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本试验采用F-BSG法制备染色体标本,对七份苎麻野生材料进行染色体核型及Giemsa C-带带型研究.结果表明:七份材料中1-1、1-2的染色体数目众多,分别为56和42,其余5份材料为28,均为近端着丝点型,核型公式1-1为2n=56=56st,1-2为2n=42=42st,其余5份材料均为2n=28=28st.臂指数均大于75%,N.F.值与染色体条数相等,1-1,1-2,1-3的染色体长度比大于2,核型属4B类型,2-1,2-2,2-3,2-4的染色体长度比小于2,核型属于4A类型.Giemsa C-带带型单一,长臂均为着丝点带,且染色区段较长,短臂均为全带.染色体相对长度组成1-1、1-2、1-3的分别为2n=56=8L+16M2+22M1+10S、2n=42=2L+22M2+14M1+4S、2n=28=2L+14M2+6M1+6S,其余4份材料均为2n=28=2L+12M2+12M1+2S.本文还对苎麻染色体的基数进行了探讨. 相似文献
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用苎麻芦竹青嫩梢扦插诱导萌发幼根，采用F-BSG法制备染色体标本，对其染色体组型和Giemsa C-带带型进行研究。结果表明，苎麻的核型公式为2n=28=8(L)st 18(S)st 2(S)SAT，全为不对称的染色体，N、F值与其染色体条数相等，每组染色体臂指数均大于78％，染色体长度比大于2．1：1，属于4B类核型。Giemsa C-带带型单一，短臂为全带，长臂为着丝点带。 相似文献
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七份苎麻野生资源的核型及Giemsa C-带带型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本试验采用 F- BSG法制备染色体标本 ,对七份苎麻野生材料进行染色体核型及 Giemsa C-带带型研究。结果表明 :七份材料中 1 - 1、1 - 2的染色体数目众多 ,分别为 5 6和 42 ,其余 5份材料为 2 8,均为近端着丝点型 ,核型公式 1 - 1为 2 n=5 6 =5 6 st,1 - 2为 2 n=42 =42 st,其余 5份材料均为 2 n=2 8=2 8st。臂指数均大于 75 % ,N.F.值与染色体条数相等 ,1 - 1 ,1 - 2 ,1 - 3的染色体长度比大于 2 ,核型属 4B类型 ,2 -1 ,2 - 2 ,2 - 3,2 - 4的染色体长度比小于 2 ,核型属于 4A类型。 Giemsa C-带带型单一 ,长臂均为着丝点带 ,且染色区段较长 ,短臂均为全带。染色体相对长度组成 1 - 1、1- 2、1 - 3的分别为 2 n=5 6 =8L 1 6 M2 2 2 M1 1 0 S、2 n=42 =2 L 2 2 M2 1 4M1 4S、2 n=2 8=2 L 1 4M2 6 M1 6 S,其余 4份材料均为 2 n=2 8=2 L 1 2 M2 1 2 M1 2 S。本文还对苎麻染色体的基数进行了探讨。 相似文献
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对小葱一个种群的38个个体进行染色体计数和核型分析。共发现5种核型,除核型具有多态性外,笔者还发现非整倍体和B染色体。在这一种群中,3个个体的染色体组型是2n=2x=12m+2sm+2st(2SAT),17个个体的染色体组型是2n=2x=14m+2st(2SAT),7个个体的染色体组型是2n=2x=12m+2sm+2st+1B,5个个体的染色体组型是2n=13m+2st(2SAT),6个个体的染色体组型是2n=10m+2m(2SAT)+2sm+1st。并对小葱染色体多态性的成因进行讨论。 相似文献
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用苎麻芦竹青嫩梢扦插诱导萌发幼根,采用 F-BSG 法制备染色体标本,对其染色体组型和 Giemsa C-带带型进行研究。结果表明,苎麻的核型公式为2n=28-8(L)st 18(S)st 2(S)_(SAT),全为不对称的染色体,N、F 值与其染色体条数相等,每组染色体臂指数均大于78%,染色体长度比大于2.1:1,属于4B 类核型。Giemsa C-带带型单一,短臂为全带,长臂为着丝点带。苎麻(Boehmeria nivea L.)是我国特产,是重要的纺织原料之一。国内外对苎麻栽培、育种、生理生化、形态解剖等方面的研究较多,而对苎麻细胞学基础理论研究极少。我们对苎麻染色体形态及染色体结构特征及 Giemsa C-带带型进行研究,将为苎麻遗传变异,新品种选育提供细胞学依据。 相似文献
