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1.
The design of aquaculture systems requires an understanding of the drag forces on cultivated kelp. This study measured the drag on line segments of cultivated Saccharina latissima in a towing tank. The drag on segments of farm line with full kelp bundles and with stipes alone (fronds removed) was measured at tow speeds of 0.10 to 0.50 m/s. The drag on individual fronds cut from the line was also measured. Video images were collected to evaluate the plant reconfiguration. Both kelp blades and stipes contributed to the total drag force on the line bundle. Within the velocity range of our experiments, the kelp blades were essentially horizontal. However, the pronation of kelp stipes increased as flow velocity increased. The reconfiguration of kelp stipes was observed to decrease the vertical extent of the kelp bundle. Due to this reconfiguration, the measured force, , increased with velocity, , at a rate slower than quadratic, and was consistent with scaling laws derived for reconfiguration. Specifically, with . 相似文献
2.
《Aquacultural Engineering》2007,36(3):292-299
Measurements were made to assess the increase in drag on aquaculture cage netting due to biofouling. Drag force was obtained by towing net panels, perpendicular to the incident flow, in experiments conducted in a tow tank and in the field. The net panels were fabricated from netting stretched within a 1 m2 pipe frame. They were towed at various speeds, and drag force was measured using a bridle-pulley arrangement terminating in a load cell. The frame without netting was also drag tested so that net-only results could be obtained by subtracting out the frame contribution. Measurements of drag force and velocity were processed to yield drag coefficients.Clean nets were drag tested in the University of New Hampshire (UNH) 36.5 m long tow tank. Nets were then exposed to biofouling during the summer of 2004 at the UNH open ocean aquaculture demonstration site 1.6 km south of the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Nine net panels were recovered on 6 October 2004 and immediately drag tested at sea to minimize disturbing the fouling communities. The majority of the growth was skeleton shrimp (Caprella sp.) with some colonial hydroids (Tubularia sp.), blue mussels (Mytilus edulus) and rock borer clams (Hiatella actica). Since the deployment depth was 15 m (commensurate with submerged cages at the site), no algae were present. The net panels had been subject to several different antifouling treatments, so the extent of growth varied amongst the panels. Drag force measurements were made using a bridle-pulley-load cell configuration similar to that employed in the tow tank. Fixtures and instruments were mounted on an unpowered catamaran that was towed alongside a workboat. Thus, the catamaran served as the “carriage” for field measurements.Increases in net-only drag coefficient varied from 6 to 240% of the clean net values. The maximum biofouled net drag coefficient was 0.599 based on net outline area. Biofouled drag coefficients generally increased with solidity (projected area of blockage divided by outline area) and volume of growth. There was, however, considerable scatter attributed in part to different mixes of species present. 相似文献
3.
Drag force acting on biofouled net panels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Robinson Swift David W. Fredriksson Alexander Unrein Brett Fullerton Oystein Patursson Kenneth Baldwin 《Aquacultural Engineering》2006,35(3):292-299
Measurements were made to assess the increase in drag on aquaculture cage netting due to biofouling. Drag force was obtained by towing net panels, perpendicular to the incident flow, in experiments conducted in a tow tank and in the field. The net panels were fabricated from netting stretched within a 1 m2 pipe frame. They were towed at various speeds, and drag force was measured using a bridle-pulley arrangement terminating in a load cell. The frame without netting was also drag tested so that net-only results could be obtained by subtracting out the frame contribution. Measurements of drag force and velocity were processed to yield drag coefficients.
Clean nets were drag tested in the University of New Hampshire (UNH) 36.5 m long tow tank. Nets were then exposed to biofouling during the summer of 2004 at the UNH open ocean aquaculture demonstration site 1.6 km south of the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Nine net panels were recovered on 6 October 2004 and immediately drag tested at sea to minimize disturbing the fouling communities. The majority of the growth was skeleton shrimp (Caprella sp.) with some colonial hydroids (Tubularia sp.), blue mussels (Mytilus edulus) and rock borer clams (Hiatella actica). Since the deployment depth was 15 m (commensurate with submerged cages at the site), no algae were present. The net panels had been subject to several different antifouling treatments, so the extent of growth varied amongst the panels. Drag force measurements were made using a bridle-pulley-load cell configuration similar to that employed in the tow tank. Fixtures and instruments were mounted on an unpowered catamaran that was towed alongside a workboat. Thus, the catamaran served as the “carriage” for field measurements.
