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1.
To move forward in the farming of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae, it is necessary to search for a live prey easy to obtain and maintain in the laboratory that meets the nutritional requirements of the octopus paralarvae and adapts to its predatory behaviour. Grapsus adscensionis zoeae (Crustacea, Decapoda) seems to fulfil most of these targets, and it was herein used to deepen knowledge of paralarvae lipid requirements and composition, growth and survival. To this purpose, the effects of feeding with Grapsus zoeae as sole prey were compared with Artemia at two different stages (nauplii and juveniles), which also differed in their lipid profiles. After 15 days of feeding, the best growth and survival of paralarvae was obtained in the Grapsus group, and no differences were observed between both Artemia groups. Triacylglycerides storage in paralarvae seemed to be co‐related with a lower growth and survival, but not with its prey levels. Contrarily, sterol ester levels were higher in paralarvae fed Grapsus, reflecting its content in the prey. The best paralarval viability was related to higher levels of 22:6n‐3 (DHA) and 20:4n‐6 (ARA), also reflecting its higher content in the prey. On the other hand, neither the 20:5n‐3 (EPA) levels in the prey nor in paralarvae were related to growth or survival. The implications of these results are discussed considering the lipid requirements of O. vulgaris paralarvae.  相似文献   

2.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the supplementation of different crab zoeas to enriched Artemia basal diet for Octopus vulgaris paralarvae during the first month of life. Paralarvae were fed using enriched Artemia nauplii alone and Artemia co‐fed either first zoea stages of Grapsus adscensionis or Plagusia depressa. The experiment was carried out over a period of 28 days, in 0.12 m3 tanks with a flow‐through rearing system. Growth in dry weight as well as mantle length and width were assessed weekly. Additionally, prey and paralarvae fatty acid composition and digestive gland (DG) histology were evaluated. Addition of low amounts of crab zoeas (approx. 100 indv. L?1 day?1) provided during critical life stages of O. vulgaris proved to be good enough to improve paralarvae growth and survival in comparison with those fed exclusively on enriched Artemia. These results were supported by the finding of a higher number of glycoprotein absorption vacuoles in the DG from paralarvae co‐fed crab zoeas, suggesting a higher feeding activity. In addition, fatty acid analysis of crab zoea showed that these are good sources of dietary arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids during the octopus planktonic life stage, whereas the low docosahexaenoic (DHA) content suggests the use of additional DHA sources or higher zoea densities to meet paralarvae nutritional demand to carry out a successful metamorphosis to benthic life.  相似文献   

3.
In this study, two new alternative preys: Grapsus adscensionis zoeae (as sole prey) and Palaemon elegans zoeae (in cofeeding with Artemia sp.), as well as, Artemia sp. juveniles were used as feed for octopus paralarvae, as a way to understand its lipid requirements. Total lipid (TL) content, lipid class (LC) and fatty acid (FA) profiles of preys, octopus hatchlings and 9‐day‐old paralarvae were analysed. Growth and survival of the paralarvae were also determined. Regardless the prey provided, a notable shift in the lipid profile of paralarvae was registered after 9 days of rearing. The highest index of growth rate (IGR) recorded when decapod crustacean zoeae were supplied might have some relation with levels of 20:4n‐6 (ARA) and DHA/EPA ratio observed. In this sense, Grapsus adscensionis zoeae leaded to a higher content of ARA and a lower content of EPA, which may indicate a possible competition between these two FA. For that a balanced EPA/ARA ratio might be significant in this species nutrition without disconsidering DHA levels as an essential fatty acid. Finally, the changes observed in paralarvae FA profile might not only be related to prey FA profile, but also with changes occurring in the lipid classes contents.  相似文献   

