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1.
A pilot project aimed at testing roe enhancement strategies based on offshore Paracentrotus lividus cultures was conducted off the south‐east coast of Italy (Apulia Region). Adult sea urchins were reared in sea cages located 700 m offshore at a depth of 12 m for 3 months. The animals were fed once a week on two formulated diets, prepared mixing nutrients with agar 20 g/Kg and differing only in terms of the protein source: anchovy flour (Diet A) or krill flour (Diet K). At the end of the rearing trial, the gonad somatic index of sea urchins fed on formulated diets significantly exceeded that of wild sea urchins. Total FAA content in the gonads of wild sea urchins and Diet A‐fed sea urchins was similar, whereas in Diet K‐fed sea urchins it was significantly higher. In terms of fatty acids, the gonads contained SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs. In visual and sensory assessment of gonads by panel test and electronic nose, the gonads of reared sea urchins were rated as being of better size, while no differences were recorded for coloration, taste and odour. This study shows that under these experimental conditions, commercial‐grade Paracentrotus lividus roe enhancement can be achieved after 3 months in sea cages.  相似文献   

2.
This gonad enhancement study investigates the effect of different fresh and formulated feeds and feeding regimes on the growth and gonad quality of wild‐collected adult sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, under farm conditions for over 18 weeks. In the first 12 weeks (phase 1), urchins were fed fresh Ulva rigida (U); a 50:50 mixture of fresh U. rigida and Gracilaria gracilis (UG); fresh G. gracilis (G) and a formulated diet 20U (containing 20% U. rigida), and in the final 6 weeks (phase 2) of the study, diet was changed to a formulated feed (20U diet). By the end of phase 1, urchins fed the 20U diet produced gonads (50.72 ± 5.4 g) that were significantly heavier (p < .001) than the gonads of urchins fed the fresh seaweed diets (U, UG & G). By the end of phase 2, gonad weight of urchins in treatment groups UG‐20U and G‐20U were similar to those fed the 20U‐20U diet. Gonad colour of urchins in the G‐20U treatment became significantly lighter (ANOVA, p = .029) and poorer quality, compared with urchins in the U‐20U group. This gonad enhancement study, conducted on wild‐collected adult T. gratilla, has shown that a formulated feed (20U diet) can enhance gonad growth and produce commercially acceptable gonads. This farm‐based study supports previous findings from aquarium‐based studies by our group and indicates that short‐term sea urchin gonad enhancement can be carried out under farm conditions in South Africa.  相似文献   

3.
Protein and energy are two of the main limiting factors for sea urchin growth. However, the requirement of daily protein and energy to maximize gonadal production is still unknown. Paracentrotus lividus were fed three experimental diets: Ulva lactuca, Gracilaria conferta and a prepared diet for 2 months in the fall of 1999 and spring of 2000. Sea urchins from a laboratory‐cultured population of equal age, weight and test diameter were used. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC%) for protein and energy, using acid‐insoluble ash as a marker, were measured for all experimental diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients for protein was high (>75%) for all diets. Energy digestibility varied among the diets and was lowest for G. conferta (50–62%). The three diets contained varying digestible protein (DP) to digestible energy (DE) ratios of 25, 26 and 12 mg kJ?1 for U. lactuca, G. conferta and the prepared diet respectively. Digestible protein intake was similar for all treatments, but DE intake was greater for sea urchins fed the prepared diet in both seasons. As a result, the gonad production was significantly higher for urchins fed the prepared diet, suggesting that energy was limiting in the algal diets. Paracentrotus lividus spawned during the spring experiment, resulting in protein loss in all treatments. Protein loss was lowest in the sea urchins fed the prepared diet. Enhanced gonadal growth and gamete development of P. lividus resulted from the higher dietary energy content of the prepared diet.  相似文献   

