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1.
灌溉渠系运行计算机模拟技术的开发 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
借鉴日本以及其他国家在灌溉渠系水管理方面的成果和经验，结合我国灌区的实际情况，建立了较完整的渠系运行模型，编制了具有一定通用性和可扩充性的计算机模拟软件。实践表明，该软件对于测试和评价渠系的力学特性、工程控制特性和管理调度特性是有效的，它为改进灌区水管理提供了一个科学、简便、可行的技术手段。 相似文献
2.
L. E. D. Smith 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1989,3(3):255-264
An irrigation management role-playing game is described. The game aims to provide experience of the problems and complexities of real irrigation management issues, and practice in the application of basic theoretical concepts and methods which are relevant to the successful operation and maintenance of an irrigation scheme. Players acting as farmers or as scheme managers make decisions regarding the operation of a scheme which are processed by micro-computer. Experience shows that the game can achieve its training objectives, stimulates discussion of a wide range of factors affecting the success of irrigation schemes and has the potential for further development. 相似文献
3.
Field evaluation of surface irrigation systems play a fundamental role to determine the efficiency of the system as it is
being used and to identify management practices and system configurations that can be implemented to improve the irrigation
efficiency. This study evaluated the performance of an ‘improved’ traditional small-scale irrigation practice at Adada, a
representative small-scale irrigation practice in Dire Dawa Administrative Council, Eastern Ethiopia. In order to determine
numerical values of performance measures, certain parameters were measured/observed before, during and after an irrigation
event while farmers are performing their normal irrigation practice. These parameters include: irrigated crop, irrigation
method, stream size, cutoff time, soil moisture deficiency, and field size, shape and spacing. The results showed that the
irrigation water applied to a farmer's plot during an irrigation event/turn was generally higher than the required depth to
be applied per event. Since the irrigation method used was end-dyked, the major cause of water loss was due to deep percolation.
The deep percolation loss was 32% in sorghum, 57% in maize, and 70% in tomato and potato fields. The type of irrigation system
used, the ridged irrigation practice and the poor irrigation scheduling in the study sites were the main problems identified
in the management and operations of the schemes. The following corrective measures are recommended to improve the system:
(1) farmers should regulate the depth of irrigation water they apply according to the type of crop and its growth stage, change
the field irrigation system and/or configuration especially for shallow rooted row crops, to furrow system, (2) guidance and
support to farmers in developing and introduction of appropriate irrigation scheduling, and (3) future development interventions
towards improvement of traditional irrigation practices should also focus in improving the on farm irrigation systems in addition
to improving physical infrastructure of the scheme. 相似文献
4.
The management of water resources by orchards in the south-eastern region of Australia is an increasingly important policy
issue, especially given the low water allocations and concerns about salinity in recent years. Optimal management for economic
and environmental sustainability can be described as best management practice (BMP). A project was developed to run an extension
program, which aimed to achieve behavioural change among orchardists through the adoption of irrigation BMPs and benchmarks.
The effectiveness of the extension program was evaluated and the drivers for adoption assessed. In the first stage of the
project both BMPs and benchmarks were determined for irrigation management. A survey of 200 growers showed no relationship
between yield and irrigation system or irrigation volume suggesting that increased yields were not a key driver for adoption
of sustainable irrigation practices. Stage two of the project involved undertaking an extension program aimed to facilitate
the adoption of BMPs and benchmarks and incorporated a suite of activities to meet the learning needs of a diversity of participants
(40 growers). The program was effective in establishing behavioural change for many of the growers involved; however, it was
resource intensive requiring significant one-on-one input. Stage three aimed to analyse the key drivers for adoption of sustainable
irrigation practices for the whole of the stone and pome fruit industry in south-eastern Australia using market research.
The study determined that water use efficiency was not a key driver for adoption of sustainable irrigation practices (micro
irrigation and soil moisture monitoring) and adoption was generally not limited by lack of knowledge. Groups of growers were
identified where extension programs could be effective by focussing on specific information e.g. redevelopment of orchard.
Other groups had no need and/or ability to change unless the external operating environment was to change e.g. regulation,
access to pressurised water. The voluntary adoption of more sustainable irrigation practices will probably require extensive
resources using one-on-one methodology. The extension program should not focus on the broader social objective of improved
water use efficiency but promote other potential benefits (e.g. labour saving, redevelopment of production systems, management
flexibility) with targeted messages for specific groups. 相似文献
5.
