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1.
《杂交水稻》2019,(2):14-19
通过对不育系应用区域气象条件的分析,选择不同光温条件处理北方粳稻光温敏核不育系LY156S,研究光温变化对其育性转换的影响及育性鉴定方法。结果表明,在不育系制种区域辽宁盘锦,2011—2017年的7—8月日平均温度大于23℃,最低温度为20℃,低于23℃的天数较少,适合临界温度为21℃左右的两系不育系制种;在不育系繁殖地区海南三亚,2011—2017年冬季低于20℃天数较少,且比较分散,较适合两系不育系繁种。在长日照14.5h低温处理下,不育系的抽穗期滞后,22和21℃处理下育性没有恢复,但20和19℃处理花粉不育度降低到82.36%和78.45%,育性发生了转换。在日照长度为11.5和12.5 h条件下,22和24℃处理的育性均得到恢复;在日照长度为13.5 h条件下22和24℃处理的花粉不育度仍都大于99.5%,育性没有恢复。为提高北方粳稻光温敏核不育系应用的安全性,北方粳稻光温敏核不育系育性鉴定在《水稻光、温敏雄性核不育系育性鉴定规程》(NY/T 1215—2006)的基础上,可将14.5 h长日照条件下的处理温度降至21℃,11.5、12.5和13.5 h等短日照条件下的处理温度降低至22℃,以提高不育系的育性鉴定准确性与应用价值。 相似文献
2.
小麦杂种优势利用经历了半个世纪的研究,但至今未能在生产上大面积推广。本课题组前期利用光敏不育材料N4-IS与米拉的变异株系4151杂交,经9个世代的定向单株选择,育成了不育系中光121S。为进一步了解其育性特点,对其进行两年三季的温度测试以及播期和定光试验。结果表明,中光121S为光敏不育系,其育性转换只受光照时长控制,不受气温和其他不育基因影响。其育性转换时期为孕穗期,日长 12.3 h以下为雄性不育,可以配制杂交种;日长12.3 h以上育性开始恢复;日长12.8 h能完全恢复可育,且能够繁殖种子。经三年利用84个普通小麦品种与中光121S进行测交,发现杂种育性均能完全恢复,证明中光121S的不育基因属于隐性遗传,所有普通小麦品种都是其良好的恢复系,能及时利用常规育种的成果,筛选出强优势组合。已测配出超标优势高达35.3%的强优势组合为中光121S/南814。 相似文献
3.
以淡绿叶为标记的籼型光-温敏核不育系M2S的选育 总被引：47，自引：4，他引：47
以淡绿叶标记基因系IGM19与籼型光-温敏核不育系8902S杂交，再用8902S回交1次，通过多代选育获得了带淡绿色叶隐性标记性状，且育性转换特性与8902S明显不同的籼型光－温敏核不育系M2S。在杭州（30°05’N）自然条件下，M2S具有连续30 d以上的不育期（不育度＞99.5%），在秋季正常情况下，结实率可达51.8%。人工气候箱控制条件下，M2S在短日适温时结实正常，在长日（15.0 h）与所有处理温度（30.1℃、24.1℃和23.1℃）、高温（30.1℃）与所有处理日长（15.0 h、14.0 h和12.5 h）的光温组合下均完全不育或高度不育。结实率的方差分析结果表明，其育性转换的温度效应和光周期效应均不显著，仅光温工作效应显著，属典型的光温互作雄性不育系。M2S本身较稳定的不育性和带有隐性淡绿色叶的标记性状将有利于在两系法杂交水稻中应用。 相似文献
4.
一、导言 湖北光周期敏感核不育水稻(HubeiPhoto-period sensitive Genie Male- sterile Rice-HPGMR)简称光敏核不育水稻,为沔阳县沙湖原种场石明松1973年在农垦58一季晚粳大田发现。曾名“两用系”、湖北光感核不育水稻、长日照核不育水稻。原始不育株为模型。据研究,该材料在长日照条件下抽穗雄性不育,在短日照条件下抽穗雄性可育。进一步研究证明,诱导育性转换的主导因子是光照长度,即人工光照长于14小时的条件下抽穗,不育度为99～100%,光照短于13小时45分的条件下抽穗为雄性可育,第一、二次枝梗原基分化到花粉母细胞形成期,是光照… 相似文献
5.
