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《中国渔业质量与标准》2016,(5)
近年来,山东省对虾养殖产业发展迅速,养殖规模不断扩大、养殖品种和方式不断丰富。沿海地区是山东省对虾的主养区,主要养殖品种为凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)、日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)、中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)和斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon);凡纳滨对虾苗种多使用来自福建、海南的一代苗;养殖多采用室内水泥池养殖、室内土池养殖、室内覆膜养殖、室外土池养殖(大池塘、小池塘)等养殖方式。尽管沿海地区对虾养殖业前景广泛,但发展过程中也出现了一些问题,如苗种质量难保证、土苗泛滥、滥用药物等,影响了对虾养殖的成功率。因此,应加强对虾养殖和育苗过程的监管,扶持对虾育种研究,建立和规范育种体系,大力推广健康养殖模式和加强疾病防治等工作,以促进山东省对虾养殖产业更好更健康地发展。 相似文献
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在集约化养虾生产中，应用有益微生物生态环境调节剂和水产养殖专用肥及沸石粉进行肥水、调水和生态防病，适当进行水体消毒和饲喂中草药、维生素，全程没有使用抗菌素等其他药物。养殖109d，对虾达70∽75尾/kg的规格，虾只活泼健壮，色泽鲜艳，饱满结实，无外观病症，成活率达90％。池塘底部无黑泥淤积，无异味，水色保持清新黄绿色，藻相稳定，水质因子控制在适宜范围。养殖实践表明，以调控生态环境为主要技术措施进行对虾集约化养殖，不仅能使养殖成功率提高，获得较好的经济效益，而且保障对虾的品质优良和食用安全。 相似文献
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本较详细介绍对虾养殖中常见的病毒病、细菌性疾病中的烂眼病、白黑斑病、黑鳃病、烂鳃病、褐斑病、纤状细菌病以及寄生生物病害中纤毛虫类的聚缩虫、钟形虫、累枝虫等的预防与治疗措施。提倡对虾健康养殖模式，采用生物制剂防病，结合一些药物的治疗，在生产实践中是有效的措施。 相似文献
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为了有效地防治对虾病害的发生,农业部渔业局、全国水产技术推广总站向全国养虾地区推广了对虾精养健康养成技术。对虾精养健康养成技术主要有采取实施健康养殖管理;选用健康虾苗;进行有限量水交换;使用增氧机、水质保护剂、有益细菌;培育和控制养殖地单胞藻,改善和保持水环境要素的相对稳定等技术措施,隔绝病源的传入,为养殖对虾创造良好的生长环境,以提高对虾抗病能力,达到防病的目的。下面将其技术要点简介如下：一、养虾池要求1．最好建在高潮线1m以上;2．海水盐度一般不高于35‰,最低不低于1‰,适宜范围10‰-30‰。pH值… 相似文献
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养殖对虾各种传染性疾病的防治,应贯彻“以防为主,防重于治”的健康养虾理念。首先,应当注意选择不携带病原的种苗养殖;其次,要注意在优化养殖环境的基础上,慎重选择使用药物防治的措施。实践经验证明,优化养殖环境对于对虾的健康养殖是极为重要的,除了采用一些消毒药物杀灭养殖环境中的病原体之外,在对虾养殖过程中采用生物制剂调节水质, 相似文献
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为了证实微生态净水剂(含菌量10×109/g)可以提高虾体免疫力和对污染物(如农药)的抵抗力,在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannmei)养殖过程中,设置了施用微生态净水剂的实验组和未用微生态净水剂的对照组,采用肌肉注射的方式,对2组凡纳滨对虾进行乙酰甲胺磷毒性实验。注射乙酰甲胺磷后,采样测定血细胞吞噬化学发光情况,组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酯酶活性以及酯酶(EST)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶表型变化。结果表明:施用微生态净水剂组明显好于对照组。施用微生态净水剂的虾注射乙酰甲胺磷后死亡率降低,血细胞的吞噬功能也有所增加,虾体组织内SOD、POD、LSZ、酯酶活性变化较未用组的虾变化幅度较小,其中,SOD、POD活性等高于未用组,EST、MDH同工酶酶带数目也有增加。说明微生态净水剂从本质上增强虾体内代谢、提高虾体的免疫力、增强其对外界环境变化适应能力,并具有提高虾体防御功能,增强抵抗疾病能力的作用。 相似文献
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从对虾养殖池中分离到1株细菌(编号2013042402,简称菌株02),分别用16S rDNA序列比对法和细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法对该菌进行鉴定.结果显示,菌株02为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.).为探讨该芽孢杆菌在生物絮团对虾养殖中的使用效果,实验分别设置加菌加糖组(菌株02的量为2.0× 104 CFU/ml,蔗糖量为饵料的70％)、加菌组、加糖组(生物絮团组)及空白对照组,研究了菌株02对养殖水质(温度、盐度、溶氧、pH、氨氮及亚硝酸氮)、对虾存活率及水体中主要菌群组成等指标的影响.结果显示,加菌加糖组能显著降低养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度,提高对虾存活率.生物絮团对虾养殖系统中添加菌株02,能够改善菌群结构,抑制弧菌生长.研究结果可为生物絮团对虾养殖中定向培养有益微生物提供技术支持. 相似文献