4.
Three formulated diets were tested to evaluate their effects on gonad quality in Paracentrotus lividus. Experiments were conducted in parallel by the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) of Taranto (trial 1) and the University of Genoa (trial 2), in land-based systems. In both trials, somatic and gonadsomatic index (GSI) were measured and the nutritional profile of the sea urchins has determined significant variations in the biochemical composition. Sea urchins fed the experimental diets contained higher levels of nutrients (protein and lipid and carbohydrate) compared to wild sea urchins. However, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially EPA and DHA, and the n-3/n-6 ratio were lower in urchins fed with formulated diets. In both trials, sea urchins fed with diet 2 (SABS) showed a similar profile with PUFAs higher than SAFAs and MUFAs, the highest UNS/SAT ratio, although the highest n3/n6 ratio was observed in the group fed diet 3 (CNR). Atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic indices showed the best values in sea urchins fed diet 2 in both trials.  相似文献   

5.
Gonad colour, determined by accumulated carotenoids, is an important marketability factor in sea urchin products. In this study, dietary carotenoids were fed to Paracentrotus lividus in prepared diets to test their effects on the sea urchin's gonad colour. All diets had the same basic content of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and energy. Four diets were enriched with: (I) all-trans β-carotene; (II) astaxanthin; (III) zeaxanthin/lutein/β-carotene; and (IV) capsanthin/zeaxanthin/lutein/cryptoxanthin/β-carotene. A fifth diet had Dunaliella bardawil algal powder containing all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene added, and a sixth one was a control diet with no added carotenoids. Sea urchins were fed the control diet (no pigments) for 4 weeks, then the six experimental diets for 8 weeks. Carotenoid concentration in the gut and gonad was determined by tri-dimensional photo-diode array high performance liquid chromatography. Four qualitative colour categories were established: brown, pale yellow, medium-orange, and mango-orange.Gonad development and test diameter increased equally in all diet treatments. Carotenoid profile and concentration in the gut were higher than in the gonad or in the feed. Total carotenoid concentration was four- to ten-fold greater in the gut than in the gonad, and carotenoid profile in the gut was different from that of the diet. Gut and gonad total carotenoids, β-carotene, and echinenone concentration were not dependent on total dietary carotenoid concentration. Total carotenoid and β-carotene concentration in the gut, and total carotenoid and echinenone concentration in the gonad were significantly dependent on dietary β-carotene concentration. The percentage of gonads with acceptable colour was positively correlated with dietary and gut β-carotene concentration. Carotenoids not normally contained in the diet of P. lividus (astaxanthin, capsanthin and capsorbin), did not accumulate in the gonad. Echinenone was found in all gut and gonad samples. Over 90% of the gonads from P. lividus fed Dunaliella algal powder diet developed the optimal mango-orange colour and this diet led to the greatest echinenone concentration.  相似文献   

6.
Adult (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) purple sea urchins were fed giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) and sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) macroalgae that were unenriched and enriched with nutrients. Urchins were fed over 10 weeks (5% body weight per day) under laboratory conditions to determine the effect of macroalgae species and treatment (enriched and unenriched) on growth, gonad index and gonad quality. Significant differences were observed when urchins were fed enriched Macrocystis pyrifera (MPE). Gonad weight increased from 0.7 ± 0.1 g (mean ± SD) to 5.9 ± 1 g, and gonad index increase from 3.5 ± 1.5% to 14.9 ± 2.3% over 10 weeks. Significant differences were also noted in gonad quality, and gonad colour and firmness were better in urchins that were fed unenriched M. pyrifera (MPUE) and MPE – whereas texture did not differ between M. pyrifera treatments and unenriched U. lactuca (ULUE). With regard to taste, gonads were sweeter in MPE‐fed individuals. Enriched U. lactuca (ULE) failed to grow gonads significantly; as a result, their quality was unacceptable for the market. These results suggest that S. purpuratus experience increased gonad production and quality in short periods when fed nutrient‐enriched M. pyrifera.  相似文献   