T. K. Alexandridis A. Panagopoulos G. Galanis I. Alexiou I. Cherif Y. Chemin E. Stavrinos G. Bilas G. C. Zalidis 《Irrigation Science》2014,32(2):127-140
Despite being necessary for effective water management, the assessment of an irrigation system requires a large amount of input data for the estimation of related parameters and indicators, which are seldom measured in a regular and reliable manner. In this work, spatially distributed surface energy balance fluxes and geographical information systems analysis of multiple groundwater parameters were used to estimate water availability, supply, and demand, in order to calculate water-accounting indicators. This methodology was used to evaluate the performance of an irrigation system in the Pinios river basin (Greece) at two selected years of high and low water availability. Time series of archived satellite images and groundwater measurements have been used for past years to support comparative analyses, due to the limited availability of actual water measurements. The resulting maps from the proposed methodology show that the performance of the irrigation system varied across space and time due to differences in its characteristics and changes in its operation, driven by fluctuation of water availability and the response of stakeholders to water depletion. Irrigation districts with unsustainable water management were identified and, together with those with slow and/or limited groundwater recharge, were brought to the attention of water managers. The observed differences in the system operation between the wet and dry years were attributed not only to the hydrological conditions of each year, but also to the changing behaviour of farmers and the improvement actions of the water managers. 相似文献
6.
Usefulness and limitations of decision support systems for improving irrigation scheme management 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
David Lozano 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(4):409-418
SIMIS (the FAO Scheme Irrigation Management Information System) is a decision support system that integrates tools and performance indicators to facilitate the planning and management of irrigation schemes. The authors used SIMIS to compute performance indicators in an irrigation scheme in Southern Spain that were used to identify distribution system constraints affecting the flexibility of water deliveries and to identify scheme sectors where deliveries could not meet the predicted crop water demands. Applying SIMIS, the authors and the irrigation scheme manager evaluated measures to overcome the constraints for future irrigation campaigns, and to refine the water orders made every 2 weeks to the basin authority. On the other hand, SIMIS presented limitations to the evaluation of on-demand delivery schedules. To overcome these limitations, an external model, developed outside SIMIS, showed that the current distribution network of the scheme has the capacity to deliver water on-demand only if a slight water deficit is accepted during the peak demand period. The analysis showed that by relaxing the stringency of the quality of operation of on-demand systems, rotation systems may be transformed into on-demand systems without changing their structures. This analysis could also be done using Clément's hypothesis, but doing so resulted in overestimates of the quality of operation and of the relative irrigation supply. 相似文献
7.
在温室高温高湿的工作环境下,传感器易出现故障,会对温室的智能管理造成一定的资源浪费,为保证智能化温室管理系统的有效运行,需要及时准确地对温室内故障传感器做出识别。通过试验对云南地区温室在夏季不同通风状态下室内场域的变化情况进行分析,以云南地区大型玻璃连栋温室作为研究对象,建立夏季不同通风方式下温室的三维稳态CFD模型,并结合试验对模型的有效性进行验证。根据实际的外界条件,对温室内部场域进行分析,预测出传感器节点位置处的环境数值,通过与实际读数进行对比,找出传感器读数异常位置。为进一步提高故障传感器识别的准确性,结合基于中值策略的传感器故障节点检测算法,能够及时准确地识别出温室故障传感器,为温室的智能化管理决策提供了准确的温室内环境数据。 相似文献
8.
An inexact two-stage water management model for planning agricultural irrigation under uncertainty 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In this study, an inexact two-stage water management (ITWM) model is developed for planning agricultural irrigation in the Zhangweinan River Basin, China. The ITWM model is derived from the incorporation of interval-parameter programming (IPP) within a two-stage stochastic programming (TSP) framework. It can reflect not only uncertainties expressed as probability distributions but also interval numbers. Moreover, it can provide an effective linkage between conflicting economic benefits and the associated penalties attributed to the violation of the predefined policies. Four decision scenarios associated with different water-resources management policies are examined. Targeted incomes, recourse costs, and net system benefits under different scenarios are analyzed, which indicates that different policies for agricultural irrigation targets correspond to different water shortages and surplus, and thus lead to varied system benefit and system-failure risk. The results are valuable for supporting the adjustment or justification of the existing irrigation patterns and identify a desired water-allocation plan for agricultural irrigation under uncertainty. 相似文献
9.
J. D. Bird 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1991,5(1):43-60
The need to develop a framework for performance assessment of irrigation schemes is increasingly dominating discussions in the field of water management. This paper supports the view that the introduction of monitoring and evaluation of water distribution systems as a part of the day to day management activity is a desirable step in the improvement process and can be introduced at little cost.Data already being routinely collected in many schemes provide a valuable insight into scheme operation and can be used to improve planning of operating strategies. One aim of the study being carried out by Hydraulics Research and the Irrigation Department at Hakwatuna Oya in Sri Lanka is to improve the standards of main system management within the constraints of the existing physical infrastructure through the provision of timely performance data. A microcomputer has been installed at the project office to store and analyse rainfall, flow and field wetness data, and to provide performance reports on a regular basis. Early results suggest that the timely processing of an increased level of data collection is effective for both the identification of problems and the quantification of potential for improvement. Particular emphasis is given to providing the necessary software tools and training such that routine monitoring and evaluation becomes an accepted and sustainable proposition. 相似文献
10.