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对虾WSSV病是亚洲对虾养殖业中的一个棘手问题。本研究采用Kimura引物 ,用PCR技术对不同生长期的中国对虾 (Penaeuschinensis)进行了WSSV的检测 ,同时也检测了对虾发病时养殖池中多见的野生厚蟹 (Helicesp .)和矛尾刺虎鱼 (Acanthogobiushasta)。检测结果表明 :分别在检测的 5尾亲虾中的 1尾 ,6尾仔虾中的 1尾 ,5尾稚虾中的 3尾及所检测的 5尾病虾和 2只厚蟹中获得到 982bp的PCR扩增产物 ,说明为WSSV感染阳性。在检测的 2尾矛尾刺虎鱼中均未获得PCR扩增产物 ,说明为WSSV感染阴性。在亲虾、虾苗以及虾池内的野生厚蟹中检测到WSSV感染的阳性结果表明 :WSSV感染的亲虾有可能是病毒的储主 ,WSSV感染的野生厚蟹有可能是病毒中间宿主或病毒的携带者 ,它们在对虾WSSV病的感染、传播中起了重要的作用 相似文献
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Comparison of intensive shrimp farming systems in Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H Kongkeo 《Aquaculture Research》1997,28(10):789-796
The estimated production of cultured shrimps for 1995 in Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand was 20 000, 40 000, 80 000 and 220 000 tonnes, respectively. Intensive shrimp ponds in the Philippines (71%) and Indonesia (63%), which are developed in the tidal and mangrove areas, cannot be properly treated by complete drying, owing to seepage from supply and drainage, nor by removal of the fouled layer by heavy machines such as bulldozers. Intensive farms in Thailand and Taiwan are owned by small-scale operators operating 2-3 ponds simultaneously, each ranging from 0.16 to 1.0 ha, which is the optimal size for efficient farm management and lower overhead and investment costs compared with larger farms such as those found in Indonesia and the Philippines. In Taiwan, 90% of pond water supply is mixed open sea water with underground fresh water. Pond salinity, which is kept constant at 10-15%o, causes Taiwanese farmers to encounter an array of problems which include high cost of underground water pumping, land subsidence, salinization, more pathogens and rapidly fouled bottom. Water loss by seepage in Thailand is minimal (average 23 cm in the final month), compared with Indonesia and the Philippines, because pond dikes are tightly compacted by heavy machines and high clay content (86%). Circular water movement in ponds in Thailand, facilitated by heavy aeration (13.3 hp ha?1), aids in the settling of waste in pond centres for easy removal. Indonesia and the Philippines still maintain high water exchange systems (335 cm and 470 cm in the final month, respectively) which introduce viruses, other pathogens, excess organic loads, ammonia and other toxic particles released by nearby farms through the incoming water. Despite serious crop failures in other countries within the past few years, the annual shrimp production in Thailand still remains high because farmers have readily adopted new, environmentally friendly and locally suitable, water exchange systems such as less water exchange, and closed, full-strength seawater and freshwater systems, overcoming heavy viral and disease infections. Approximately 30% of shrimp production in Thailand comes from the freshwater areas, sometimes 200 km from the sea. Half of the Philippine farmers rely on imported feeds; this has caused high shrimp mortality owing to toxins produced from expired feeds kept in humid conditions. 相似文献
