共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
为了研究Cr(Ⅵ)在土壤不同初始pH和初始浓度条件下的吸附规律,以武汉东西湖蔬菜基地的土壤为试验材料进行土柱的动态吸附试验,调节初始溶液的pH和浓度,制备6种不同性质的土样进行动态吸附试验,选用Origin软件来拟合溶质的穿透曲线;并选用惰性离子Cl-进行示踪试验求取弥散系数,结合 CXTFTI 软件中的化学非平衡模型--两点模型进行数值模拟,求取Cr(Ⅵ)在该土壤中的溶质运移参数,从而对在土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程进行分析及预测.研究结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附对pH值非常敏感, 通入溶液的初始pH值越低,穿透时间以及达到吸附饱和的时间越早;而初始浓度也会对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附有一定影响,通入溶液的初始浓度越高,穿透时间以及达到吸附饱和的时间越早.利用两点模型求取的Cr(Ⅵ)在该土壤中的溶质运移参数能很好的解释土柱试验的结果,Cr(Ⅵ)在该土壤的的吸附过程中大约 60%都是瞬时完成的,40%是受到速率限制作用,满足一阶动力学方程. 相似文献
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滴头流量对风沙土滴灌湿润锋运移影响的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《节水灌溉》2018,(11)
为了在风沙土地区更为合理的利用滴灌技术,通过室内试验模拟了单点源和双点源滴灌条件下风沙土土壤水分运移过程,研究了不同滴头流量下土壤湿润锋时空动态分布规律。结果表明灌水时间相同时,滴头流量越大,湿润锋运移距离越大;灌水量相同时,滴头流量增大对湿润锋水平运移距离影响较小,但可增大垂直方向运移距离。大流量滴头增大了湿润锋初始运移速度,随着灌水时间的增加,湿润锋运移速度迅速减小并趋于稳定,且不同流量处理之间差异较小。双点源滴灌时,入渗交汇前水分运动规律与单点源入渗规律相同;滴头流量越大,湿润体交汇时间越短,交汇处湿润锋运动速度越快;但滴头正下方含水量高,土壤含水量径向变化较大,增加了土壤含水量空间分布的不均匀性。 相似文献
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受土壤有机质和微生物的影响,大部分农业土壤都有团聚体结构。团聚体内部的孔隙一般很小,与团聚体之间的水流相比,团聚体内部的水可以视为不动的。但受质量浓度梯度和分子扩散的影响,2个水体内的溶质可以相互交换。模拟溶质在具有团聚体结构土壤中运移时,溶质在以上2个水体间的交换过程常用可动-不可动水体模型来描述。土壤溶质运移涉及的参数较多,很多参数不能直接测定,要靠观测值拟合才能获得。由于不同的参数组合可以得出相同溶质质量浓度分布,因此,即使模拟结果和实验结果吻合也不能确保该模型正确描述了2个水体之间的溶质交换过程。为了深入研究这一问题,利用三维图像技术和数学模型,计算了团聚体内外溶质交换速率。结果表明,Coats-Smith模型误差很大,2个水体之间的溶质交换速率并非与其质量浓度差成正比。作为改进,提出并证明广义γ分布函数可以准确地描述团聚体内外溶质交换过程。 相似文献
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初始含水率对涌泉根灌土壤渗透特征的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探索初始土壤含水率对涌泉根灌过程中湿润锋运移和土壤水分分布的影响,合理确定灌水技术参数,配置了5种不同初始土壤含水率,采用室内土箱模拟试验方法,研究了土壤初始含水率对涌泉根灌均质土壤水分扩散的影响.结果表明：涌泉根灌条件下,初始含水率对湿润体形状的影响不大,对其大小有明显影响;土壤表面湿润时间与初始含水率呈递减关系,土壤表面湿润半径、湿润体水平与垂直距离的增长速度均随着土壤初始含水率的增大而增大;土壤初始含水率越大湿润体内水分分布越均匀;试验拟合的根据土壤初始含水率计算地表湿润半径、最大湿润体水平半径与垂直深度的经验公式,计算值和实测值之间误差较小,整体误差分别为0.63%,0.4%,0.83%和0.59%,0.12%,0.73%,可用经验公式推算涌泉根灌土壤水分渗透参数,作为涌泉根灌系统设计依据. 相似文献
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植物护坡效果与根系在土壤中的空间造型和分布(即根系构型)密切相关,研究不同土壤初始含水率和滴头流量对红黏土内水分运移的影响规律,对合理匹配土壤湿润体与植物根系分布情况,准确调控植物根系构型,提高植物边坡固土能力具有重要意义。采用室内试验的方法,在间接地下滴灌的条件下,观测土壤初始含水率和滴头流量对土壤湿润体特征值、湿润锋运移速度和含水率分布情况的影响。试验研究发现湿润锋运移的形状近似椭圆形,而湿润体的形状则近似为椭球体。随着土壤初始含水率的增加,湿润体水平方向对称轴不断下移,水分趋于垂直向下运移,随时间呈对数函数变化。在相同的滴灌量条件下,流量较小的湿润体的范围稍大于流量较大的湿润体范围,但湿润锋的半径均随时间呈幂函数变化。滴灌初期,同一时刻湿润锋运移速度随滴头流量的增大而增大,但随滴灌时间的延长,这一现象逐渐减弱。滴头流量大时,水分向水平方向运移的趋势明显,而滴头流量小时,水分向垂直方向运移的趋势更优。不同滴头流量和土壤初始含水率会形成不同形状和大小的湿润体,也会导致湿润体含水量分布不同。在调控所需的植物根系构型时,可通过控制滴头流量和土壤初始含水率来控制植物根系分布情况,提高植物根系固土的能力。 相似文献
8.
普吉土介质弥散试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
普吉渣场黏土的水动力弥散特征是该地区地下水环境评价关键内容。以普吉地区非饱和红色黏土和黄色黏土为对象,以氯化钾为溶质,采用水平土柱入渗法对非饱和土壤水动力弥散系数Dsh（θ）进行了试验和分析。试验结果表明,对该2种土壤,非吸附性溶质Cl-1的水动力弥散系数Dsh（θ）与土壤含水率θ成幂函数关系;同一含水量条件下红色黏土中渣溶质运移的速率要大于黄色黏土。 相似文献
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利用CT扫描技术确定土壤大孔隙分形维数 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
