共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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为建立一种具有时空适应性、适用于稻麦轮作生产的管理决策支持系统,运用系统分析原理和数学建模技术,构建了具有较强机理性和预测性的稻麦轮作生长模拟模型,并进一步结合气象生成模型与策略分析评价模型,以C#.net为编程语言,应用面向对象的程序设计与软件技术,建立了综合性的稻麦轮作生产管理决策支持系统.系统具有农田信息管理、专家咨询、动态模拟、方案评估、因苗预测和系统维护等功能,实现了模拟预测、决策支持和人机交互技术的有机耦合.系统的建立为稻麦轮作生产管理和策略制定提供了定量化的辅助决策工具. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):315-337
SUMMARY This article identifies the important functions and benefits of biodiversity in agriculture, for sustainable crop production and food security. After clarifying impacts from the decline of biodiversity in agriculture, the article summarizes principles, practices and policies for biodiversity conservation and enhancement in farming systems and in landscapes. Some of the strategies identified build upon valuable local experiences and knowledge in traditional farming practices, while others take advantage of recent scientific findings in agroecology and ecosystem health. The analysis suggests the value of adopting an agroeco-systems approach, beyond a focus on genetic resource conservation alone-to implement other biodiversity-enhancing methods in farms, such as integrated ecological pest and soil management. Attention is also given to the challenges by conflicting agricultural policies that contribute to the decline of biodiversity in farming systems, and potential of reforming such policies. The practices and approaches reviewed in this analysis show effective ways to link biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture. 相似文献
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Keigo Noda Masayasu Maki Kanae Miyaoka Koki Homma Hiroaki Shirakawa Kazuo Oki 《Paddy and Water Environment》2015,13(4):487-493
In Southeast Asia, economic and population growth are expected in the near future. Rapid change is anticipated especially in the Lao PDR. Concern has been expressed that population growth will lead to an increased demand for food and economic growth to changes in the use of land. For food production to keep pace with the growth of population, it is very important to understand decision-making in rice paddy cultivation in urbanizing areas; for this reason, this study with the SEM model was conducted. The original data were collected by a questionnaire survey in some Lao villages; the survey included questions on various conditions, such as the availability of water in the dry season (irrigation), the access to a city, and job opportunities other than farming. The findings of the study demonstrate that the planting of a second rice crop was related to such factors as the productivity of rain-fed rice and cash crops and, most importantly, job opportunities other than farming. 相似文献
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Dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) yielding and weed infestation response,under different tillage conditions
Legume-crops are considered important components of conservation farming and also of the conventional system in recent years. However, a lack of studies reflect a priority need for primary research into food legumes and their impact on farming systems, which is currently at secondary level to cereals in terms of investigation. The present field study was undertaken to compare the effects of different tillage systems on yielding and weed infestation of pea. Tillage treatments employed included conservation (minimum-tillage and zero-tillage) and conventional system (conventional-tillage) under semi-arid conditions. The weather had a marked influence on yielding and weed diversity of pea crop over the study period. Tillage system had no effect on pea grain yield and the yield components of pea. We observed, with scarcer annual rainfall, lower values of grain yield, straw biomass, harvest index and yield components in minimum-tillage plots. This could be attributable to an increase of the weed community favoured by rooting conditions. Weed density and diversity indices (Shannon and Evenness) presented the highest values in minimum tillage system. Particularly, we observed that decreasing tillage favoured the increase of one annual grass weed (Lolium rigidum Gaudin). Our results highlight the research on weed species associated with low-input systems. 相似文献