4.
Different assays related to the first feeding of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 are compiled in this paper. They include: age at initial feeding age, prey size selection and optimal density, attack timing after feeding, and effect of dose number on the number of captures. Prey capture and ingestion processes were also analysed. Food supplied was cultured Artemia sp. Each assay lasted 15 min.Although paralarvae already start to feed on the hatching day (day 0), it is during day 2 when a greater number of attacks is recorded (81.7 ± 14.7% paralarvae attack). They mainly prefer (significance level α = 0.05) large Artemia, 1.4 ± 0.4 mm (77.0 ± 5.6% of the total attacks) than small Artemia, 0.8 ± 0.1 mm (23.0 ± 5.6%). There is also a slight predilection for the lowest Artemia concentration (33.3 ±12.6% paralarvae attack in a 0.1 Artemia ml− 1 density, opposite 16.7 ± 7.6 and 18.3 ± 7.6% in densities of 0.5 and 1 Artemia ml− 1 respectively). The greatest predatory activity is recorded during the first 5 min after food is supplied (72.2 ± 25.5%). An increase in the predatory activity was also observed when food was distributed in several doses instead of a single dose (75.0 ± 10.0% and 46.7 ± 17.6% respectively). It was proved for the first time that paralarvae completely ingest their preys (including their exoskeletons), in this case Artemia. Time needed for their total ingestion ranges between 4 and 10 min.  相似文献   

5.
Despite recent advances in culture technology for East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae using upwelling systems, securing suitable feed for the paralarvae is an unresolved issue. The zoea of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus is a good candidate for paralarval feed because of the high fecundity of the adult females. To investigate the effects of supplying P. trituberculatus zoeae and their feeding method on paralarvae, we cultured paralarvae with supplying different combination ratios of zoeae and Artemia (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and 0:10), and with or without supplementing rotifers using small‐scale (3‐L) upwelling systems. Paralarval survival rate and growth were improved when zoeae were supplied as the main feed, but reduced when the proportion of Artemia exceeded half the whole preys. Supplementing rotifers did not affect the paralarval survival and growth. Subsequently, paralarvae were cultured by supplying zoeae (partially augmented by Artemia) using three large (1‐kl) upwelling systems to assess their feeding effectiveness in juvenile octopus production. Paralarvae could be cultured at high survival rates of 77.1 ± 5.1% to reach benthic juveniles at 23 days after hatching. In conclusion, supplying P. trituberculatus zoeae augmented with Artemia under an upwelling culture system has great potential for juvenile octopus production.  相似文献   

6.
Octopus vulgaris farming at large scale can only be attained using live prey during the paralarvae stage. Presently, only Artemia complies with this requirement. Nevertheless, its sole use delivers poor paralarvae growth and survival. Some species of marine zooplankton are better prey for marine fish larvae compared to Artemia, since its composition is richer in several important nutritional components. Among these are phospholipids and specific fatty acids, namely docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. During the present experiment, octopus paralarvae were fed a co-feeding scheme of spider crab (Maja brachydactyla) zoeae and Artemia (1:2, Artemia/Crab zoeae). The use of spider crab zoeae was justified by their availability in commercial facilities, where adult spider crabs are maintained to be sold to the public. There, fecund and spawning females are present in large numbers, and zoeae availability is often high and implies no production or zoeae collection costs. O. vulgaris paralarvae fed on Artemia and crab zoeae grew larger (3.00 ± 0.56 mg dw?1) after 30 days, compared to previous published papers. Also, the paralarvae lipid content was substantially enhanced in highly unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids. However, survival after 30 days was still very low (1.75 % after 30 days) and needs to be greatly improved.  相似文献   

7.
Research has been in progress for several years on various aspects of the biology and ecology of the freshwater prawn Cryphiops caementarius, an inhabitant of rivers in northern Chile. The commercial value of this prawn fomented the accomplishment of studies on its reproduction and development with the aim of producing juveniles under controlled conditions, to be followed by growout to commercial size in managed culture systems. The present study describes larval culture of this species from eggs of gravid females obtained in the field, from the first developmental stage (Zoea I) through the first juvenile stage. The larvae were cultured at 25 °C in UV sterilized water at variable salinities based on the requirements of the developmental stages. Larvae were fed with Nannochloris, Isochrysis and Artemia nauplii as required. This report describes in detail the 18 larval stages of this prawn, as well as its first juvenile form.  相似文献   