Increases in net-only drag coefficient varied from 6 to 240% of the clean net values. The maximum biofouled net drag coefficient was 0.599 based on net outline area. Biofouled drag coefficients generally increased with solidity (projected area of blockage divided by outline area) and volume of growth. There was, however, considerable scatter attributed in part to different mixes of species present. 相似文献
4.
M. J. McHugh M. K. Broadhurst D. J. Sterling R. B. Millar 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2014,21(4):299-311
In an attempt to improve the selectivity and engineering performances of generic penaeid trawls, three established and one novel spreading‐mechanism configurations were assessed: otter boards attached (1) with and (2) without 3.15‐m sweeps to a 7.35‐m headline trawl, and a beam rigged directly to a 9.19‐m trawl (3) with and (4) without a horizontal wire and plastic streamers. Despite more surface area (7.5 vs 6.0 m2), both beam‐trawl configurations had significantly lower drag than the otter trawls (≤30%). When catches were standardised to per ha, the otter trawl with sweeps retained significantly more (1.3–2.4 times) school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi (Haswell), than the other three configurations. Within systems, removing sweeps or adding a horizontal wire significantly reduced the unwanted catches of a key teleost (southern herring, Herklotsichthys castelnaui Ogilby) by 41 and 48%. The results illustrate the utility of simple anterior modifications for independently addressing penaeid‐trawling environmental issues. 相似文献
5.
东海区中国毛虾张网网具的优化设计 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对单锚毛虾张网和单锚桁杆毛虾张网模型试验,研究了该两种张网的流体阻力及扩张装置对网具的影响。结果表明：（1）毛虾张网网口上下或两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,与平面装配对比,在网具形状上前者优于后者。（2）单锚毛虾张网网口上下采用悬链线式剪裁装配,在拖速0.13～0.78m/s范围内,拖速逐渐增加时,水平扩张由15～30%递增,网口高度也随之增加;同一拖速下,采用悬链线式剪裁装配的网口高度均高于平面剪裁装配。单锚桁杆张网两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,其网口高度随拖速的增加而下降缓慢;在同一拖速下,与平面装配对比,悬链线式剪裁装配的网口高度增幅为-5.6%～43.4%。（3）同样主尺度、相同拖速、结构相似,而网口上下和两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配,与平面装配比较,在拖速为0.13～0.78m/s增加过程中,流体阻力增加较为平缓;主尺度相近、相同拖速、网口两侧采用帆布装置扩张与桁杆扩张比较,在拖速为0.13～0.78m/s增加过程中,流体阻力增加幅度较大。（4）网口上下和两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配的单锚张网模型和网口两侧采用悬链线式剪裁装配的单锚桁杆张网模型的迎流面积的结果表明：拖速为0.13m/s时,两者的迎流面积相差3.1%,而当拖速为0.78m/s时,前者是后者的3倍有余。 相似文献
6.
Kousuke Yatsuya Yukio Matsumoto Kei Sasaki Norio Shirafuji Daisuke Muraoka 《Fisheries Science》2017,83(6):939-946
The kelp Saccharina japonica is a dominant seaweed along the Sanriku coast where fisheries for sea urchin and abalone are among the most prosperous in Japan. We investigated the phenology of the kelp at depths of 6, 9 and 12 m from March 2015 to March 2016. The sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus, a dominant herbivore off the coast, was also monitored with respect to its gonads for fishery use. Juvenile kelp appeared in March and rapidly elongated until May. Weight of the kelp significantly increased from April to July. Sori formation commenced from September and ceased in December. Density and biomass of the kelp were higher in the shallower sites than in the deeper one throughout the year. The highest biomasses recorded between July and October were 3773, 1939 and 501 g dry weight m?2 at depths of 6, 9 and 12 m, respectively. No regrowth of kelp blades was observed, indicating that S. japonica in this region has an annual life cycle. The gonad index of the sea urchin in the 12-m site was lower than that in the 6- and 9-m sites, indicating the close relation of the gonad index with the biomass of the kelp. 相似文献
7.
Production and economic assessment of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera cultivation for abalone feed in the south of Chile 
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下载免费PDF全文 Tomás Correa Alfonso Gutiérrez Roberto Flores Alejandro H Buschmann Patricio Cornejo Cristian Bucarey 《Aquaculture Research》2016,47(3):698-707
Kelp biomass availability for mass abalone cultivation remains a critical issue in Chile. The technical and economic feasibility of a commercial scale kelp farming activity has not been established. This study describes the production and economic results of a pilot scale unit installed in southern Chile. Our results show 25 kg m?1 of production over a 9‐month spring‐summer period, and 16.2 kg m?1 during the autumn‐winter period. These values indicate that a total biomass production of 41.3 kg (wet) ma?1 year?1 can be obtained by placing the culture lines at 4 m intervals. High quality animal food‐grade plants with a 9% protein content, over 5 m in length were harvested. Sensitivity analysis showed that by cultivating 30–50 ha with a market value of US$ 78 ton?1, a return on investment can be made after the first year. 相似文献
8.
