共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 546 毫秒
1.
稻田高产节水灌溉方式的研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
1984～1988年在中国水稻研究所实验场排水与其它农业措施相结合，采用节水灌溉措施和高产灌溉制度，综合考虑对田面水、土壤水、地下水和雨水的统一管理利用和合理调节控制，通过大田、小区、测坑试验和生产实践，提出了适合当地条件的节水高产灌排方式、地下水埋深度和排水量。这种水综合运用，既可节约灌溉用水量，减少灌水次数，还可降低排涝水量，减轻排涝能耗费用。 相似文献
2.
微喷灌模式冬小麦产量形成及水分利用特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解微喷灌技术的节水潜力及其对冬小麦生理特性和产量形成的影响,采用裂区试验设计,以灌溉方式(微喷灌和畦灌)为主区,灌溉量和灌水时期为副区,微喷灌和畦灌分别设置了6个和12个灌水量水平,分析了微喷灌冬小麦部分生理指标的变化以及产量和水分利用特点。结果表明,两种灌溉模式下小麦供水量(降水+灌溉水)与产量均呈2次曲线关系,达到最高产量的微喷灌、畦灌供水量分别为228.7和325.8 mm,相应耗水量分别为386.3和449.7 mm,微喷灌的最高产量和WUE较畦灌分别提高5.8%和16.3%。供水量190.0 mm下微喷灌小麦达到最高产量,相应耗水量为348.8 mm,WUE较畦灌提高26.7%。在较低灌水量范围内,相同灌水量下微喷灌小麦叶片渗透势、叶绿素含量和光合速率均高于畦灌小麦,尤其是在生育后期;在最高产量时微喷灌小麦叶片各项生理指标明显高于畦灌或与之相当。与传统畦灌比较,在限水灌溉条件下,微喷灌能显著提高小麦生育后期叶片生理活性,增产效果突出,节水潜力较大。 相似文献
3.
Two water management practices, an intermittent irrigation scheme using automatic irrigation system (AI) and a spillover-irrigation
scheme (SI), were compared for the fate and transport of commonly used herbicides, mefenacet (MF) and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM)
in experimental paddy plots. Maximum mefenacet concentrations in paddy water were 660 and 540 μg L−1 for AI and SI plot, respectively. The corresponding values for bensulfuron-methyl were 46.0 and 42.0 μg L−1. Dissipation of the herbicides in paddy water appeared to follow the first-order kinetics with half-lives (DT50) of 1.9–4.5 days and DT90 (90% mass dissipation) of 7.8–11.3 days. The AI plot had no surface drainage, hence no herbicide was lost through paddy-water
discharge. However, SI plot lost about 38 and 49% of applied mefenacet and bensulfuron-methyl, respectively. The intermittent
irrigation scheme using automatic irrigation system with a high drainage gate was recommended to be a best management practice
for controlling the herbicide losses from paddy fields. The paddy field managed by spillover-irrigation scheme may cause significant
water and herbicide losses depending on the volume of irrigation and precipitation. The water holding period after herbicide
application was suggested to be at least 10 days according to the DT90 index. 相似文献
4.
灌水次数和施磷量对冬小麦养分积累量和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为给利用灌水和施肥措施调控小麦生长提供科学依据,在大田环境条件下,分别于2007-2008年（丰水年）在保定市、2008-2009年（平水年）在藁城市用当地冬小麦推广品种（河农822、冀5265）进行二因素裂区试验,研究了灌水次数（保证底墒的基础上设全生育期灌0、1、2和3次水3个灌水水平,分别用W0、W1、W2和W3表示）和施磷量（设0、75和150 kg·hm-2 3个施磷水平,分别用P0、P1和P2表示）对小麦养分积累量和产量的影响。结果表明,灌水次数和施磷量对小麦植株的氮、磷、钾积累都有促进作用,但促进效果受降水年型的影响。丰水年灌水次数对氮、磷、钾积累量的影响较小,平水年灌水次数对氮、磷积累量的影响显著,氮、磷积累量在生育中后期都随灌水次数增加而提高,钾素积累量各生育时期受灌水影响不一致。丰水年施磷对氮素积累量影响不明显,磷素积累量随施磷量增加而增加,钾素积累量生育前中期以P0和P2较高,后期以P2较高;平水年,氮素和钾素积累量均随施磷量增加而增加,而磷素积累量受施磷量影响较小。适当灌溉和施磷可提高小麦养分生产效率、氮素和磷素收获指数,对钾素收获指数的影响较小。2年中灌水处理（W1、W2、W3）的籽粒产量均显著高于不灌水处理W0,但2007-2008年W1产量最高,2008-2009年则表现为W3>W2>W1。2年中P1和P2的籽粒产量均显著高于P0,但2007-2008年P1产量最高,2008-2009年P2产量最高,显示出磷素与水分的互补作用,即“水少磷多”或“水多磷少”都可以实现高产。根据研究结果,在河北平原常年降水（小麦全生育期100 mm左右）条件下全生育期灌溉2次,施P2O5 150 kg·hm-2;丰水年（200 mm左右）全生育期灌溉1次,施P2O5 75 kg·hm-2,可以取得较理想的产量。 相似文献
5.