8.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), like the eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids and polar lipids (essentially phospholipids, PL) have been identified as essential nutrients for common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarvae. However, they are not available in sufficient amounts in live preys as Artemia, making necessary a supplementation of these nutrients previous use. A commercial emulsion, soya liposomes, and marine and soya lecithins were used to supply HUFA and PL to Artemia metanauplii, those being regarded as suitable size preys for octopus paralarvae. Our results prove that a simultaneous enrichment in HUFA and PL is possible using enrichment diets combining HUFA‐ and PL‐rich products in short‐term (4 h) incubations. Particularly interesting was the enrichment efficiency shown by the marine lecithin, which enabled the enhancement of the PL fraction of Artemia metanauplii and, importantly, also their HUFA with a remarkable 13% DHA of total fatty acids. Marine lecithin arises as a novel enrichment diet for Artemia and more effective than some commercial products currently used in hatcheries worldwide.  相似文献   

9.
The rearing of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae during its planktonic life stage is a major challenge, as mortality is currently very high and unpredictable. In this study, we examined the survival and growth rates, as well as the fatty acid composition, of O. vulgaris paralarvae fed on three different dietary treatments: group ArDHA was offered juvenile Artemia enriched with a lipid emulsion (Easy DHA-Selco®); group ArMA was fed with juvenile Artemia enriched with a mixture of microalgae (Rhodomonas lens and Isochrysis galbana); and group ArMA+ID received the same Artemia as group ArMA complemented with an inert diet. Dietary treatments were tested in triplicate with homogenous groups of paralarvae (25 individuals l?1) established in 50-l tanks, and the experiment was conducted for 15 days. The survival rate of 15-day post-hatch (-dph) paralarvae from groups ArMA (20 ± 8%) and ArMA+ID (17 ± 4%) tended to be higher than in group ArDHA (13 ± 5%), though these differences were not statistically different. The dry weight (DW) of 15-dph paralarvae increased by almost 60% in groups ArMA and ArMA+ID, and nearly 40% in group ArDHA, with respect to hatchlings. The fatty acid (FA) composition of paralarvae revealed a remarkable drop of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) from hatchlings to 15-dph paralarvae of all groups (P < 0.05). However, paralarvae from group ArDHA contained higher levels of DHA than those from ArMA and ArMA+ID (P < 0.05). Despite Artemia enriched with DHA-Selco® contained three-times more DHA than Artemia enriched with microalgae, no beneficial effects of this dietary treatment were observed on the performance of paralarvae.  相似文献   

10.
Though artificial propagation of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) in captivity through induced breeding techniques is standardized under Indian conditions, larval and nursery rearing techniques including suitable nursery feeds have to be standardized to obtain better survival and growth. Feeding experiments in triplicate were conducted to evaluate the suitability of the marine copepod Acartia clausi as live prey for fourteen day-old seabass larvae (6.53 ± 0.06 mm; 8.58 ± 0.33 mg) and compared with the traditional live prey, rotifers and Artemia nauplii. While A. clausi and rotifers were mass produced using algae Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros affinis and Chlorella marina, Artemia nauplii were produced using cysts. Nutritional quality of cultured copepods was evaluated based on the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition, and compared with that of rotifers and Artemia nauplii. Proximate composition varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the different live feeds. A. clausi showed higher protein (63.12%) and lipid (16.65%) content than Artemia nauplii and rotifers. Total essential amino acids content was 2% lower in A. clausi compared to that in Artemia nauplii. Fatty acid profiles of the live feed organisms showed that A. clausi is a rich source of n − 3 fatty acids. The total n − 3 fatty acid content of A. clausi was 33.94%. Length, weight overall weight gain and survivorship were significantly (P < 0.05) different among the dietary treatments, and weight gain was comparatively higher in A. clausi fed larvae. Survival of seabass larvae fed A. clausi was obtained highest as 58.13% against the lower values of 39.93% and 41.62% in larvae fed rotifer and Artemia nauplii respectively. Final carcass composition of the larvae of L. calcarifer fed different live-food organisms showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the dietary treatments. The fatty acid composition of the dietary treatments was reflected to a certain extent in the fatty acid composition of the seabass larvae. The present investigation revealed the nutritional value of calanoid copepod and thus underlining its usefulness as a suitable live-food organism for rearing larvae of the commercially valuable Asian seabass.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of freezing and frozen storage on protein functionality and texture of squid (Loligo vulgaris), octopus (Octopus vulgaris), and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) muscles. Squid, octopus, and cuttlefish samples were cut into pieces of 4 × 4 cm. These pieces were packed in polyethylene bags. The bags were frozen in a blast freezer at ?45°C until the thermal center reached ?18°C. Frozen samples were stored in a deep freezer at ?18°C for 30 days. After freezing and during frozen storage, total soluble protein and water holding capacity decreased and total free amino acid and cooking loss increased in all cephalopod muscles. According to instrumental texture analysis results, freezing and frozen storage affected textural characteristics of squid and cuttlefish but not of octopus. Sensory hardness and chewiness values of all cephalopods increased after freezing, but elasticity values did not change. There were no significant differences between storage days in hardness values of squid and octopus. However, significant differences in hardness values of cuttlefish were observed between the 1st day of storage and the last day.  相似文献   

