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AndersAksnes JanPettersen 《海洋水产研究》2001,22(4):64-70
IntroductionThe objective of the project was to deal with polluting problems connected with the feed quality andaquaculture.‘Feed quality’is defined by the quality of the feed ingredients with reference to the biologicaloutcome in the feeding period with special emphasis on the feed digestibility.Pollution is caused by the uneat-en feed and the undigested feed excreted with the faeces.These are detected in the surroundings (e.g.the ma-rine environment) and occur as organic pollution.The exp… 相似文献
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Nicole Pacini Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr Antonia Concetta Elia Melissa Scoparo Maria Cesarina Abete Marino Prearo 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2014,40(5):1609-1619
In 2007, renal failure and death in pets were linked to pet food containing both melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA). In mammals and fish, the co-administration of MEL and CYA causes renal crystal formation. Moreover, little is known about the process of crystal removal in fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of MEL–cyanurate crystals in kidney of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed combined MEL and CYA diets for 10 weeks at 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg in feed (equivalent to 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg body weight of trout fed 1 % body weight per day). During the exposure trial and throughout a withdrawal period, prooxidant effects of MEL and CYA were evaluated on oxidative stress markers such as catalase, glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde. Crystal formation was dose and time dependent, and after six withdrawal weeks, crystals persisted in kidney of trout treated the highest triazine dose. Catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity in kidney of trout exposed to both triazines for 10 weeks indicated that MEL (with or without CYA) can exert a higher prooxidant effect than CYA dispensed singly. Although the enzymes activity increase appears to be reverted after two MEL withdrawal weeks, persistence of crystals may lead to severe damage in renal cells of fish. 相似文献
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Anna Hellqvist Monika Schmitz Christina Lindberg Per-Erik Olsson Bertil Borg 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2001,25(4):311-317
The mRNA expression of the LH- and FSH- subunits were measured in nesting and post-breeding male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculetaus, as well as in castrated and sham-operated nesting males. Furthermore, expression of an androgen induced kidney protein, spiggin, and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) levels, were measured in the castrated and sham-operated males. Nesting males had significantly higher levels of both LH- and FSH- mRNA expression compared to post-breeding males. Furthermore, sham-operated males had significantly higher levels of LH- mRNA and spiggin mRNA expression than the castrated fish. Expression of FSH-, on the other hand, did not differ between castrated and sham-operated males. There were strong positive individual correlations between circulating levels of 11KT on the one hand and expressions of LH- and spiggin mRNA, whereas the correlation between 11KT levels and FSH- mRNA was weak. The negative effect of castration on -LH mRNA indicates that gonadal hormones stimulate this expression, whereas this was not the case for -FSH. The observed decline in -LH expression after the end of the breeding season may be the result of cessation of the gonadal stimulation of the pituitary. On the other hand, it is not likely that this can explain the decline in FSH- expression. 相似文献
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Primary cilia (PC) were demonstrated for the first time in fish endothelial, epithelial and fibroblast cell lines through immunofluorescence staining with the monoclonal antibody, 6-11B-1, against acetylated α-tubulin. The study was carried out with eight recently developed cell lines from the walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill). These were three fibroblast-like cell lines, WE-cfin11f, WE-skin11f and WE-liver3 from, respectively, the caudal fin, skin and liver, and three epithelial-like cell lines, WE-cfin11e, WE-spleen6 and WErpe from, respectively, the caudal fin, spleen and retina. Also, endothelial-like WEBA from the bulbus arteriosus and glial-like WE-brain5 from the brain were used. Immunocytochemistry revealed strong staining for acetylated α-tubulin in mitotic spindles and midbodies for all cell lines, and in PC for all cell lines except WE-skin11f. Staining of cytoplasmic microtubules (fibrils) was absent in three cell lines, including WEBA, but present in the others, especially WE-skin11f, which might have obscured PC detection in these cells. Tubacin, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6, induced cytoplasmic fibrils in WEBA and the intensity of their staining in WE-cfin11f. These results suggest that the cell lines might differ in their deacetylase activities, making them useful for studying this tubulin modification in teleosts, as well as for studying PC. 相似文献