7.
The nutritive values of three pelleted prepared diets, based on animal (AP), vegetable (VP) and yeast protein (YP) were studied for the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Val.). Fresh macroalga Ulva australis was used as a natural control diet. Triplicate groups of five animals were fed one of the four diets ad libitum every second day for 85 days. Sea urchins fed pelleted feeds had significantly higher food consumption rates (dry basis) and significantly lower total and protein absorption efficiencies compared with the algal diet. The gonad yield and gonad production efficiency in sea urchins fed the natural diet were significantly higher compared with initial group (gonad yield only) and urchins fed animal and vegetable diets, but did not differ significantly from those of the animals fed the yeast diet. Percent protein and lipid in the gonads were not affected by the dietary source. The taste and smell of gonads were generally better in sea urchins collected from the wild or fed yeast and natural diets than in sea urchins fed animal and vegetable diets. The animal protein diet was the most stable in seawater while the yeast protein diet had the poorest water stability. The results of this study suggest that development of a more stable, single‐cell, protein‐based diet has a potential to promote gonad production of H. erythrogramma.  相似文献   

8.
Eight strains of rainbow trout were introgressed to develop a single strain (H‐ARS) that was selected for faster growth when fed a fishmeal‐free, plant‐based diet (Selection Diet). For four generations, families from these crosses were fed the Selection Diet and selected for increased weight gain. Growth and nutrient retention were compared among H‐ARS and two parental strains, the House Creek (HSC) and Fish Lake (FL) fed either a fish meal or Selection diet for 12 weeks. There was a significant effect of strain (P < 0.01), but not diet on weight gain, and a significant interaction of strain by diet (P < 0.05). The H‐ARS trout gained more weight averaged across diet (991% of initial wt.) than the HC (924%) or FL trout (483%). The FL trout fed the fish meal diet gained more weight than FL trout fed the selection diet (510% vs 456%). Conversely, H‐ARS trout fed the plant‐based diet gained more weight than those fed the fish meal diet (1009% vs 974%). HSC trout had similar weight gain fed either diet (922% vs 926%). A significant effect of strain on protein retention (P < 0.01) was observed, along with a significant strain by diet interaction (P < 0.02). The results demonstrate that rainbow trout can be selectively improved to grow on a plant‐based diet.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of dietary substitution of silkworm (Bombyx mori L) meal (SM) for fishmeal (FM) on the growth performance and non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) (initial weight: 12.8 ± 0.16 g) was determined. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated: Diet 1, which served as the control diet, contained 5% FM; Diet 2 contained 3.75% FM and 1.25% SM; Diet 3 contained 2.5% FM and 2.5% SM; and Diet 4 contained 5% SM. Other ingredients in each of the four diets were kept in the same proportion. After 8 weeks of feeding, the results showed that sea cucumbers fed Diet 2 had 18.7% increases in weight over those fed the control diet, but no significant difference was observed. No obvious difference in body wall composition was detected among the sea cucumbers fed the four different diets. Immunity analysis indicated that phagocytosis and serum alkaline phosphatase activity were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected when FM was partially or completely replaced with SM. Serum lysozyme activity of sea cucumbers fed Diet 4 showed a significant (P < 0.05) growth increase compared with those fed control diet. The results revealed that SM could be an effective substitute for FM in sea cucumber diet.  相似文献   

10.
Determining the optimum light conditions for sea urchins reared in land‐based systems is vital for the future use and assessment of possible commercial systems of sea urchin farming. The effects of two different light regimes, complete darkness and a long day photoperiod of 16 h light:8 h darkness, on the somatic and gonadal growth of the European sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (19.5–23.0 mm) was investigated using the commercial UrchinPlatter? System over a 6‐month period (5 March to 5 September). Hatchery‐produced P. lividus were transported to the Aquaculture Fisheries Development Centre (AFDC, University College, Cork UCC). Before arrival at the AFDC, sea urchins were reared on a diet of Laminaria digitata. Females were the predominant species of the animal group, displaying a reproductive Stage III (growing stage) where gametogenesis was commencing. Results show that darkness supports higher somatic growth than the photoperiod treatment. Feeding rates were higher for sea urchins reared under darkness with gonadal growth increasing for both experimental treatments. Individuals reared under darkness had a higher per cent change in gonad index from the initial sample taken at the beginning of the experiment.  相似文献   