David R. Plew Matthew P. Enright Roger I. Nokes Jennifer K. Dumas 《Aquacultural Engineering》2009,40(2):55-61
Drag measurements are conducted to determine if inhalant and exhalant of fluid during mussel feeding has a detectable influence on the drag of a mussel-encrusted rope such as is commonly used in suspended aquaculture. The experiment is conducted using an artificial mussel crop rope constructed using the shells of Perna canaliculus, with 100 mussels (mean shell length 83.4 mm, S.D. 8.7 mm) attached over a length of 0.90 m. Fluid pumping from mussel feeding is simulated using inhalant and exhalant jets pumping at a rate of 7 L h?1 per mussel. The mussel rope is towed at speeds between 0.05 and 0.4 m s?1. No significant difference is found between drag with and without the mussels pumping indicating that assessments of the drag on or from mussel long-lines may safely neglect the effect of mussel feeding. We suggest using twice the mussel shell size to define mussel rope diameter which gives a drag coefficient of CD ～1.0. A value of CD ～1.3 is obtained if the projected area of the mussel rope is used. Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is also used on a similar but shorter crop rope (0.3 m length) in a recirculating flume which reveals that mussel pumping induces only small changes to mean velocity and turbulence distributions downstream of the rope. The wake of the crop rope is highly turbulent and dominated by shear instabilities formed in the free shear layer, similar to bluff body wakes. The sharp edges of the mussel shells provide many points for flow separation to occur. At typical ambient velocities, turbulent kinetic energy produced by the exhalant jets is small in comparison to that from flow around the crop rope. 相似文献
9.
10.
主要介绍了从动力学研究桑沟湾养殖容量的主要思路、方法及结果。研究以精细过程观测为基础,以数值模型为手段,从物理海洋学角度考察养殖海区水动力特征,研究水动力对物质循环的影响、对颗粒态/溶解态营养物质的补充和对养殖生物量的影响,探寻不同养殖模式效果的技术路线;介绍了两个航次设计方案与目的。通过观测发现养殖对水动力垂直结构有很大影响,底层流速最大并滞后表层,发现弱动力条件下海底颗粒物和营养盐无法进入水体上层的事实。据此提出双边界层动力模型,建立一维数值模型进行机制探讨,将养殖阻力三维化建立水动力数值模型,定量给出养殖对水动力和水交换的阻碍;以此驱动三维养殖生态模型,充分考虑养殖对水动力的影响、水动力对生源要素的输运。建立了一个真正的物理-生物过程耦合模型。利用该模型进行的数值模拟和实验表明,贝藻兼养多元养殖是健康、高效养殖的有利措施;桑沟湾在现有养殖模式下,目前已基本达到了它的养殖容量,养殖品种分布不变,减少养殖密度至目前的0.9倍会略微提高产量,降低成本;减少湾口海带养殖密度,会大幅度提高贝藻兼养区的营养盐总量和养殖生物产量,从海带与贝类经济价值对比会有更高的效益。人为提高水动力混合或许是解决湾内营养盐缺乏的途径。 相似文献
11.
Renato Westermeier David Patiño Maria Ines Piel Ingo Maier & Dieter G Mueller 《Aquaculture Research》2006,37(2):164-171
Substantial amounts of Macrocystis and Lessonia are traditionally harvested and exported from Chile as raw material for alginate. Because of intense mariculture of abalone (Haliotis ssp.), herbivorous molluscs that feed on brown kelps, pressure on local populations of Macrocystis and Lessonia has increased to critical levels within the past 5 years, strongly supporting efforts to produce algae maricultured biomass. Here, we present our results on the development of new techniques for large‐scale kelp mariculture in Chile. We have abandoned the traditional technique of direct spore seeding onto inoculation lines. Instead, we used gametophyte cultures that were manipulated to enter gametogenesis and to produce synchronous batches of 104–105 embryos. Juvenile sporophytes were cultured under permanent aeration and agitation, floating unattached in contamination‐free glass bottles up to 10 L, plexiglass cylinders and 800 L greenhouse tanks. When holdfast initials were formed at a size of 8 cm, the sporophytes were spliced into Nylon rope fragments and transferred to the sea. Twelve months after initiation of gametogenesis in the laboratory, Macrocystis pyrifera attained 14 m length and 80 kg fresh weight m?1 line in the sea. For Lessonia trabeculata 6 months after gametogenesis initiation, 0.25 kg fresh weight m?1 was attained in the sea. 相似文献
12.