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Temporal changes in growth, plasma thyroid hormone, cortisol, growth hormone (GH) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, hepatic T3 content and hepatic 5-monodeiodinase activity were measured in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) subjected to a sustained fast for up to eight weeks, and during a four-week re-feeding period. The purpose of the study was to examine aspects of the endocrine control of energy partitioning processes characteristic of short-term (acute; fasting) and long-term (chronic; starvation) food-deprivation states in fish, and to explore the role of the thyroid hormones, cortisol and GH in the energy repartitioning that takes place during an acute anabolic (re-feeding) state following chronic food deprivation.Differences in growth rate between fed and fasted groups were evident after two weeks, but significant weight loss by the fasted groups was not evident until between four and six weeks into the fast. Hepatosomatic indices (HSIs) were significantly reduced in the fasted fish within seven days, and as early as two days in one study; recovery of the HSI in fasted fish was evident within three days of re-feeding. Liver protein content (expressed as % wet weight) was consistently depressed in the fasted fish in only one of the three studies. Liver total lipid content (expressed as % wet weight) was depressed in the fasted fish within two days of food deprivation. Because of the rapid and sustained decrease in the HSI of fasted fish, the hepatic total protein and lipid reserves, when considered on a body weight basis, were markedly lowered within the first few days of the fast. Plasma GH concentrations exhibited a bi-modal pattern of change, with a transient fall in levels, followed by a sustained increase in fasted fish. The indicators of interrenal activity were suggestive of a depressed pituitary-interrenal axis in fasted animals; plasma cortisol levels were elevated to levels of fed animals within one day of re-feeding. The indicators of thyroid hormone economy (plasma thyroid hormone levels, liver triiodothyronine content, hepatic 5-monodeiodinase (MD) activity, thyroid epithelial cell height) were similarly indicative of a depressed pituitary-thyroid axis in fasted animals, with recovery to levels of the fed animals within one week. Despite the compensatory changes in accumulation of reserves (as indicated by a compensatory increase in HSI), there were no apparent compensatory changes in any of the endocrine parameters evident during the re-feeding period. 相似文献
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M. Aldegunde J.L. Soengas C. Ruibal M.D. Andrés 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1999,20(4):325-330
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were implanted intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml.100 g–1 body weight of coconut oil alone (controls) or coconut oil contaning 0.05 mg of -HCH (Lindane). After 18 days, changes in brain serotonin and GABA metabolism, as well as in serum cortisol and thyroxine levels, were measured. A lower final body weight was observed in -HCH treated fish when compared with control fish. No significant differences were found for serum thyroxine levels between control and treated fish, but a significantly higher cortisol level was found in the -HCH-implanted trout. Although GABA levels did not differ significantly in any brain region in the two treatment groups, the activity of the serotonergic system was significantly altered by the pesticide in both the hypothalamus and the telencephalon. 相似文献
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Hikaru Watanabe Makoto Okazaki Tsutomu Tamura Kenji Konishi Denzo Inagake Takeharu Bando Hiroshi Kiwada Tomio Miyashita 《Fisheries Science》2012,78(3):557-567
This study represents the first quantitative analysis of the characteristics of the distribution areas and stomach contents
of common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata, sei whale B. borealis, and Bryde’s whale B. edeni in relation to oceanographic and prey environments in mid summer in the western North Pacific. Common minke whales were distributed
within subarctic regions and the northernmost region of the transitional domain, coinciding with the main habitat of their
preferred prey, Pacific saury Cololabis saira. Sei whales were mainly found in the northernmost part of the transition zone and showed prey preference for Japanese anchovy
Engraulis japonica, which was significantly more abundant in the main distribution area of the whale than in its adjacent areas. “Hot spots”
of Bryde’s whales were found in several regions of the transition zone between the subarctic boundary and the Kuroshio front.
This whale species preferred Japanese anchovy as prey, for which the distribution density was significantly higher in the
main distribution area of the whale than in the adjacent areas. These results indicate that the summer distributions of Pacific
saury and Japanese anchovy greatly influence the distributions of these whale species, suggesting that the whales’ habitat
selection is closely related to their prey selection. 相似文献
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Glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes were isolated from liver and kidney of carp (Cyprinus carpio) by glutathione affinity chromatography and chromatofocusing. Ten hepatic and eight renal catalytically active isoenzymes were identified. GST subunits from purified isoenzymes were further separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and were used as standards for the experimental sample analysis. Experimental samples came from carp that were fed fish meal (standard diet) or soybean bas ed diets for one year, injected or not with -naphthoflavone (BNF; i.p. injection of 50 mg kg-1). HPLC did not allow us to identify precisely the GST isoenzyme pattern in experimental carp. However, GSTs could be pooled in three categories: homodimeric, heterodimeric and unidentified GST subunits. On this basis, the effect of diet and BNF on the GST isoenzyme pattern was investigated. The homodimer/heterodimer ratio was decreased in liver of carp fed a standard diet and in kidney of both dietary groups. BNF increased the total specific GST activity in liver and kidney. However, the GST isoenzyme pattern was not modified in carp fed the standard diet while tissue specific modifications occured in carp fed the soybean diet. BNF decreased the homodimer/heterodimer ratio in liver and increased it in kidney. Abbreviations: BNF - -naphthoflavone; CDNB - 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; GSH - reduced glutathione; GST - glutathione S-transferase; HPLC - high-performance liquid chromatography; SDS-PAGE - SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 相似文献