优质籼型旱稻光温敏核不育系GHS的光温反应特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过9种人控光温组合处理,结合分期播种试验,研究了早稻光温敏核不育系GHS育性的光温反应特性.结果表明,日长对GHS的育性有一定的影响,在日长15.0 h条件下,其不育起点温度低于23.0℃;在13.0 h条件下,不育起点温度为24.0℃以下;在11.0 h条件下,不育起点温度上升到24℃以上.GHS光敏性较强,可育花粉率的光长影响率达72.53%,比对照培矮64S高出7.12个百分点.对GHS可育花粉率的方差分析表明,GHS的温度效应不显著(P＞0.05),光长效应显著(0.01＜P＜0.05),光温互作效应极显著(P＜0.01),属不育起点温度较低、不育临界光长较短的光温互作型两川核不育系.在湛江自然条件下,GHS有2个育性转换期,连续稳定不育期达145 d以上,正常年份可进行晚季安全制种,但没有适合GHS繁殖的光温条件. 相似文献
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7.
水稻短光敏雄性核不育性的发现与利用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
短光敏雄性核不育水稻是与农垦58S光反应相反的一种新的光温敏雄性核不育水稻。从籼稻B3与粳稻红粳配组的F1代异地结实率差异发现了水稻短光敏雄性不育现象;利用异地异季光温条件及人工控光施压选择,从杂种分离群体中定向选择育成短光敏雄性不育系宜DS1;以宜DS1为基因供体与紫圭杂交转育,育成籼型短光敏雄性不育系D38S。研究表明,宜DS1和D38S具有短光不育、长光可育的育性转换特性,在23~28℃的光敏温度范围内,短于13 h的光照诱导不育,长于13.5 h的光照诱导可育,光长主导育性转换。D38S具有优良的植株形态,可直接用作亲本选育两系杂交稻新组合。 相似文献
8.
水稻光敏核不育系GB0 2 8S的育性表达受光长及温度影响 ,其温度敏感期在出穗前 1 5d左右 ,即在花粉母细胞形成致减数分裂期 ;不育起点温度为 2 2℃ ,可育临界高温大于 2 9℃。日均温度在 2 2～ 3 0℃之间 ,其育性主要受光长控制 ,可育临界光长为 1 3 5h ,光长转换期为 1 3 5～ 1 4 0h。GB0 2 8S在光长 1 2 0～ 1 4 0h条件下 ,结实率随温度升高而降低。在光长大于 1 4 5h ,温度高于2 2℃的条件下 ,花粉败育率和自交不实率均达到 99 9%以上 ,在辽宁的稳定不育期为 2 5～ 3 5d。 相似文献
9.
优质籼型软米光温敏核不育系云软209S的选育 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
云软209S是用蜀光612S作母本与优质软米品种云恢290杂交,经7a9代选育出的籼型光温敏核不育系。该不育系在云南水富连续不育期长50d左右,不育起点温度低于23℃,不育期间群体不育性稳定,花粉败育彻底,可育期间可繁性好,海南冬繁自交结实率49.3%。柱头外露率高达85.8%,开花习性好,张颖角度大,综合农艺性状优良。稻米品质优,直链淀粉含量较低,是用云南籼型软米改良育成的第1个软米光温敏核不育系,2007年8月通过云南省科技厅技术鉴定。 相似文献
10.
水稻光敏核不育系GB028S光温反应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水稻光敏核不育系GB028S的育性表达受光长及温度影响,其温度敏感期在出穗前15d左右,即在花粉母细胞形成致减数裂期;不育起点温度为22℃,可育临界高温大于29℃。日均温度在22－30℃ 之间,其育性主要受光长控制,可育临界光长为13.5h, 光长转换期为13.5-14.0h。GB028S在光长12.0-14.0h条件下,结实率随温度升高而降低,在光长大于14.5h,温度高于22℃的条件下,花粉败育率和自交不实率均达到99.9％以上,在辽宁的稳定不育期为25－35d。 相似文献
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12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
14.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献
15.
Résumé
Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences
d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les
champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents
en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.
Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.
Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O2:1% CO2, 2% O2:6% CO2, 2% O2:12% CO2, 6% O2:6% CO2). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.相似文献
16.
Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
17.
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Aimee J. Guerrero Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Fumiaki Nakamura Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2021,19(2)
The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):55-98
SUMMARY Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia. 相似文献
20.
Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献