11.
Survivorship and performance was investigated for two size classes of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus grown adjacent to open-water Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cultivation on the north-west coast of Scotland. Juvenile P. lividus were maintained for 12 months at 0 m, 50 m and 2.5 km from the mariculture activity. The sea urchins at the 0 m station showed higher survivorship than at the 50 m and 2.5 km stations and had significantly greater test diameter than at the 50 m station. Only urchins at 0 m developed gonads and, although small, these were of acceptable or excellent colouration in terms of their marketability. Adult P. lividus were maintained for 3 months at 0 m and 15 m from the mariculture activity, either with or without additional macroalgae Laminaria spp. Sea urchins at the 0 m station and fed additional macroalgae showed higher gonadal growth than sea urchins at the 15 m station held without additional food. Gonad colouration in the adult urchins, irrespective of the treatment, was acceptable or excellent. The 0 m station also received significantly greater quantities of particulate organic matter (POM) than the other stations in both the juvenile and adult experiments. At the 0 m station, the presence of the fatty acid 22:1n-11 and elevated levels of the long chain n-3 fatty acid DHA 22:6n-3 in the gonadal tissue of the urchins confirmed the consumption of fish farm derived POM and highlighted the potential human health benefits from consuming sea urchin roe.The results show that P. lividus can thrive in the salmon culture environment and suggests that the integration of P. lividus with Atlantic salmon can provide a viable means to culture this species, even at this northerly latitude. Salmon-sea urchin co-culture would enable fish farms to diversify into producing a second highly valuable product and would reduce the increasing worldwide pressure of sea urchin fisheries on wild stocks.  相似文献   

12.
We compared the gonad-enhancing effects of two diets (NIWA and NIFA diets) in two size classes of sea urchins (Evechinus chloroticus): small and large urchins with a test diameter of 75.6 ± 1.2 mm and 93.8 ± 0.5 mm, weighing 174.8 ± 7.9 g and 315 ± 5.6 g, respectively. After eight weeks being fed prepared diets, urchin gonad index (GI) had significantly surpassed that of the initial and final samples of wild urchins. Urchins in the NIWA/small treatment had a larger GI than the NIFA/small and NIFA/large treatments. The NIWA/large treatment had a larger GI than the NIFA/large treatment. The overall percentage increase in GI for the NIWA/small, NIWA/large, NIFA/small and NIFA/large treatments were 183%, 135%, 132% and 85%, respectively. In terms of gonad colour (CIELAB), there were no significant differences in gonad redness (a*) or yellowness (b*) between experimental treatments, but there was a significant difference in gonad lightness (L*) with small urchins fed both diets having lighter-coloured gonads than the large urchins fed both diets. Sensory assessment of gonads revealed that gonads from small urchins fed both diets were rated as being of better colouration and more uniform in colour than gonads from large urchins. Gonads of urchins fed the NIFA diet were rated as being less bitter and of better overall taste than gonads from urchins fed the NIWA diet. This study shows that feeding prepared diets to E. chloroticus can significantly increase gonad yield but that different diets can affect the magnitude of GI increase and the taste of gonads, and that smaller urchins appear more suitable for gonad enhancement.  相似文献   

13.
A feeding trial with striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was performed to determine the effect of Yucca schidigera in practical diet on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, total ammonia–nitrogen (TAN) excretion and haematological parameters. A diet with fish meal as the main protein source without yucca extract was used as the control diet (Diet 1). Four diets were formulated with 0.075 (Diet 2), 0.1 (Diet 3) and 0.15 (Diet 4)% of yucca extract respectively. Fifteen fish per tank (initial mean weight 1.78 ± 0.05 g) were randomly allocated to 15 fibreglass tanks (80‐L) connected to a freshwater closed recirculation system (temperature 29.7 ± 1.0°C). The experimental diets were tested in triplicates for 12 weeks. The specific growth rate of fish fed Diet 4 was significantly higher when compared with fish fed Diet 1. The growth of fish fed diets Diet 2 and Diet 3 were not significantly different compared with fish fed the Diet 1. Striped catfish fed Diet 4 had significantly lower feed conversion ratio compared with fish fed Diet 1 and Diet 2 (P < 0.05).The incorporation of high level Yucca schidigera extract in the diets reduced TAN compared with Diet 1. Dietary inclusion of Yucca extract levels did not significantly affect the biometric parameters or whole body proximate composition of the striped catfish (P > 0.05). The PCV (%) in fish significantly increased with high levels of Yucca inclusion (Diet 4) compared with control diet. Fish fed Diet 4 showed significantly higher haemoglobin levels than Diet 1 (P < 0.05). The results indicate that dietary inclusion of Yucca schidigera extract is promising as a feed additive that could improve growth performance and some haematological parameters and the best Yucca schidigera level was 0.15%.  相似文献   