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Mathematical models in fish nutrition have proven indispensable in estimating growth and feed requirements. Nowadays, reducing the environmental footprint and improving product quality of fish culture operations are of increasing interest. This review starts by examining simple models applied to describe/predict fish growth profiles and progresses towards more comprehensive concepts based on bioenergetics and nutrient metabolism. Simple growth models often lack biological interpretation and overlook fundamental properties of fish (e.g. ectothermy, indeterminate growth). In addition, these models disregard possible variations in growth trajectory across life stages. Bioenergetic models have served to predict not only fish growth but also feed requirements and waste outputs from fish culture operations. However, bioenergetics is a concept based on energy-yielding equivalence of chemicals and has significant limitations. Nutrient-based models have been introduced into the fish nutrition literature over the last two decades and stand as a more biologically sound alternative to bioenergetic models. More mechanistic models are required to expand current understanding about growth targets and nutrient utilization for biomass gain. Finally, existing models need to be adapted further to address effectively concerns regarding sustainability, product quality and body traits. 相似文献
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The impact of 17-estradiol (E2) and the putative estrogenic compound, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), on smoltification and vitellogenesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was investigated during a 30 day period starting late April. Three groups of fresh water (FW) fish (1 year old, mixed sexes, average weight 23 g) were injected once a week with 50 µg (0.18 µmol) 17-estradiol, 3 mg (13.6 µmol) 4-nonylphenol dissolved in peanut oil, or peanut oil alone as control. Every ten days, subgroups were challenged with 28 ppt seawater (SW) for 24h, and sampled together with subgroups of FW fish. Treatment effects were examined on vitellogenic and osmoregulatory parameters. E2 and 4-NP treatment increased the total calcium and protein level in plasma and the hepatosomatic index of FW fish, both indicating an activated vitellogenesis in the liver. The presence of vitellogenin in the plasma of 4-NP- and E2-treated groups was further indicated by the appearance of a high molecular weight vitellogenin band (550 kDa) in electropherograms produced by native gel electrophoresis. This band appeared in exactly the same position in both the E2- and the 4-NP-treated groups but could not be detected in controls. During the 30 day treatment period, control fish approached the peak of smoltification, as indicated by a distinct silvery appearance, decreasing condition factor, increasing levels of gill Na+,K+-ATPase and improved hypoosmoregulatory performance in the SW-challenge test. Both E2 and 4-NP treatments significantly inhibited the progress of smoltification, as judged by a significant reduction of gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, relative -subunit Na+,K+-ATPase mRNA expression, gill chloride cell density and a poorer hypoosmoregulatory performance of treated fish. The impaired SW-tolerance of E2- and 4-NP-treated fish was strongly correlated with a decreased gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Despite a difference in relative potency, the present study shows that 4-nonylphenol and 17-estradiol may have qualitatively similar inhibitory effects on smoltification and hypoosmoregulatory physiology of Atlantic salmon. Both 4-NP and E2 activated the vitellogenic system, and the study supports the hypothesis that sexual maturation and smoltification are antagonistic, developmental phenomena in salmon. It is suggested that the presence of estrogenic compounds in the environment may negatively influence smoltification and migration in wild stocks of salmon. 相似文献
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J. Antonio Martinez J. Carlos Seijo 《Aquaculture Economics & Management (Blackwell Science)》2013,17(3-4):129-145
Abstract Reducing water exchange in shrimp aquaculture to minimize discharge of pollutants is a search for sustainability. In desert regions, like most of northwest Mexico, low water exchange must be complemented with artificial aeration to compensate for low levels of oxygen in warm and highly saline water. The economic yield of a low‐water‐exchange production system is compared against yield from a typical water‐exchange‐without‐aeration system for Penaeus vannamei culture. The difference between two systems is centered on pumping and aeration rates for a 100 ha semi‐intensive farm in northwest Mexico. A bioeconomic model was built to compare the systems. Risk analysis is adopted to account for uncertainty of seed price, shrimp growth rate, survival rate, and shrimp prices. The typical system was slightly more profitable than the low‐water‐exchange, aerated system. The latter used less electricity than the former in all of the three mortality‐rate scenarios. However, the difference in profitability is so small that for practical purposes both production systems provide similar economic yield. For a typical system, the probability of reaching a positive net present value (NPV) is high, therefore under the assumed risks, a 100 ha semi‐intensive shrimp farm in northwest Mexico is a good investment choice. 相似文献