为了明确小麦高产栽培的合理空间布局模式,在大田高产栽培条件下研究了行距与株距配置对花后旗叶氮素代谢及籽粒蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,小麦旗叶氮含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性随籽粒灌浆进程逐渐下降,而谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性呈单峰变化.在整个灌浆期,随着行距与株距比例(行株比)增加,旗叶氮含量呈降低趋势,行株比为6的处理(RP2)旗叶氮含量在花后21 d以后优势明显,表明行株比例配置合理.不同时期旗叶NR活性均以RP2处理最高,其次是行株比为1.5的处理(RP1),行株比过大则NR活性降低.旗叶GS活性在花后0～7 d以行株比为6和10.5(RP3)的处理较高,自花后14 d以后不同处理间表现为RP2最高,其次为RP1和RP3,行株比为15的RP4处理最低.考察最终蛋白质含量及籽粒产量,不同行株比处理间差异为RP2>RP1>RP3>RP4,RP2处理的行株比适宜,蛋白质含量和产量均显著高于其他处理,空间布局最为均匀的RP1处理也具有较好的效果. 相似文献
6.
Yield loss due to grazing by mute swans was measured on two fields each of autumn-sown oilseed rape and winter wheat, located in three regions of the UK. Using a paired plot design, a 33.7% reduction in yield (total dry weight of seed) and a 12.1% reduction in the thousand-seed weight was measured in the rape field subjected to the highest grazing intensity. No significant yield loss was measured in the other three fields. Yield loss was related to: (i) the timing of the onset of grazing, and (ii) the duration of grazing (both estimated from counts of mute swan droppings). Management measures which delay the onset of grazing and/or reduce the duration of grazing are therefore likely to reduce yield loss. 相似文献
7.
测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索适于冬小麦高产节水的耕作模式,通过裂区试验,在小麦全生育期不灌溉、拔节期和开花期测墒补灌两种水分管理方式下,设置旋耕、深松+旋耕、深松+旋耕+耙压2遍共3种耕作方式,研究了测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,深松能明显促进小麦拔节后对0~200cm土层土壤贮水的吸收,显著提高产量和水分利用效率。与深松+旋耕处理相比,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理显著减少小麦播种至越冬前对土壤水分的消耗,在全生育期无灌水的条件下总耗水量减少,籽粒产量和水分利用效率明显提高;在小麦拔节期和开花期测墒补灌条件下,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理小麦在拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量和日耗水量明显提高,籽粒产量显著增加,水分利用效率无显著变化。 相似文献
8.
播后镇压和冬前灌溉对土壤条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示冬灌和镇压的作用,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12号为材料,研究了冬灌和镇压措施对麦田土壤水热条件和冬小麦生育特性的影响。结果表明,与不冬灌相比,冬灌条件下,冬季和春季土壤含水量提高,土壤温度较稳定。与不镇压相比,镇压处理的冬前和起身期土壤含水量及冬前夜间土壤温度提高。冬灌处理冬小麦在越冬后各时期的总茎数、LAI、干物质积累量有所降低,开花期叶片光合速率显著下降,灌浆后期叶片SPAD值下降也较快,每穗总小穗数、结实小穗数、穗粒数和产量均减少。镇压使小麦开花前干物质积累量减少,但对成熟期干物质积累量影响不显著,因为开花后光合速率提高,叶片SPAD值下降较缓慢,开花后干物质积累较多。镇压处理成熟期的单位面积穗数降低,但由于穗粒数和千粒重提高,镇压与不镇压的产量差异不显著。从本研究结果看,冬灌是一项防冻保苗的有效措施,与播后镇压配合可减缓冬季低温和温度剧烈变化对小麦的不利影响。 相似文献
9.