土壤大孔隙的大小、形状和分布对水及溶质在土壤中的运移有着深刻影响,由于土壤大孔隙的分布呈现分形规律,根据采用CT扫描法得到的原状土柱各断面图像,采用计盒维数法计算出各断面土壤大孔隙的分形维数。 相似文献
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溶质施加方式对土壤溶质迁移的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过室内均质土柱试验 ,对不同灌水处理土壤中表施和灌施溶质的迁移规律进行了研究。结果表明 ,溶质施加方式和灌水频率对溶质迁移影响较大。次灌水量较大时 ,表施和灌施条件下溶质分布差异显著 ;当次灌水量很小且灌水非常频繁时 (如 6mm/ d) ,表施和灌施土壤中溶质 (NO- 3)分布差异不大。 相似文献
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对缓坡地在土壤饱和情形下土壤溶质的流失过程进行了室内模拟实验,研究结果表明,在缓坡地,只考虑坡地上方来水对饱和土壤的作用,土壤溶质、水土的流失过程更适合采用幂函数来描述,而且溶质受土壤吸附的特性也影响其流失速率,但并不影响其流失过程的规律性。 相似文献
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Water flow and solute transport in furrow-irrigated fields 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Field-scale solute transport experiments are not easily implemented because of the overwhelming problems of soil heterogeneity and variability in subsurface hydraulic and solute transport properties. In this paper, the results of four field-scale furrow irrigation experiments designed to investigate the effect of flow depth and solute application time on bromide distribution along and below the furrows are presented. One experiment was conducted under free-draining (FD) conditions in which bromide was applied during the entire irrigation event. Three experiments were carried out in blocked-end furrows in which bromide was injected either during the entire irrigation event (100%), the first half of the irrigation (FH), or the second half of the irrigation (SH). The FD experiment was equipped with neutron probe tubes for measuring soil water contents at different times and locations in furrow cross-section whereas soil samples for bromide analysis and gravimetric soil water contents from all the experiments were collected at different depths up to 1.80 m, 5 days after the irrigation at three locations near the inlet, in the middle, and close to the outlet of the furrows. Overland flow depths along the furrows were also recorded using staff gauges at the inlet, middle, and outlet sites every few minutes during the entire irrigation. Results showed substantial non-uniformity in solute movement along the monitored furrows, with the degree of non-uniformity depending upon flow depth and solute application time. Non-uniform distributions were observed especially at the outlet sites, compared with those at the inlet and middle sites. Solute application efficiencies for the FD, 100%, FH, and SH experiments were 50, 100, 64, and 93%, respectively. The effects of flow depth and irrigation/solute application time on soil water contents were more pronounced in the soil surface layers and were found to be relatively minor at deeper depths. Water and solute deep percolation rates also showed dependency to flow depth and solute application/opportunity time and gradually decreased along the furrows. 相似文献
13.
