚基类型为主,分布频率为36.84%和18.42%。 相似文献
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为探明北疆超晚播条件下，冬、春性小麦品种间生育特性及产量的差异，采用田间试验（10月31日播种，冬前不灌水），比较了6个冬性和5个春性小麦品种的生育特性及产量。结果表明，春性品种出苗率明显高于冬性品种，春性品种平均生育期（91.8 d）比冬性品种(95.0 d)短约3.0 d；春性品种总茎数平均峰值（869.3×104·hm-2）明显高于冬性品种（772.4×104·hm-2）；叶面积指数和干物质积累量的平均值在春、冬性品种间差异不明显；新冬41、新春6号、新春43号的产量较高，为7 581.6~7 935.6 kg·hm-2，获得高产的穗数为431.7×104~515.8× 104·hm-2，穗粒数 31.6~36.3，千粒重46.8~52.8 g。综合考虑产量、出苗率、成熟期等因素，初步认为新春6号、新冬41号、新春43号适合在北疆超晚播。 相似文献
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冬春季夜间增温对冬小麦植株氮代谢和籽粒蛋白质形成的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确非对称性增温对小麦籽粒品质的影响及其机理,以不同品质类型的扬麦13（弱筋）和烟农19（中筋）为材料,采用大田模拟增温的方法研究了冬春季夜间增温对小麦籽粒蛋白质形成的影响及其与植株氮代谢的关系。结果表明,冬季增温（WT）、春季增温（ST）及冬春季持续增温（WST）均不同程度地提高了冬小麦籽粒蛋白质、麦谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）、高分子量和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基含量,且均以WST处理效应最大。同时,各增温处理对籽粒谷蛋白含量的提高幅度最大,并提高了谷醇比。各夜间增温处理均增加了开花期旗叶面积,提高了氮含量,增强了孕穗至花后21 d旗叶的硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性,说明夜间增温促进了叶片生长,增强了植株氮素同化能力。夜间增温处理显著提高了小麦植株氮素积累量及贮存氮素转运量,从而增加了氮素向籽粒的分配,促进了籽粒蛋白质合成。因此,冬春季夜间增温提高了小麦氮素吸收同化能力及氮素在籽粒中的分配比例,从而提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,且冬春季持续增温对籽粒蛋白质形成有更大的促进效应。 相似文献
20.
A pea breeding strategy is required to cope with the large climatic variation featuring south-European environments. Thirty-seven recent cultivars bred by 21 European or Australian institutions were grown in two climatically contrasting Italian sites (Lodi, subcontinental; Foggia, Mediterranean), two cropping years per site and two sowing times per year, to define various elements of this strategy. The study assessed: (i) the impact of genotype × environment (GE) interaction due to spatial and temporal factors on the consistency of top-yielding cultivars; (ii) the similarity between environments for GE effects and its implications on adaptation strategies; (iii) the extent of genotypic and GE interaction effects, and the relationship with adaptive responses, for various morphophysiological traits; (iv) the adaptation pattern and the combination of adaptive traits featuring three germplasm types, i.e. European spring and winter types, and germplasm selected in Mediterranean environments; (v) the predicted efficiency of direct and indirect selection procedures for grain yield. The geoclimatic area had a major impact on crop yield (5.15 t/ha in Lodi vs. 2.52 t/ha in Foggia) but tended to affect GE interaction less than time or year of autumn sowing, suggesting to breed for wide adaptation. Top-yielding cultivars as modeled by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction were environment-specific. On average, spring and winter materials outyielded the Mediterranean germplasm but the spring type, characterized by wide entry variation, included most widely- and specifically-adapted top-yielding cultivars. Cold-tolerant spring-type germplasm is preferable to breed for wide adaptation as it may combine high yield potential with adaptation to winter cold and terminal drought and heat stress. Lodging susceptibility, harvest index, onset and duration of flowering, and canopy height at maturity assessed in individual environments showed moderate to fairly high broad-sense heritability on a plot basis (h2 > 0.20) and tended to correlation with yield over test environments (r ≥ 0.20). An indirect selection index including harvest index and canopy height exhibited about 20% greater predicted efficiency than direct selection for yield when using one selection environment and could be preferred for early selection stages. Direct yield selection in late selection stages should ideally be performed across 2 years in two environments that contrast for geoclimatic area and time of autumn sowing. 相似文献