In northeast Thailand, the rapid expansion of rainfed paddy fields has decreased the stability of rice production. This paper describes a model that computes rice production on the basis of the hydrologic conditions of rainfed paddy fields on hill slopes. The model well expressed the hydrologic processes, rice yield, and production at the study site. We simulated rice production as uphill paddy plots are abandoned, increasing catchment area, under various rainfall conditions. The simulation showed that rice yield and stability increase as uphill plots are abandoned, although the total rice production decreases. Thus, the effect of catchment size on rice production in each plot was quantified. The model proved to be useful for analyzing rainfed rice production under various land and water conditions. 相似文献
10.
A field experimental study was performed during the growing season of 2001 to evaluate water and nutrient balances in paddy
rice culture. Three plots of standard fertilization (SF), excessive fertilization (EF, 150% of SF), and reduced fertilization
(RF, 70% of SF) were used and the size of treatment plot was 3,000 m2, respectively. The hydrologic and water quality was field monitored throughout the crop stages. The water balance analyses
indicated that approximately half (47–54%) of the total outflow was lost through surface drainage, with the remainder consumed
by evapotranspiration. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect of fertilization rates on nutrient
outflow through the surface drainage or rice yield. Reducing fertilization of rice paddy may not work well to mitigate the
non-point source nutrient loading in the range of normal farming practices. Instead, the reduction in surface drainage could
be important to controlling the loading. Suggestive measures that may be applicable to reduce surface drainage and nutrient
losses include water-saving irrigation by reducing ponded water depth, raising the weir height in diked rice fields, and minimizing
forced surface drainage as recommended by other researchers. The suggested practices can cause some deviations from conventional
farming practices, and further investigations are recommended. 相似文献
11.
12.
氮肥水平对限制灌溉下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解氮素营养供应与小麦节水效果的关系,以周麦22为材料,采取大田试验研究了不同氮肥水平对限制灌条件下冬小麦旗叶光合性能及产量的影响。结果发现,与正常灌水相比,限制灌溉降低了小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,提高了小麦旗叶胞间CO2浓度;限制灌溉条件下,与不施氮肥相比,增施氮肥能明显改善小麦旗叶光合性能。从产量来看,充分灌水有利于小麦产量提高,而限制灌溉条件下,灌水时期提前或增施氮肥能不同程度提高小麦产量。以上结果说明,增施一定量的氮肥能明显改善限制灌溉条件下冬小麦花后旗叶光合性能,提高小麦产量和水分利用效率。 相似文献
13.
South Africa has three wheat production regions, the winter rainfall region where spring wheat is planted; the summer rainfall where winter and intermediate wheat is cultivated; and the irrigation region where spring wheat is grown. The aim of this study was to determine dough mixing characteristics as measured by Mixsmart® software in these three regions over seasons and locations, and to relate this to important quality characteristics. In the winter rainfall area Mixsmart characteristics were very poor predictors of baking quality, especially of loaf volume, flour protein content and wet gluten content. The best predictors of loaf volume in this region were flour protein content and wet gluten content, which were highly interrelated. In the irrigation area, midline peak value and midline right value were very good predictors of flour protein content, gluten content and loaf volume. Midline peak value was highly correlated with protein content in both the irrigation and summer rainfall areas and was a better predictor than peak time of baking quality. The ideal would be to select several parameters from the mixograph and use them in a multivariate statistical analysis to obtain a more accurate prediction of loaf volume in the irrigation and summer rainfall areas. 相似文献
14.
不同灌水次数和施氮量对冬小麦群体动态和产量的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为了明确灌水次数和施氮量对高产冬小麦群体动态和产量的影响,分别于2006-2007、2007-2008年度在保定市和藁城市用当地冬小麦推广品种河农822和石新616研究了不同灌水次数(在保证底墒基础上全生育期灌0、1、2和3水,分别用W0、W1、W2和W3表示)和施氮量(0、112.5和225 kg/ha,分别用N0、N1和N2表示)对小麦群体动态和产量的影响.结果表明,2006-2007年度灌水次数和施氮量对小麦总茎(穗)数的影响较显著.W1、W2和W3的成穗数显著高于W0,W1、W2、W3之间差异不显著.3个施氮水平间各生育时期的总茎数均差异显著,且随施氮量增加而增大.大部分生育时期不同灌水次数的LAI差异不显著,而不同施氮量的LAI差异显著,N2的LAI显著高于N1和N0.灌水次数对穗数和千粒重影响显著,施氮量对穗数和穗粒数影响显著,以致灌水次数和施氮量对小麦产量的主效应均达到显著标准.4种灌水水平的产量以W3最高,W0最低;3个施氮量中N1产量最高,N0最低.灌水次数和施氮量对小麦产量和各产量构成因素的交互作用显著,W0和W1条件下产量随施氮量增加而提高,而W2和W3条件下N1产量最高,且与N0差异显著.2007-2008年度试验中,灌水次数和施氮量对各生育时期的总茎数、LAI和产量的影响均不显著.根据本研究结果可知,在河北平原地区常年降水(小麦全生育期100 mm左右)和中等肥力条件下全生育期灌溉3次,施氮量为N 112.5～225 kg/ha以及丰水降雨年份和较高肥力条件下全生育期灌溉1或2次,相应地施氮225或112.5 kg/ha,可以分别取得较理想的产量. 相似文献
15.