12.
为了满足真蛸浮游幼体阶段的营养需要,研究了几种饵料生物对真蛸浮游幼体的育苗效果。结果表明:轮虫不宜作为真蛸浮游幼体的生物饵料;恒温培养试验得出混合营养强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果优于混合营养强化的蒙古裸腹溞,并优于小球藻强化的丰年虫幼体及蒙古裸腹溞;常温试验得出梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合的饵料效果最好,而微囊营养强化剂强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果好于混合营养组合。综上所述,可认为:梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合是真蛸浮游幼体期比较适宜的饵料。  相似文献   

13.
In three separate experiments, harpaticoid copepods Tisbe monozota (alive and dead) and a microparticulate microbound diet were evaluated as alternatives to live Artemia nauplii as food, beginning at either stage PZ2 or M1, in the larval culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Larvae were cultured in 2 L round bottom flasks at a density of 150 L− 1 (Experiment 1) and 100 L− 1 ( 3.2 and 3.3) at 28 °C, 35‰ salinity and 12:12 LD photoperiod, and fed 4×/day- 1. Larvae were initially fed a mixture of phytoplankton to stages PZ2 or M1 and then fed either live Artemia, live or dead copepods, or a microparticulate microbound diet. The experiments were terminated and all larvae were harvested when more than 80% of larvae had molted to postlarvae 1 (PL1) within any flask representing any of the treatments. The comparative value of the different diets and feeding regimes was determined by mean survival, mean dry weight and total length of individual larva, and percentage of surviving larvae that were PL1. Trypsin activity of samples of larvae from each treatment was also determined. The microparticulate microbound diet effectively served as a complete substitute for Artemia nauplii when fed beginning at stage M1. When fed at the beginning of the PZ2 stage, survival was comparable to that of larvae fed Artemia, but mean dry weight, mean total length, and percent of surviving larvae that were PL1 generally were significantly less. Responses to the feeding of copepods, whether fed dead or live, as a substitute were generally significantly less than those of larvae fed either the Artemia nauplii or the microparticulate diet. Values of trypsin activity (10− 5 IU/μg- 1 dry weight) corresponded to the relative proportions of the different larval stages within a treatment, with higher activity being characteristic of early stages. Previously demonstrated successful results with another species of crustacean suggest that the microparticulate microbound diet has characteristics that should be effective in the culture of the carnivorous stages of other crustacean and fish larvae that are currently fed live Artemia nauplii.  相似文献   

14.
The main objective was to study time kinetics of change in important highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of Artemia franciscana nauplii and juveniles following enrichment and subsequent starvation. Samples of Artemia nauplii were taken at variable times (0.5–24 h) following enrichment and starvation. Samples of Artemia juveniles were taken after 2, 3 and 4 days of cultivation. No docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found in PC and PE of Artemia nauplii during the first hour of enrichment, while a significant (P < 0.05) increase was found in total lipids (TLs). The content of DHA in PC and PE increased thereafter steadily from 1 to 8 h of enrichment. DHA in PC and PE during enrichment (1–8 h) and following starvation (8–24 h), respectively, increased and decreased significantly (P < 0.05), but at a lower rate than that in TL. Moreover, juvenile Artemia (2–4 days) contained a relatively low level of DHA in TL compared with enriched Artemia nauplii, but the content of DHA in PC and PE was similar. The results open perspectives for both industry and science. For scientific studies, the lag phase in HUFA enrichment makes it possible to produce Artemia nauplii with variable relative HUFA enrichments in phospholipids and TL.  相似文献   