Hydrological simulation is a key component in argo-hydrological models for optimizing resources use and minimizing the environmental consequences in agriculture. In this study we extended a simple and explicit algorithm for solving the basic soil water flow equation by Yang et al. (2009) to the solute transport equation. The key feature of the algorithm is to use a uniform soil layer thickness and a small time step in solving the soil water and solute transport equations, so that the calculations can be made on a layer basis. This drastically simplifies the procedure of modeling water and solute transport in soil using the basic equations. The proposed algorithm was tested against the complex finite element (FE) numerical scheme in simulating soil water and solute transport in different soils via numerical experiments. The results showed that the proposed algorithm with a uniform soil layer thickness of 5 cm and a small time step of 0.001 d was able to achieve the identical accuracy as the FE method. Tests of the proposed algorithm in simulating water and nitrogen dynamics against data from a field experiment on wheat revealed that the predicted results with the simple algorithm were in good agreement with the time-course measurements of soil water and mineral N concentration at the various depths in the profile, suggesting that the proposed algorithm performed well and can be reliably applied in agro-hydrological models. The simplicity and accuracy of the algorithm will encourage scientists to use basic equations for soil water and solute transport more in the future for improving performance of agro-hydrological models. 相似文献
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为了探讨农田土壤中重金属的地表径流污染,以含有吸附性溶质重铬酸钾Cr(Ⅵ)的土壤为试验材料,开展了室内模拟降雨试验,以研究土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的地表径流迁移规律.通过对比分析不同试验条件下地表径流中溶解性溶质Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度变化过程,及其在地表径流和地下排水溶液中流失的质量速率过程后发现,溶解性溶质Cr(Ⅵ)流失到地表径流溶液中的质量浓度随时间以乘幂函数形式减小.当试验中地下排水条件越差、土壤初始体积含水率越大、地表最大积水深度越浅时,土壤溶质流失到地表径流中的溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度越高,相应的土壤溶质流失到地表径流中的质量速率越大.当试验中同时有地下排水和地表径流产生时,土壤中溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)流失到地下排水中的质量速率远远大于地表径流,表明土壤中溶解性Cr(Ⅵ)大部分流失在地下排水中. 相似文献
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为揭示秸秆粉碎还田后,不同腐解进程下土壤孔隙演化及其对水分和溶质穿透特征的影响机理,设置不同秸秆还田量（0、5、10、15t/hm2）和还田时间（0、30、60d）处理,采用CT断层扫描技术,视觉量化了土壤孔隙结构特征演变,并基于溶质穿透试验,分析了水分-溶质迁移优先流规律。结果表明,秸秆还田引起土壤孔隙/喉道特征变化,抑制水分-溶质迁移过程,田间持水率和土壤含水率上升,溶质穿透变慢,优先流现象减少,土壤水肥有效持留;随秸秆腐解至60d,孔隙/喉道特征改变,优先流开始发育,但土壤水肥持留能力增强。秸秆还田5、10、15t/hm2初期,和CK组相比大孔隙体积占比分别减少7%、14%、50%,连通孔隙减少11%、39%、66%,表层含水率增加1%、3%、6%。腐解60d后,和0d相比大孔隙体积占比分别增加331%、200%、357%,连通孔隙增加33%、84%、195%,表层含水率增加6%、5%、5%,完全穿透试样所需溶质减少55%、76%、67%。基于Green-Ampt模型和指数衰减模型估算了不同秸秆初始投入量在不同腐解时间下的导水特征,发现饱和导水率在秸秆还田后减小,且随秸秆腐解增大。研究可为控制大孔隙流和无效灌溉提供依据,进一步为秸秆科学还田提供实践指导。 相似文献
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不同深度秸秆覆盖对滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为探索滴灌条件下秸秆覆盖对棉田土壤水盐运动的影响,设置表层覆盖、地表下30cm覆盖和无覆盖3种处理,进行对比试验研究,结果表明,秸秆覆盖通过对土壤水分的影响间接影响了土壤盐分的运移和分布。在30cm处覆盖秸秆主要对30cm以上土壤的水分和盐分产生影响,对35cm以下的影响和表层覆盖比较接近。采用秸秆覆盖对土壤水分和盐分水平方向的运移具有一定影响,无覆盖在前期、中期和后期土壤表层盐分均最高。30cm处覆盖秸秆阻碍了35cm以下土壤毛管水的上升,从而阻止了盐分的上升。采用秸秆覆盖后,特别是在30cm深度采用秸秆覆盖,对于调控土壤水、盐变化,抑制土壤盐分上移具有积极作用。 相似文献