行距对大穗型小麦兰考矮早八同化物质生产 及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
为给大穗型小麦品种兰考矮早八的种植选择适宜的行距,在大田高产栽培条件下,设置10、15、20、25 cm 4个行距处理,研究了行距对其花后旗叶光合物质生产及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,行距对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率均有明显影响,均表现为15 cm>10 cm>20 cm>25 cm.窄行距处理的旗叶可溶性糖含量在花后0～28 d较低,而在花后35 d较高.窄行距也有助于提高旗叶蔗糖含量,其中以15 cm行距最高.与其他处理相比,15 cm行距能显著增加单位面积穗数,协调产量构成因素,显著提高产量. 相似文献
16.
《Field Crops Research》1998,57(3):309-318
Available soil water is the principal factor that limits the yield potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its response to nitrogen (N) under Mediterranean climatic conditions. We examined wheat yield, N fertilizer uptake, and water use for two seasons (1991/1992 and 1992/1993) with total seasonal rainfall of 323 and 275 mm, respectively. In addition to natural rainfall, supplemental irrigation at various rates (1/3, 2/3 and full irrigation) was also considered in assessing these parameters and their interactive effects. Grain yield and dry matter accumulation and N uptake varied between years, mainly due to rainfall and sowing date. Yields were increased by irrigation and N fertilization, with a greater response to N in 1991/1992 and to irrigation in the relatively drier 1992/1993 season. Most fertilizer N was taken up from tillering to anthesis; then it either stabilized or slightly declined, while soil N contributed further to plant N uptake. Compared to rain-fed conditions, more soil and fertilizer N was utilized by the irrigated crop, particularly in 1992/1993. In both years, grain N represented 60% of N accumulated at anthesis under rain-fed conditions, compared to 80% under irrigation. Fertilization and irrigation increased water-use efficiency, particularly under drier conditions. Thus, supplemental irrigation, applied at a sensitive growth stage, would be a valuable management practice for improving yield, water-use efficiency and crop N uptake under the dry conditions of a Mediterranean climate. Given the potential of both irrigation and N to increase output in dry areas, the amounts of both inputs are dictated by rainfall in any one year. 相似文献
17.
长期水氮互作下不同年代冬小麦的产量和光合特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解不同水氮互作下不同年代推广冬小麦品种（现代品种冀麦325和20世纪70年代品种冀麦7）籽粒产量及光合特性的变化，于2017-2018年度（丰水年）和2018-2019年度（枯水年）冬小麦生长季，在长期水氮定位试验田进行了灌水量、施氮量和品种三因子裂裂区试验。主区为灌水，设生育期灌拔节水750 m·hm-2(灌1水)和灌拔节水750 m·hm-2 +开花水750 m·hm-2(灌2水)；副区为氮肥，设不施氮(N0)及施氮总量为60(N1)、120(N2)、180(N3)、240(N4)和300 kg·hm-2(N5)6个水平。结果表明，2017-2018年度，相同灌溉水平下，小麦开花期旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率随施氮量增加均先增后减，冀麦325旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率最大值对应的氮肥处理均为N2，冀麦7均为N3；冀麦325的产量随施氮量增加总体均呈逐渐增加的趋势，N2处理产量基本达到稳定值，再多施氮时灌1水有减产趋势，灌2水的产量增加缓慢；冀麦7的产量随施氮量增加均先增后减，灌1水时N2处理产量较高（仅低于N5），灌2水时N2处理产量最大。2018-2019年度，相同灌溉水平下，两个小麦品种籽粒产量随施氮量增加均先增后减，灌1水和灌2水时产量最大值对应的氮肥处理分别为N3和N2。在丰水年，不同年代冬小麦灌1水、灌2水的最佳施氮量均为120 kg·hm-2；在枯水年，灌1水和灌2水的最佳施氮量分别为180 kg·hm-2和120 kg·hm-2。 相似文献
18.