14.
A greater understanding of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels with regard to gonad production in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus would increase our nutritional knowledge of this sea urchin and guide the development of formulated diets for such aquaculture target species. A total of 255 purple sea urchins were captured from Ensenada Bay, Mexico, and maintained in 200‐L tanks for 9 weeks. Formulated diets that contained 30%, 26%, 23%, 20% and 17% of protein and 42%, 46%, 50%, 54% and 58% carbohydrates were offered ad libitum. Survival was affected by diets; urchins that were fed high‐protein–low‐carbohydrate diet experienced decreased survival. No significant differences were found in gonad index, but gonad production efficiency was lower in urchins that were fed a medium‐low‐protein–medium‐high‐carbohydrate diet. Urchins that were fed high carbohydrate levels utilized protein more efficiently and showed better digestibility of the diet and protein. These data suggest that all of our diets support gonad growth, but in terms of consumption, a diet that contains protein levels of 17% and 23% with carbohydrate levels of 50% and 58% are beneficial for S. purpuratus.  相似文献   

15.
In the Mediterranean sea, since the time of ancient Greece, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus has been considered a delicacy, and as a consequence, the market demand has increased since the early 1970s, significantly causing a depletion of wild stock. For this reason, the interest in breeding sea urchins has widened over the last two decades and several formulated diets were developed. In order to identify a low‐cost diet, which is able to promote both the maintenance and the gonadal growth of organisms in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), we evaluated the food intake of three different diets: the first composed of macroalgae naturally present in the sea urchins collection site, a second diet based on maize and spinach and finally a diet based on pellet normally used in aquaculture. The results presented in this study demonstrated the good feasibility of a low‐cost and easy‐to‐standardize diet, such as that based on maize and spinach, in rearing vulnerable species such as P. lividus in RAS.  相似文献   

16.
The quality of the microalgae provided on Paracentrotus lividus larvae rearing is a primordial factor having a direct (nutritional properties) and indirect (water quality) impact on growth, competence and survival. Skeletonema costatum is a diatom commonly used in the bivalve cultivation. However, the use of this diatom in P. lividus larval cultivations is poorly known. The Rhodomonas spp. is a microalgae commonly used in sea urchin larvae culture. Three different diets were tested on P. lividus larvae and post‐larvae cultivation (D1—Rhodomonas marina, D2—S. costatum, D3—mixture of both algae). Larvae fed with the D2 diet (55.8%) and D3 (39.9%) had a survival at 15 DAH higher than D1 (5.5%). The low survival in D1 could be due to the higher microbiological load on microalgae (Vibrio alginolyticus and V. pectenicide). Larvae fed with S. costatum (D2) showed a lower development than other diets. The competency index was lower for larvae fed with the D2. These results show that microalgae diversified diets contribute to a better development of P. lividus larvae. During the settlement and post‐settlement phase, there was also a lower growth of the sea urchin fed with the D2 and a higher survival for D3.  相似文献   