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Since its introduction to Asia in the 1980s, the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck), has represented a major constraint to the profitability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) farming by damaging rice seedlings during crop establishment. This study describes a series of experiments designed to determine the effects of nitrogenous fertilisers on snail fitness. We examined the possibility of a two-phase model of snail response to nitrogen, whereby fertilisers initially increase snail mortality through toxicity, but once assimilated into the rice ecosystem, eventually favour snail reproduction and survival. In experimental arenas, fertiliser had lethal effects: Complete fertiliser (14:14:14), urea, ammonium sulphate and organic fertilisers were associated with snail mortality, generally affecting adult snails more than juvenile snails, and with greater effects when applied to saturated soil that was subsequently flooded (as opposed to direct application to flooded soil). Snail mortality was found to decline considerably when snails were added to arenas one day after fertiliser application – this occurred in arenas with soil and water, but not in arenas with water only, suggesting that soil can reduce the toxic effects of fertilisers. In a field experiment, snail numbers declined in both fertilised and non-fertilised plots at the time of crop establishment. Numbers increased in all plots after rice tillering, with significantly more recruitment in plots with high nitrogen. Although the responses were generally weak in the field experiment, they did support the two-phase model. The consequences of fertiliser applications for snail management and ecosystem health are discussed. 相似文献
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水稻磷钾肥运筹的知识模型研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
在查阅和研究大量文献资料及咨询农学专家的基础上，通过总结、归纳和提炼水稻磷钾肥运筹与品种类型、生态环境和农作条件的动态关系，运用知识工程和系统建模方法，提出了具有时空适应性的水稻适宜磷钾肥运筹动态知识模型，可用于定量设计不同环境和生产条件下水稻品种的适宜磷钾肥用量及磷钾肥基、追肥比例。利用南京、常德两个代表性生态点的典型品种、不同土壤肥力、生产条件及大田对比试验对所建知识模型进行了实例分析和实践检验，结果表明模型预测结果与当地实际情况基本吻合，知识模型在磷钾肥运筹方面具有较好的适用性和决策性。 相似文献
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A field experimental study was performed during the growing season of 2001 to evaluate water and nutrient balances in paddy
rice culture. Three plots of standard fertilization (SF), excessive fertilization (EF, 150% of SF), and reduced fertilization
(RF, 70% of SF) were used and the size of treatment plot was 3,000 m2, respectively. The hydrologic and water quality was field monitored throughout the crop stages. The water balance analyses
indicated that approximately half (47–54%) of the total outflow was lost through surface drainage, with the remainder consumed
by evapotranspiration. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect of fertilization rates on nutrient
outflow through the surface drainage or rice yield. Reducing fertilization of rice paddy may not work well to mitigate the
non-point source nutrient loading in the range of normal farming practices. Instead, the reduction in surface drainage could
be important to controlling the loading. Suggestive measures that may be applicable to reduce surface drainage and nutrient
losses include water-saving irrigation by reducing ponded water depth, raising the weir height in diked rice fields, and minimizing
forced surface drainage as recommended by other researchers. The suggested practices can cause some deviations from conventional
farming practices, and further investigations are recommended. 相似文献
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作物模型在我国玉米生产中的研究与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作物模型在我国发展与应用日趋完善,已成为农业科研领域重要的研究工具,在区域化模拟、农业预测与风险分析、宏观农业决策制定、未来气候情景模拟、优化栽培措施及气象灾害影响评估研究中发挥重要作用,极大地推动了我国农业生产发展和科研水平的提高。对当前国内作物模型研究中具有代表性的6个生长模型概况和在玉米上应用进展进行综述,为研究者根据研究目的及具体条件选择适宜的作物模型进行应用提供参考,进一步提高作物模型在我国玉米科研与生产中的应用水平。对现有主要模型存在问题及今后需开展的工作进行阐述。 相似文献
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Shigeya Maeda Hisao Kuroda Koshi Yoshida Kenji Tanaka 《Paddy and Water Environment》2017,15(2):263-276
A method for allocating allowable ranges of total nitrogen (TN) load to nonpoint (diffuse pollution) sources in a watershed has been developed by adopting the two-phase grey fuzzy optimization approach. Competing goals of water quality management authorities and TN load dischargers at nonpoint sources such as paddy field, upland crop field, and residential area are described with linear imprecise membership functions including interval numbers. TN load discharged from each cell of the nonpoint sources is assumed to be transported along with surface, subsurface, and river flow under the conventional first-order kinetic removal with respect to distance. The travel length of the load is estimated with a digital elevation model in a geographic information system (GIS). Uncertainty of river discharge and self-purification coefficients appearing in the TN transport model is also expressed with interval numbers. The GIS-aided grey fuzzy optimization model developed here is applied to the Seimei River watershed, Japan. By solving the optimization model, the allowable load represented by an interval number at each cell is procured, which would be a scientific base for effluent control regarding nonpoint sources in the area. 相似文献
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Kei Ishida Macarius Yangyuoru Koichi Unami Toshihiko Kawachi 《Paddy and Water Environment》2011,9(4):393-401
Analysis of runoff processes in farmlands during storm events in particular is an important engineering topic. The shallow
water equations describing the physical conservation laws are attractive tools for understanding motion of surface water.