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Simulation of 1D surface and 2D subsurface water flow and nitrate transport in alternate and conventional furrow fertigation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Hamed Ebrahimian Abdolmajid Liaghat Masoud Parsinejad Enrique Playán Fariborz Abbasi Maryam Navabian 《Irrigation Science》2013,31(3):301-316
Increasing water and fertilizer productivity stands as a relevant challenge for sustainable agriculture. Alternate furrow irrigation and surface fertigation have long been identified as water and fertilizer conserving techniques in agricultural lands. The objective of this study was to simulate water flow and fertilizer transport in the soil surface and in the soil profile for variable and fixed alternate furrow fertigation and for conventional furrow fertigation. An experimental data set was used to calibrate and validate two simulation models: a 1D surface fertigation model and the 2D subsurface water and solute transfer model HYDRUS-2D. Both models were combined to simulate the fertigation process in furrow irrigation. The surface fertigation model could successfully simulate runoff discharge and nitrate concentration for all irrigation treatments. Six soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters were inversely estimated using the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization technique. The outcome of this process calibrated HYDRUS-2D to the observed field data. HYDRUS-2D was run in validation mode, simulating water content and nitrate concentration in the soil profiles of the wet furrows, ridges and dry furrows at the upstream, middle and downstream parts of the experimental field. This model produced adequate agreement between measured and predicted soil water content and nitrate concentration. The combined model stands as a valuable tool to better design and manage fertigation in alternate and conventional furrow irrigation. 相似文献
18.
Summary A general theory of vertical solute movement in a soil is presented, which takes into account uptake of water and solute by roots, irrigation or rainfall, and solute application and adsorption by the soil. Irrigation, rainfall, and the surface application of fertilizers are arbitrary functions of time. The main limitation of the theory is the neglect of the variability of soil-water conductivity with position. The theory is illustrated by comparing predictions and experimental observations of solute leaching losses measured in a lysimeter. 相似文献
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为了利用解析模型模拟土壤溶质迁移过程、估计土壤溶质迁移参数,在假定土壤溶质质量浓度分布为n次幂函数的基础上,结合边界层方法,将描述土壤溶质质量浓度分布的低次幂函数进一步推广,得到土壤溶质迁移的n次幂函数近似解析模型.在2个时刻(t=360,720 min)、较大距离(120~450 cm)时,利用不同次幂函数模型对溶质迁移过程进行比较分析,模拟结果表明孔隙水流速度较小(v=0.01 cm/min)时,在短历时(t=360 min)、长距离(x>50 cm)处,六次幂边界层解与其他次幂边界层解相比具有较高精确度;对边界层距离公式受各参数的影响进行模拟计算,分析结果表明:较小的孔隙水流速度(v≤0.01 cm/min)对边界层距离影响甚小;基于较小土壤孔隙水流速(v=0.01 cm/min)及测量仪器的不同灵敏度,利用不同次幂边界层距离公式对土壤溶质迁移参数进行数值计算比较及误差分析,结果表明用较高灵敏度的仪器进行测量,结合六次幂的边界层距离公式可准确地推求土壤溶质迁移参数弥散系数D及延迟因子R. 相似文献