行距配置对两种穗型冬小麦品种光合特性及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为确定两种穗型冬小麦品种高产栽培的适宜行距配置,在大田试验条件下,研究了不同行距(10、15、20和25cm)种植方式下,多穗型品种豫麦49和大穗型品种兰考矮早八的旗叶光合特性。结果表明,两种穗型品种旗叶净光合速率(Pn)均随籽粒灌浆进程呈逐渐降低的趋势,花后0～14d,多穗型品种豫麦49旗叶Pn高于大穗型品种兰考矮早八,之后兰考矮早八优势趋于明显;两品种旗叶qP和Fv/Fo均于花后10d达最大值,之后逐渐下降;豫麦49的光截获(LI)在花后10d高于兰考矮早八,而在花后20d低于兰考矮早八。行距对两种穗型冬小麦品种光合特性、LI和产量有一定影响。随着行距的变大,豫麦49的Pn逐渐增加,而兰考矮早八则逐渐降低;豫麦49的Fv/Fo在花后0～10d随行距的增加而升高,之后以行距20cm最高,兰考矮早八则随行距增加呈先升后降趋势,但始终以15cm最高;豫麦49以行距20cm的qP值较大,而兰考矮早八以行距15cm最高;两穗型品种的LI均随行距增大而降低。籽粒产量则表现随行距增加呈先升后降的变化趋势,豫麦49和兰考矮早八分别以行距20和15cm的产量最高。因此,生产中不同穗型品种选择各自适宜的行距配置,有助于光能的吸收利用,促进光合物质向籽粒转移。 相似文献
19.
【目的】为合理利用水稻生长期间的降雨，改善江汉平原地区稻田氮肥管理。【方法】采用田间小区试验，研究了常规淹灌(FI)和适雨灌溉(RAI)条件下，农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释掺混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对降雨利用率、水稻产量、光合特性、干物质积累及氮吸收利用的影响。【结果】1)RAI能在节省水资源同时提升稻田对雨水的储蓄和利用能力，与FI相比可减少田间灌溉水量41.7%，各生育阶段水稻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)、干物质积累、氮素吸收以及产量均有不同程度的增加；2)两种水管理方式下，与FFP处理相比，OPT-N处理水稻在分蘖期的Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、干物质积累和氮素吸收显著降低，但在孕穗期-灌浆期有所增加，对最终产量形成影响不大；RAI结合30%N+70%CRF处理有利于水稻生育前期Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr的增加，提升生育中后期干物质积累量，氮素吸收量在分蘖期显著高于OPT-N和FFP，在齐穗期和成熟期显著高于FFP，有效穗数、穗长、千粒质量和结实率在各处理间表现最高，实际产量相较常规水肥管理可增产10.4%。【结论】适雨灌溉条件下，OPT-N不会显著影响水稻的生长及产量，30%N+70%CRF有助于水稻光合作用、氮素吸收及产量的增加。 相似文献
20.
为明确不同生态环境下减少灌水次数对冬性强筋小麦产量和品质的影响,以冬性强筋小麦品种农优3号和中麦998为材料,分别在冀中北生态区的徐水区和冀东生态区的昌黎县进行大田试验,设3个灌水次数处理(CK:越冬水+拔节水+开花水;W_2:越冬水+拔节水;W_1:越冬水),研究了不同灌水次数对冬性强筋小麦叶面积系数、干物质积累、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随灌水次数减少,两个供试小麦品种孕穗期叶面积系数呈下降趋势,W_1处理显著低于其他处理;减少灌水次数导致2个冬性强筋小麦地上部的干物质积累量显著降低,而对收获指数的影响因品种而异,其中农优3号收获指数呈上升趋势,而中麦998以W_2处理最大。减少灌水次数使冬性强筋小麦有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重显著降低,导致产量显著降低。灌水次数减少造成冬性强筋小麦籽粒容重和蛋白质含量提高,稳定时间延长,但湿面筋含量和沉降值下降。本研究条件下,徐水点农优3号的产量较高,而昌黎点中麦998的产量较高;相同灌水处理下,同一品种在昌黎点的品质指标优于徐水试验点。综上,在河北冬性强筋小麦种植区可以选用灌越冬水和拔节水协调其籽粒产量和品质。 相似文献