A numerical model is developed to reproduce surface water flows during storm events, using the finite element method and the
finite volume method applied to the one-dimensional shallow water equations. The numerical model has the advantage of dealing
with transcritical flows, wet, and dry processes, irregular channel bed slopes, and channel junctions involving multiply connected
networks. Standard numerical tests demonstrated some of these features. Runoff processes from farmlands in a Japanese hilly
area is analyzed with the numerical model coupled with another runoff model of black-box type. Parameters of the models are
calibrated and validated using observed series of rainfall and runoff discharge data. Simulated results included submergence
of hydraulic jumps and flood storage in farming plots, which are very informative in terms of assessing diverse functions
of the farmlands. 相似文献
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This paper reviews the constraints and challenges of paddy farming in Taiwan. Based on those evidences, a set of eco-friendly rice farming practices raised by SRI principles are proposed from exploratory SRI trials conducted in Taiwan. The trials show that even with less exact leveling in the SRI field than is ideally provided, the average yield for SRI was higher than for CP; with an aerobic soil situation, the combination of biocontrol agent application and SRI management was seen to give better rice blast control; and the highest paddy yield was obtained from single-seedling transplants from potted nursery trays which protect the young seedlings’ roots from shock or twisting, compared with the planting of more numerous seedlings grown on flat nursery trays by a mechanical rice transplanter. In conclusion, a conceptual framework for eco-friendly paddy farming is formulated to encourage farmers to practice SRI principles. Among the participants in this collaboration, a co-operating group of SRI farmers is organized under investor sponsorship to guarantee the quality and safety of food, integrating an inspection service and food-source traceability from field to market with the production process. It is seen that in Taiwan, SRI principles can be adopted by local farmers without need for additional premiums through eco-friendly collaboration that can raise simultaneously the productivity of land, capital, and irrigation water. In addition, this collaboration can take advantage of increasing consumer demand for safe food with fewer chemicals and for supporting a greater level of biodiversity. 相似文献
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由大丽轮枝孢菌侵染引起的向日葵黄萎病是一种重要的土传病害,微菌核是该病害主要的初侵染来源。目前,土壤中大丽轮枝孢菌微菌核的定量检测方法多操作步骤复杂繁琐,如利用PCR方法进行检测,对仪器设备和操作人员的素质都有较高的要求,而常规的土壤梯度稀释湿筛法的实验周期长且检测效率低,因此,建立一种快速定量检测土壤中大丽轮枝孢菌微菌核的方法,对于向日葵黄萎病的预报预测和防控非常重要。为了能够快速的定量检测土壤中微菌核的数量,以期探明不同耕作方式地块中土壤微菌核数量的差异,本实验建立了一套操作相对简单,实验周期较短的微菌核快速分离和定量检测的方法,即采样器—干筛法。该方法将微生物采样器和选择性培养基相结合,基于微生物采样器的撞击法原理,使土壤微生物粒子加速撞击到选择性培养基的培养皿表面,经培养后可见单菌落形成。利用该方法对内蒙古巴彦淖尔市不同的向日葵黄萎病发病地块中采集到的土壤样本中微菌核进行了定量检测,结果表明：两年向日葵连作地（样地1）土壤中微菌核的数量最多,平均每克土样中含有微菌核32.80个;与非寄主作物玉米轮作地块（样地2）土样中微菌核的数量最少,平均每克土样中含有微菌核11.80个,与寄主作物打籽葫芦轮作地块（样地3）微菌核数量介于二者之间。利用该方法能够明显区分不同地块土壤中微菌核的数量。通过和荧光定量PCR检测的结果进行相关性分析发现,该方法能够准确检测土壤中大丽轮枝孢菌微菌核的数量。 相似文献
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Junko Nishiwaki Naomi Asagi Masakazu Komatsuzaki Masaru Mizoguchi Kosuke Noborio 《Paddy and Water Environment》2017,15(1):11-18
The agricultural fields were contaminated by the radionuclides 134Cs and 137Cs after the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima. Prior to the accident, local farmers had successfully established sustainable agriculture in Iitate Village using natural farming practices and recycling. Since 2011, decontamination work such as stripping-off the top soil has been ongoing on agricultural land. Although decontamination is essential, it could cause an unfortunate decrease in soil fertility. Here, we examined the use of organic matter as a means to quickly recover the fertility of the agricultural top soil. We transplanted rice crops into three paddy plots: one received rice straw that had been harvested there last year, another received composted manure, and the third (control) received no additives after decontamination. We applied 40 kg/10a of basal fertilizer and 20 kg/10a of KCl each plot. The rates of Cs concentration in unhulled rice/rice straw were around 0.001. Tendency of plant heights increase and leaf chlorophyll content decrease were similar in the three treatment plots. However, the numbers of stems on 111 days after the transplant were 21, 15, and 19, unhulled rice yield were 513, 462, and 310 g/m2, in the rice straw, cattle manure compost, and control plots, respectively. Soil properties of three plots were similar. Radioactive Cs concentrations in the new rice from each treatment plots were lower than the maximum allowed level set by the Japanese government. These results revealed that treating soil with rice straw might have great potential to aid the recovery of a paddy field after stripping-off the top soil. Notably, this treatment significantly improved the yield of rice and supplied organic matter without additional labor. 相似文献
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Toshio Okazumi Shigenobu Tanaka Youngjoo Kwak Badri Bhakta Shrestha Ai Sugiura 《Paddy and Water Environment》2014,12(2):275-283