15.
Rearing of common octopus Octopus vulgaris is limited by the lack of success during the paralarval stage, with generalized mortalities occurring before the settlement of the juveniles. The use of on‐grown Artemia cultured with the microalga Isochrysis galbana and further enriched with Nannochloropsis sp. has led to a certain degree of success. The present work aims at studying the effects of this rearing protocol (Nanno) on the fatty acid composition of paralarvae, by comparison with a diet based on on‐grown Artemia further enriched with a high polyunsaturated fatty acid oil emulsion (M70). After 28 days, survival was estimated at 3% for M70 and 22.5% for Nanno, whereas the average dry weight was not significantly different (Nanno: 1.76± 0.28 mg; M70: 1.88±0.22 mg). Although apparently no clear association between the fatty acid composition of the enriched preys and that of the total lipids of paralarvae could be established, further fractionation and fatty acid analysis of the total lipids into polar and neutral classes, followed by principal components analysis, revealed that irrespective of the diet, both lipid fractions showed distinct fatty acid patterns. Besides, the fatty acid composition of the polar lipids was more conservative, whereas that of the neutral lipids was more influenced by the diet, showing more variation among dietary treatments.  相似文献   

16.
利用青岛近岸海域连续监测数据,分析金乌贼繁殖群体及补充群体结构特征,比较不同洄游时期繁殖亲体的绝对生殖力与卵子规格,以及补充群体的扩散迁移过程,为金乌贼繁殖亲体筛选、增殖模式优化及放流海域合理规划等提供参考。结果显示,5—7月陆续洄游至青岛近岸的金乌贼繁殖亲体的胴长、体质量及其怀卵量随采样时间推移均呈逐渐下降趋势,前期繁殖亲体成熟卵细胞的卵径和卵重显著高于中期和后期亲体。金乌贼产黏性卵,通常将受精卵黏附于海藻或其他附着物上,其幼体生长迅速。受繁殖亲体结群期长及分批产卵等繁殖习性影响,补充群体的胴长、体质量离散水平亦随秋季采样时间推移不断升高。补充群体规格的离散可促进空间生态位分化,增加营养生态位宽幅,该生殖策略有利于减小种内摄食压力。基于金乌贼繁殖生态学特征,建议集中采集前期洄游亲体开展人工苗种繁育,以提升繁育效率,保证大规格苗种供应;依据其分批产卵习性,大规模增殖放流可分批进行,以减小种内饵料竞争,提高放流群体成活率;5—7月在近岸水深15～20 m的缓流区投放人工产卵附着基,也是一种有效的资源原位修复手段。今后应进一步探究金乌贼受精卵放流技术,优化其资源修复模式,降低增殖成本,提高资源增殖效率。  相似文献   

17.
Sepiapharaonis, the pharaoh cuttlefish was cultured through multiplegenerations in the laboratory (5 consecutive generations) using closed,recirculating water filtration systems. The eggs of the original parentalgeneration (GP) were spawned by a wild caught Gulf of Thailandfemale in alocal fisheries laboratory, then packed and shipped air cargo to Texas wherehatching occurred. The culture temperature ranged 25°–28°C, except for one generation that was chilled intentionallyto21 °C and then warmed to 25 °C after 9.6months. Spawning occurred as early as day 161. Spawning output was high in allgenerations except the group that was cultured at 21 °C. Eggfertility was low in captivity (< 20%), but hatchling survival was high(>70%). The average egg incubation time was 13.6 d at 25–28°C. The largest spawn resulted in 600 viable hatchlings andthesmallest resulted in 11 hatchlings. The cuttlefish ate a wide variety ofestuarine crustaceans and fishes as well as frozen shrimp. There were noapparent disease problems since survival from hatching to maturity was over70%.The average life span for cuttlefish cultured at 25–28°Cwas 8.9 months and 12.3 months at 21 °C. Size at hatching wasmeasured for fourth generation (G4) hatchlings; the mean weight athatching was 0.103 g and the mean mantle length was 6.4mm. The largest cuttlefish cultured was a male 300 mmML and 3,045 g; the oldest cuttlefish lived 340 d.This cuttlefish species presents an excellent choice for commercial mariculturebecause of its rapid growth, short life span, tolerance to crowding andhandling, resistance to disease and feeding habits.  相似文献   