为实现海带收获转运机械化,减轻海带收获人员的作业强度,通过改进现有海带养殖筏架模式,将海带苗绳首尾依次连接成串,便于海带机械化收获转运,在此基础上设计并试制回转伸缩齿爪式收获转运试验装置。采用单元数值算法对海带收获过程中成串海带苗绳张力及拖拽力进行计算与分析,对照分析不同苗绳拖拽角度对转运装置运行状态的影响。计算分析和台架试验结果显示:海带收获转运装置拖拽附着养成海带苗绳结合点张力为1290 N,当拖拽海带苗绳起吊角≤15°时,伸缩齿爪无法挑起苗绳,易发生脱绳现象;当拖拽海带苗绳起吊角>15°时,伸缩齿爪可依次挑起海带苗绳,海带能够顺利经过转运装置,达到海带收获转运的目的;回转伸缩齿爪式收获转运装置台架试验运行情况良好,齿爪顺序伸缩机构可有效解决收获转运过程中海带缠绕齿爪的关键问题。液压系统设计采用叠加式液控单向阀,可解决油管泄漏吊臂快速下降的问题,提高系统的安全性。试验研究表明,回转伸缩齿爪式收获转运技术是可行的,可为海上试验打下扎实的基础。 相似文献
13.
Kenji Minami Hiroki Yasuma Naoki Tojo Shin-ichi Fukui Yusuke Ito Takahiro Nobetsu Kazushi Miyashita 《Fisheries Science》2010,76(5):729-736
Sustainable management of the kelp forests of the Shiretoko Peninsula, a World Natural Heritage site, is necessary due to
kelp’s ecological and economic importance. The objectives of this study were to estimate the area of kelp forests and to clarify
their spatial characteristics in coastal waters of the Shiretoko Peninsula. Data on the presence/absence and thickness of
kelp forests were collected via acoustic observation on transects over about 80 km using an echosounder at 200 kHz. Acoustic
data were geostatistically interpolated, and the areas covered by kelp forests were estimated. Differences in kelp distribution
between the eastern and western sides of the peninsula were compared. The total area of kelp forest was 3.88 km2 (eastern area: 3.49 km2; western area: 0.39 km2). The range of thickness of the kelp forests was 34–91 cm. Many kelp forests in the eastern area were thick (>78 cm) and
distributed continuously, while kelp forests in the western area were sparsely distributed. 相似文献
14.
《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(1-2):163-184
An axial-flow water circulator was developed for use in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, culture ponds. The circulator design incorporated a series of 0.76-m diameter fan blades housed within a belled inlet duct 0.92 m in diameter and 1.22 m in length. Power was provided by a 2.24-kW gear motor. Power demand and discharge rates were established using all combinations of the following design variables: impeller type-three blades set at 30' angle or six blades set at 25' angle; impeller speed-90, 120, 144, and 180 rpm; number of impellers in series-1, 2, 3, or 4. The highest discharge rate of 63 m3/minute was established using four six-blade impellers operating at 144 rpm. A maximum discharge rate per unit of power input (efficiency) of 91.4 m3/minute-kW was obtained using two three-blade impellers operating at 90 rpm. Circulator efficiency decreased with increasing discharge rates as described by the model Y = 12888.8X-1.68315, where Y = m3/minute-kW and X = m3/minute. Field tests conducted in 1.62-ha channel catfish production ponds demonstrated the ability of the circulator to increase water movement in all areas of the ponds and to reduce the frequency and total duration of required emergency aeration by 39.3% and 54.6%, respectively. Net production of channel catfish in ponds outfitted with the water circulator (6,683 kg/ha, n = 3) was not different (P > 0.05) than production in control ponds (6,205 kg/ha, n = 3). 相似文献
15.
The length and mean cross-sectional area of the myotome of rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri, scale isometrically with total length (L, cm) and L2 respectively for fish from 5 to 35 cm in length. The net maximum force, (F, kN·m–2) developed by a single twitch of thein situ myotome on one side of the body, and measured normal to the hypural complex increased as; F=1.05×10–3·L2.6, and maximum lateral velocity (W, m·s–1) at the hypural plate as; W=0.29 L–0.47. Maximum power (P, W) increased as; P=7.64×10–5·L3.06. Acceleration rates predicted from these data do not agree well with observations. In addition, except for small fish, predicted maximum speeds differed from those calculated from minimum twitch times of excised muscle blocks and stride length, the popular method for estimating maximum speed. It is suggested that temporal summation of twitches must occur in larger fish. This could provide forces matched to inertial loads which are important in fitness-critical maneuvers. 相似文献
16.