17.
Adult green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis were fed three different quantities (0.25, 0.50, 1.00% body weight/d) of a prepared feed during a 12‐wk experiment to determine the effect of food ration on gonad quantity and quality. A diet of kelp, Laminaria longicruris and/or L. digitata, fed at satiation (3% body weight/d) and urchins taken from the wild at the beginning and end of the experiment served as controls. Urchins fed prepared feed or kelp increased their percent gonad yield significantly over the experimental period. Affer 12 wk, individuals fed the prepared diet at 0.50 or 1.00% body weighffd had significantly higher percent gonad yields (mean ± SEM: 23.5 ± 0.6% and 23.4 ± 0.7%, respectively) than urchins fed at 0.25% body weight/d (18.0 ± 1.0%) or control animals given kelp (18.3 ± 0.8%). There was no significant difference in gonad yield between the 0.50 and 1.00% feeding levels. All feeding treatments had significantly higher percent gonad yields than urchins sampled from the wild at the end of the experiment that had recently spawned (2.8 ± 0.5%). There was no significant difference in gonad taste among urchins fed the prepared diet at 0.25% body weight/d, those given kelp, or those collected from the wild at the end of the experiment (good to very good ratings), but all of these treatments had significantly better tasting gonads than urchins given the prepared feed at 0.50 or 1.00% body weight/d (satisfactory ratings). Gonad taste rating of urchins fed a prepared diet was dependent on ration with greater feed amounts leading to worse tasting gonads (linear regression: r2= 0.68, P < 0.01). Gonad color, texture, and firmness did not differ significantly among any of the feed ration treatments or kelp control. Results suggest that the best ration for prepared feed would be 0.50% body weightld since this would optimize gonad yield while minimizing feed costs. Further research on prepared feeds is required to optimize both gonad color and taste.  相似文献   

18.
The aim of this work was to assess the potential use of different dried macroalgae as food in the rearing of Paracentrotus lividus. Growth, consumption and food conversions were compared in adult sea urchins fed with fresh or dried thalli of four macroalgae species. Six experimental diets were tested: (a) fresh Palmaria palmata; (b) fresh Saccharina latissima; (c) dry P. palmata; (d) dry S. latissima; (e) dry Laminaria digitata and (f) dry Grateloupia turuturu. Linear growth rates were similar for all treatments. Specific growth rate was higher in sea urchins fed with fresh P. palmata, but no difference was found between animals fed with fresh S. latissima and those fed with dried diets. Regarding daily food consumption (DFC), sea urchins consumed the same amount of dried macroalgae as fresh but exhibited a higher food conversion efficiency (FCE) when fed with fresh P. palmata. However, this FCE was only significantly higher when compared to sea urchins fed with dry L. digitata. Dried G. turuturu is not a suitable diet due to its rapid degradation after rehydration. The results suggest that P. lividus adults can be reared on dried macroalgae thalli without detriment to their somatic growth, especially over short periods. The low cost of feeding sea urchins with this diet could help small shellfish farmers to diversify their production into echinoculture.  相似文献   

19.
Small‐sized specimens (test diameter: 16.64 ± 0.93 mm, mean ± SE) of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were fed with fresh discards of the lettuce Lactuca sativa during a 24‐week experiment in a sea‐based system. At the end of the experiment, stock survival was high (88.8 ± 6.6%). Sea urchin test diameter and total weight grew by 35% and 56%, respectively, while gonad somatic index, after an initial decrease, increased by 3.2%. Moreover, more than 90% of specimens achieved the gonad colour that the market demands. These results support the exploitation of L. sativa as the main ingredient in a manufactured diet for echinoculture of P. lividus. Employing diets formulated with discard ingredients, combined with a low‐cost sea‐based rearing system, could be a suitable approach for sustainable management of echinoculture.  相似文献   

20.
An 8 weeks feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary cerium (Ce) and its complex with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS‐Ce) on growth performance and cadmium (Cd) accumulation of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. under Cd stress. The basal diet (Diet 0) was formulated without Cd and cerium as the control. Seven other experimental diets (Diets 1–7) were formulated with supplementation of 50 mg Cd2+/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 50 mg Ce3+/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 100 mg Ce3+/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 200 mg Ce3+/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 50 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed, 50 mg Cd2+/kg and 100 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed, and 50 mg Cd2+/kg +200 mg COS‐Ce/kg feed. Results of the present study showed that, compared with the control group, the condition factor in fish fed the diet with 50 mg Cd2+/kg feed (Diet 1) was significantly lower, whereas the Cd concentration in liver and kidney of fish fed the diet with 50 mg/kg Cd2+ (Diet 1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05). The high Cd accumulation of fish fed diets with sole 50 mg/kg Cd (Diet 1) could be significantly decreased by 51.72% after supplementation of 200 mg COS‐Ce/kg in the diet (Diet 7). These results suggested that elevated COS‐Ce could effectively protect against dietary Cd accumulation in turbot.  相似文献   

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