18.
Twoexperiments were conducted to determine the effects ofArtemia sp. or mysids on growth and survival ofS. officinalis hatchlings, and their effect throughout thelife cycle. For experiment I, for the first 20 days, one group was fed adultArtemia sp. and the other was fed mysid shrimp(Paramysis nouvelli). Eggs laid by females in both groupswere counted and weighed, and hatchlings were weighed, to determine differencesin both groups. For experiment II, during the first 10 days, one group was fedArtemia sp. and the other was fed mysids (P.nouveli). After the period of differentiated feeding, the 2 groupsinexperiment I were fed grass shrimp (Paleomonetes varians)to 70 days old, and dead crabs (Carcinus maenas)afterwards. Cuttlefish in experiment II were fed grass shrimp from day 10 untilthe end of the experiment. For both experiments, hatchlings fed mysids grewsignificantly bigger (p < 0.01) and survival was higher. For experiment I,eggs laid by females fed mysids and the hatchlings born from these eggs werebigger (p < 0.001) compared to the group fed Artemiasp.initially. Individual fecundity was slightly higher for females in the groupfedArtemia sp. (163 eggs female–1) than forthe group fed mysids (144 eggs female–1). Egg laying startedatthe age of 125 days and lasted 45 days in both groups. Time between first egglaying day and first hatchlings to be born was 21 days. The last female to die(after spawning) in both groups was 167 days (less than 6 months old).  相似文献   

19.
The effects of feeding two alternative live prey Hyalella azteca (freshwater gammarids) and Hyale media (marine gammarids) to Octopus maya hatchlings were compared with feeding adult Artemia sp., traditionally used during the first weeks of the life cycle. Hatchlings were fed ad libitum these three live preys during the first 15 days, and a paste elaborated with fresh squid and shrimp during the next 15 days when hatchling can be fed prepared diets. Weight (g) and specific growth rates (% day?1) were determined every 15 days. Octopus maya hatchlings fed with marine gammarids grew larger (6.9 ± 0.2% day?1) compared with hatchlings fed Artemia sp. or freshwater gammarids (4.8 ± 0.2% and 5.0 ± 0.3% day?1 respectively). Survival was also higher (92.2 ± 6.8%) for hatchlings fed marine gammarids, than for those fed Artemia sp. (74.5 ± 23.8%) or freshwater gammarids (41.2 ± 21.2%). The content of acylglycerides, cholesterol and proteins in O. maya fed marine gammarids suggested a better nutrient assimilation by the hatchlings. Also, polyunsaturated fatty acids levels (EPA and DHA) were more abundant in marine gammarids, possibly contributing to the higher growth rates observed. This is the first study revealing a successful use of marine gammarids as alternative prey for octopus hatchlings culture.  相似文献   

20.
Sepiapharaonis, the pharaoh cuttlefish was cultured through multiplegenerations in the laboratory (5 consecutive generations) using closed,recirculating water filtration systems. The eggs of the original parentalgeneration (GP) were spawned by a wild caught Gulf of Thailandfemale in alocal fisheries laboratory, then packed and shipped air cargo to Texas wherehatching occurred. The culture temperature ranged 25°–28°C, except for one generation that was chilled intentionallyto21 °C and then warmed to 25 °C after 9.6months. Spawning occurred as early as day 161. Spawning output was high in allgenerations except the group that was cultured at 21 °C. Eggfertility was low in captivity (< 20%), but hatchling survival was high(>70%). The average egg incubation time was 13.6 d at 25–28°C. The largest spawn resulted in 600 viable hatchlings andthesmallest resulted in 11 hatchlings. The cuttlefish ate a wide variety ofestuarine crustaceans and fishes as well as frozen shrimp. There were noapparent disease problems since survival from hatching to maturity was over70%.The average life span for cuttlefish cultured at 25–28°Cwas 8.9 months and 12.3 months at 21 °C. Size at hatching wasmeasured for fourth generation (G4) hatchlings; the mean weight athatching was 0.103 g and the mean mantle length was 6.4mm. The largest cuttlefish cultured was a male 300 mmML and 3,045 g; the oldest cuttlefish lived 340 d.This cuttlefish species presents an excellent choice for commercial mariculturebecause of its rapid growth, short life span, tolerance to crowding andhandling, resistance to disease and feeding habits.  相似文献   

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