Demographic changes, such as aging and depopulation in rural areas, are major reasons for the recent abandonment of the terraced paddy fields in Japan. In addition, the low productivity of terraced paddy fields, due to their small area and the difficulty of using machinery on the plots, further abet this trend. Recent research has shown a growing interest in multifunctional conservation and maintenance of the ecosystem and traditional agro-culture of terraced paddy fields. This paper aims to elaborate on the conservation activities of endangered terraced paddy fields in Japan, by using the case of Shiroyone Senmaida to discuss conservation experience and lessons, and recommend future strategies for adaptive management of the rice terraces under the GIAHS framework, as well as the next necessary steps for research. As an outstanding cultural landscape and tourist attraction in Noto Peninsula, the conservation scheme combining financial support from governmental subsidy, the “owner system” of interaction with urban dwellers, and labor support by conservationist volunteers has contributed to the conservation of traditional farming on Senmaida’s terraced paddy fields. Still, as is the case in other parts of Japan, lack of financial support and an aging farming population threaten conservation of terraced paddy fields in Noto Peninsula. 相似文献
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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):175-183
AbstractThe objective of this study was to obtain information about spatial heterogeneity as a basis for site-specific soil and crop management in small fields. The spatial variability patterns of wheat growth parameters and soil properties, e.g. nitrate, available phosphate, pH, and soil surface hardness, were investigated on a 0.25 ha field of Humic Andosol in 1998 - 1999. Two plots in the field had been tilled with different intensities since autumn 1997. A plot was minimum-tilled with a rotary tiller (MT) and the other plot was conventionally tilled with a moldboard plow and disc-harrowed (CT). Raw data, collected from 100 locations with 2.5 m×5 m spacing in each plot, were divided into trends (large-scale deterministic structure) and residuals (small-scale stochastic structure) by median polishing. Trends were more dominant in CT than in MT. The trend of wheat above-ground biomass at harvest was similar to those of soil nitrate and available phosphate. These trends were partly due to high variability across rows, possibly caused by the same traffic direction of farming operations for several years. The residual data, on the other hand, showed no correlation among the parameters. The spatial dependency of the residual data for soil properties, except for pH, was not apparent for distances larger than the minimum sampling distance (2.5 m). It is concluded that modification of fertilizer application based on the trend data may improve the efficiency of fertilizer use while small-scale site-specific management based on the residual data may be practically difficult. Key words : 相似文献
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A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test for potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and pink rot (P.erythroseptica, P. nicotianae) diseases has been developed for use with potato tuber tissue. Primers based on sequence analysis of the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA of late blight and pink rot pathogens were utilized in PCR assays of inoculated tubers and tubers harvested from plots known to have late blight and/or pink rot. Assays of artificially inoculated Kennebec and Russet Burbank tubers revealed thatP. infestans was detected by PCR as early as 72 h after inoculation and in the absence of visible symptoms. Much higher detection frequencies were obtained by PCR compared with plating on selective medium or placement of tissue in moist chambers. Tubers from plots known to have late blight and/or pink rot were tested using the PCR assay. Assay of late blight lesions showed ca. 80% recovery for late blight-infected tubers from the field. Results indicate that the PCR assay provides a rapid and accurate test for diagnosis of late blight and pink rot in potato tubers. 相似文献
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Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a growing global issue that seriously threatens agricultural production and livelihoods. Studying the relationship between wildlife damage, land use, and livelihood enables us to understand the dilemma facing current wildlife protection and ecological restoration policies and to amend existing policies effectively. Using participatory rural appraisal (PRA), quantitative analysis, and a Multilevel Logit regression model, this paper analyzed land use and livelihoods among 160 households subject to wild boar (Sus scrofa) damage in four villages within Youyang County in the poor mountainous areas of Chongqing, China. The findings showed the following: (i) wild boars in Youyang County were responsible for large-scale crop and property damage; (ii) cultivated land abandonment has become a significant trend in land use, and the most important perceived driver for abandoning farmland is the land plot's vulnerability to wild boar damage; (iii) when protecting cultivated land plots, households tend to protect those plots that are close to the road, have larger land area, and have a slight or abrupt slope; however, households with more members working in non-farm labor, more female agricultural workers, and/or higher non-farm income are more inclined to abandon protection of their plots. This paper discusses seven main measures that are frequently adopted by farmers to protect their crops and livestock and are perceived by these farmers as the most effective and sensible countermeasures. 相似文献