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Penaeus semisulcatus (bear shrimp) was used for biological and culture studies. A peak of reproductive periodicity was shown in the months of May, June and July. Increase in body weight and in gonad weight coincided with the increase in sea water temperature. This suggested that sexual maturation might be a direct response to increased sea water temperature. Fecundity of mature female shrimp was estimated as 415,000 to 479,000 ova. In most cases, half-spent spawnings led to the production of poor eggs, characterized by irregular cytoplasmic formation and final autolysis. The embryonic and larval development of P. semisulcatus proceeded satisfactorily in a slightly alkaline medium (pH range from 7.5–8.5), and in water of salinity ranging from 28 to 35 ppt for egg and nauplius stages, and thereafter 25–35 ppt for zoea and mysis stages. The shrimps exhibited faster increase in body length than body weight in early growth. Later, after the shrimps had reached a body length of about 7.0 cm, the growth rate of body weight increased more markedly than body length. The rate of daily increase in weight was 1.01% in 7.0 cm shrimp. The feed efficiency of the formulated shrimp pellets was found to be 31.4%. During the nutritional study of P. semisulcatus, it was found that the combination of high dietary protein (about 40%) and low dietary lipid produced best growth and survival of bear shrimp. High increase of biomass of the shrimp fed with clam meat and high quality fish meal demonstrated the favorable response of shrimp to these diets. The use of cages for culturing bear shrimp was found to be practicable, but not efficient. 相似文献
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不同养殖模式的凡纳滨对虾品质的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
仪器分析法(营养成份分析和质构分析)与感官评价法有机结合,以对虾口感为主要考核指标,建立对虾品质鉴定体系,并以此法对无公害海水养殖、传统海水养殖及传统淡水养殖对虾3种不同养殖模式下生产的对虾品质进行比较.结果表明:3种对虾的机体营养成分组成差异不大,只有无公害虾肌苷酸含量明显高于其余两组,达2.76 mg·g-1.氨基酸分析中表明:无公害海水养殖对虾的必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸及氨基酸总量等指标优于其余样品;无公害虾的感官指标基本上与海水虾相似,3种虾的色泽和气味指标差异不明显(P＞0.05),无公害虾的滋味及口感均比其它两组对照好;多汁性指标则以淡水虾最佳.在质构分析方面,3种虾硬度指标差异显著(P＜0.05),无公害虾与海水虾在肌肉的弹性及咀嚼性无显著性差异(P＞0.05),与淡水虾差异显著(P＜0.05),其结果与感官评价基本一致.本文全面比较3种对虾品质上差异,揭示对虾口感差异内在因素,为对虾品质评价提供了方法和手段. 相似文献
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本文探讨了应用哈维氏弧菌噬菌体对致病菌哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)的特异性噬菌作用防治对虾发光病的必要性和可行性.实验表明:从对虾育苗场分离的对虾发光病致病菌哈维氏弧菌对46种抗菌药物的敏感性逐年减弱,1993年尚有28种敏感药物,其中中度以上敏感的有12种;而到了2003年敏感药物则只剩下9种,中度敏感的仅为头孢三嗪和壮观霉素2种,在养殖生产中常用的几种药物几乎都变为不敏感.在试验水体中添加该噬菌体可使哈维氏弧菌的数量减少2～3个数量级,可以相对减少对虾发光病的发生和虾苗的死亡.实验还显示试验虾苗的死亡与噬菌体的效价高低无关,而与加入的噬菌体上清液的有机质含量有关. 相似文献