低温区温室大棚滴灌系统设计的若干问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于低温区大棚滴灌系统设计、建设和管理的实践和研究,在揭示建设中所遇到的供水水源工程建设、灌溉水升温和灌溉水质保障等问题的基础上,研究提出了可行的解决方案。研究结果表明:敞口地下长方形升温水池升温快、成本低,风险小,应作为大棚升温设施的首选;采用更换棚顶保温材料、设置升温池封堵筛网和沉沙坑等综合措施保障滴灌系统的正常运行;温室大棚滴灌毛管布设间距取40cm更为适宜;温室大棚滴灌供水系统很有必要安装补水自动化控制系统和适当加大供水管网埋深。研究结果可为低温区温室大棚滴灌系统的设计、管理提供参考和技术支撑。 相似文献
11.
低压滴灌条件下提高系统灌水均匀度的途径探讨 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
低压滴灌是一种高效节能型灌水技术,采用低压滴灌不仅可以减少灌溉系统建设成本,而且可以降低系统运行成本,因此低压滴灌将是今后滴灌技术发展的一个重要方向。然而在灌水器工作压力小于5 m的低压条件下,采用现有的滴灌设备将会由于水力环境的变化引起毛管输水量和滴灌管(带)的有效铺设长度减小,降低滴灌系统的灌水均匀度和灌水质量等问题,为了不以牺牲灌水质量换取成本降低,通过分析低压滴灌的工作特点,提出了改进和提高低压滴灌灌水均匀度的方法和途径。 相似文献
12.
G.G.A. Godaliyadda D. Renault H.M. Hemakumara I.W. Makin 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1999,13(1):33-55
Improvements to normal operational procedures are investigated for the main types of irrigation system identified in Sri Lanka. Scheduled and unscheduled changes of flow regime the systems are likely to experience and the opportunities for improved operations related to the physical characteristics of each type are analyzed.Performance of several alternative manual operational procedures are evaluated and compared using a hydraulic model (Simulation of Irrigation Canal, SIC) for three different irrigation subsystem types (Single Bank canal; Double Bank canal; Canals with intermediate Storage). Results of these simulations show that current practice, based on a fixed frequency of operation of 12 hrs and a target water depth set to the spill level of the cross-regulator, is not far from the optimal for systems without on-line storage. A slight improvement can be expected if the frequency of operation is increased to 6 hrs. For systems with on-line storage it is recommended to split operational procedures into two parts, one related to the canal and one to the storage. Among different options investigated, discharge control at the downstream regulator of the storage appears to be the most reliable as it performs well whatever operation procedures are selected for the canal.Irrigation systems in Sri Lanka are subject to frequent positive flow changes (Supply fluctuations, Runoff, Return-flow changes). As far as water management is concerned, improvements to be expected from normal operation procedures appear to be somewhat limited because management of flow changes is not an objective. For instance little effort is made to harvest runoff under the current practices. One conclusion of the study is that new strategies for the harvest, storage and release of positive flow changes should be tested and, where appropriate, implemented to improve the overall efficiency of operation in irrigation systems in Sri Lanka. 相似文献
13.
许志方 《中国农村水利水电》2003,(6):6-8
作者对澳大利亚最大的由农民管理的灌溉有限公司进行实地考察。着重对其经营体制、管理功能和效益进行了调查分析，并根据我国实际情况提出几点思考，以供研究农民参与灌区管理体制改革的参考。 相似文献
14.
This paper examines several farmer managed irrigation schemes in the eastern hills of Nepal. The development and management structure of these is considered in order to identify characteristics of successful schemes which could be used in planning future projects. 相似文献
15.
权变理论是当前西方管理学中一种较流行的理论。在介绍了权变理论基本思想的基础上，探讨了权变理论在灌区产权制度改革、经营管理模式、水费计收、用水管理等领域的应用，强调灌区管理水平的高低取决于灌区管理与其外部环境和内部环境的适应性。 相似文献
16.
基于遥感的农业用水效率评价方法研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
遥感技术的发展为区域尺度蒸散发计算、作物分布识别及估产提供了一条有效途径,为基于遥感信息的灌区灌溉水利用效率及作物水分利用效率定量评价奠定了基础。回顾总结了遥感蒸散发模型、瞬时蒸散发升尺度方法、日蒸散发插值方法、作物分布识别方法及作物估产模型的研究进展,评述了遥感蒸散发及作物估产结果在灌区灌溉水利用效率及作物水分利用效率评价中的应用情况。提出了相关领域需要进一步研究的问题,包括适合非均匀下垫面特点且具有较强物理基础的灌区遥感蒸散发模型、日蒸散发插值中灌溉或降雨引起土壤含水量突变情况的处理、农田蒸散发中灌溉水有效消耗量的准确估算、能适应复杂种植结构并且适用于多年的作物分布遥感识别模型以及精度较高且可操作性强的遥感估产模型等。 相似文献
17.