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为了从细胞学角度鉴定忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae)接骨木属(Sambucus)2种植物蒴翟(Sambucus Chinensis L.)和接骨木(Sambucus willamsii H.),对安徽滁州地区蒴翟的染色体核型进行分析,并和接骨木进行比较.结果表明,蒴翟体细胞染色体数目为2n=34,染色体基数x=17,为二倍体物种.与接骨木(2n=2x=36)相比,存在染色体数目差异.其核型公式为k(2n)=34=14m+14am+6st,核型类型为2B型(接近3B型);最长与最短染色体长度比为2.07.臂比>2的染色体比为0.47.在系统进化程度上蒴翟较接骨木高级,这可能是草本蒴翟比木本接骨木具有更强生态适应性的细胞学证据之一. 相似文献
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五种山茶属植物的核型研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文研究了5种山茶属植物的核型。结果表明，这5种植物都是二倍体，核型分别为马关茶C.makuanica 2n=30=22mm 8sm；厚轴茶C.crassicolumna 2n=30=22m 85m；广南茶C.Kwangnanica 2n=30=22m(2SAT) 8sm；假秃房茶C.gymnagynoides 2n=30=22m 6sm 2st；圆基茶C．rotundata 2n=30=20m(2SAT) 10sm(2SAT)。厚轴茶和圆基茶的核型为2B型，其余3种为2A型。本文还对茶组(sect．Thea)植物的核型作了讨论。圆基茶和广南茶的核型为本文首次报道。 相似文献
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3种野生茄和1个栽培茄的核型分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分析3种野生茄和1个栽培茄品种染色体核型.结果表明:所有供试材料的染色体数目均为2n=24,核型类型均为"2A"型:染色体主要由中部着丝点和近中部着丝点染色体组成,属较对称核型.但它们的核型也具有明显差异, "04E28"的核型公式为2n=16m+6sm+2st,核不对称系数60.20%;04E42的核型公式为2n=14m+8sm+2T,核不对称系数65.91%;07E67的核型公式为2n=18m+6sm,核不对称系数59.68%;栽培品种.04E08"的核型公式为2n=22m+2sm.核不对称系数58.59%. 相似文献
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本试验以苎麻品种芦竹青为材料,从有丝分裂和减数分裂两个方面进行研究,有丝分裂以墩稍扦插诱导萌发幼根,采用F—BSG法制备染色体标本,对其染色体核型和Giemsa带型进行的分析结果表明,苎麻的核型公式为2n=28=8(L)st 18(S)st 2(S)SAT,全为不对称的染色体,N·F.值与其染色体的条数相等,每组染色体的臂指数均大于78％,染色体长度比大于2.1:1,属于4B类核型。Giemsa C—带带型单一,短臂为全带,长臂为着丝点带。减数分裂以2％醋酸洋红压片,发现同一株上幼蕾着生的部位不同,其发育进度不一致,以着生在茎的中、上部的幼蕾发育快,同一枝梗上以着生于下部的幼蕾发育早,而同一幼蕾的PMC在减数分裂终变期、后期Ⅰ,末期Ⅰ以及后期Ⅱ、四分体等阶段同步程度高,同时观察到存在一定的高峰期。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
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Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献
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Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
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Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
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Alejandro M. S. Mayer Aimee J. Guerrero Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Fumiaki Nakamura Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2021,19(2)
The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):55-98
SUMMARY Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia. 相似文献
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Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献