Allan Fulton Larry Schwankl Kris Lynn Bruce Lampinen John Edstrom Terry Prichard 《Irrigation Science》2011,29(6):497-512
Orchard and vineyard producers conduct preplant site evaluations to help prevent planting permanent tree and vine crops on
lands where the crop will not perform to its highest potential or attain its full life expectancy. Physical soil characteristics
within specific soil profiles and spatially throughout an orchard influence decisions on land preparation, irrigation system
selection, horticultural choices, and nutrient management. Producers depend on soil surveys to help them understand the soil
characteristics of the land and may be interested in technology that provides additional information. Electromagnetic induction
(EM38) and four-probe soil resistance sensors (VERIS) are being used in combination with global positioning systems to map
spatial variability of soils using apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa). The hypothesis evaluated in this study is
whether rapid, in situ, and relatively low-cost methods of measuring ECa (EM38 and VERIS) can effectively identify and map
physical soil variability in non-saline soils. The supposition is that in non-saline soils, ECa levels will relate well to
soil texture and water-holding capacity and can be used to map physical soil variability. In turn, the information can be
used to guide decisions on preplant tillage, irrigation system design, water and nutritional management, and other horticultural
considerations. Two sites in the Sacramento Valley were mapped each with EM38 and VERIS methods. Site-specific management
zones were identified by each provider on ECa maps for each site, and then soil samples were collected by University of California
researchers to verify these zones. Results showed that on non-saline soils, ECa measured with both EM38 and VERIS correlate
with physical soil properties such as gravel, sand, silt, and clay content but the relationship between conductivity and these
physical soil properties varied from moderately strong to weak. The strength of the correlation may be affected by several
factors including how dominant soil texture is on conductivity relative to other soil properties and on methods of equipment
operation, data analysis and interpretation. Overall, the commercial providers of ECa surveys in this study delivered reasonable
levels of accuracy that were consistent with results reported in previous studies. At one site, an ECa map developed with
VERIS provided more detail on physical soil variability to supplement published soil surveys and aided in the planning and
development of a walnut orchard. At a second site, almond yield appeared to correlate well with distinctly different soil
zones identified with EM38 mapping. 相似文献
18.
灌溉模式多是井渠双配套,导致工程重叠,土地占压多,引沙量大,且浪费有限的水资源。为实行开源节流,地表水与地下水联合应用,在引黄灌区部分区域开展纯井灌溉是非常必要的。茌平县阁三里位于位山引黄灌区中游,周围引黄条件好,却一直利用地下水实行纯井灌溉。该井灌区(以下简称试区)拥有丰富的地下水动态及水文地质资料,开展阁三里纯井灌水均衡及效益研究,对于指导当前水资源合理调度及工程规划具有重要意义。该文通过系统地分析研究,证明在引黄灌区内部分区域开展纯井灌是必要的、合理的、成功的。 相似文献
19.
建立灌区农民用水者协会的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立农民用水者协会（ＷＵＡ），国家将支、分渠系灌溉工程的使用与管理权移交给农民，这符合我国政府关于水利工程分级管理的方针政策，对促进灌区工程体制改革，适应社会主义市场经济新要求，实现灌区自我维护，自我发展，经济自立，均具有较大的实践意义。１９９５年４月，湖北省人民政府办公厅３３号文同意在湖北省世行贷款项目区内开展经济自立灌溉区试点工作，并将漳河水库三干渠三分干灌区首批列入试点，在省世行贷款水利项目办公室和荆门市人民政府领导和支持下，通过一年的试点工作实践，先后组建了１１个农民用水者协会，并开始试运行。作者就组建农民用水者协会过程中涉及的有关问题从理论上进行了初步总结。 相似文献
20.
J.J. Pigram 《Agricultural Systems》1977,2(1):3-15
A characteristic of modern systems of agriculture is a propensity to disturbance and instability. In appropriate circumstances the development of irrigation may be seen as a potential farm management strategy for those seeking to offset uncertainty and risk. The transition to irrigation agriculture in parts of the Namoi and Gwydir river basins in northwestern New South Wales provides an opportunity to identify the forces at work generating change. The decision to adopt or reject irrigation is examined with reference to the physical resource base, economic considerations and the environmental and institutional setting. Ultimately, however, the rate of irrigation development reflects the human behavioural response and reaction to the opportunity presented. 相似文献