《水生生物资源》2003,16(3):293-298
A scattering layer consisting mainly of krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) was studied with a submersible transducer, to assess the behaviour of individual organisms in situ by means of split-beam target tracking. Individuals were resolved and tracked, but a rapid increase in average swimming speeds with depth suggested that inaccuracies in the angular estimates affected the estimates. Attempts were made to smooth the tracks during post-processing. Smoothed speeds suggested that most (>78%) invertebrates swam at speeds below 12 cm s–1 (mode ~4 cm s–1), with components of speed larger in the horizontal plane than in the vertical. 相似文献
17.
黄河小浪底水库主河道水域渔业资源声学评估 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
2013年11月25日和2014年5月22日,使用分裂式波束科学鱼探仪(Simrad EY60,70 kHz,挪威)对黄河小浪底水库库尾大坝至黄河三峡段主河道的渔业资源进行了2次声学调查。通过对鱼类目标强度的现场测量,使用回波积分方法对库区内不同区域鱼类资源平均密度、资源量和空间分布进行了探查和评估。结果表明,2013年11月和2014年5月库区内调查水域声学积分值(nautical area scattering coefficient,NASC)分别为29.38 m2/nm2和49.77 m2/nm2,对应的鱼类资源平均密度分别为0.016 尾/m2和0.290 尾/m2,资源量分别为41.56 t和606.70 t。库区调查区域鱼类密度的空间水平分布,在大坝附近、主河道中游、上游以及黄河三峡2013年11月分别为0.016、0.023、0.024和0.009 尾/m2,2014年5月分别为0.848、0.248、0.077和0.083 尾/m2。2013年11月鱼类资源主要集中于主河道中上游水域,而2014年5月则主要集中于主河道中下游水域。鱼类的垂直分布显示了层状分布特征,黄河三峡段鱼类主要分布于10～20 m水层,其他主河道区域则主要分布在表层以及20～30 m水层。2013年11月和2014年5月鱼类目标强度分别以-59.5 dB和-56.5～-53.5 dB所占比例最高,体长较小且经过半年体长有所增加。研究表明,声学方法适用于黄河小浪底水库渔业资源调查。 相似文献
18.
Chris Noble Sunil Kadri David F Mitchell & Felicity A Huntingford 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(11):1137-1143
The feeding behaviour, growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of cage‐held Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) were studied when in 576 m3 (12 m × 12 m × 4 m) commercial freshwater cages under ambient water temperature (8.84±3.53°C) and photoperiod (11.02±2.05 h) for 205 days. The effect of feeding regime on fin damage was also investigated. Six groups (n=31 234±2051 fish group−1, initial stocking density 1.25±0.14 kg m−3) were fed to satiation using either (a) an imposed regime involving scheduled, fixed ration feeding every 10 min from dawn till dusk or (b) on demand from dawn till dusk using commercial interactive feedback systems. During feeding, there were no significant differences in aggression although swimming speeds and turning angles were significantly higher in fish under the imposed regime. On‐demand feeding significantly reduced the incidence of dorsal fin damage. There was no clear relationship between fish size, feed regime and the incidence of fin damage until 1 week before the fish were transferred to marine cages, when the smallest fish under each feeding regime had the highest incidence of fin damage. Interestingly, growth did not differ between regimes, but fish under the imposed regime were significantly overfed and achieved higher FCRs. 相似文献
19.
为了研究养殖海带的生态环境效应,通过南日岛海带养殖区现场测量和取样,分析了海带的生长速率,组织C、N、P含量和元素比值,以及养殖区颗粒和溶解有机物的季节变化。结果显示,在1个生长周期内,海带的湿重与长度呈明显幂函数关系(W=0.02 L7.57,R2=0.84),海带的湿重、长度和宽度与养殖天数具有明显的线性相关关系(湿重、长度和宽度与养殖天数的R2分别为0.96、0.96和0.93)。海带C/N比变化范围为9.13～18.66,N/P比变化范围为11.32～18.48,C/P比变化范围为153.18～267.99。海带C/P比与P含量呈明显指数函数关系(Y=748.30 e-4.10X,R2=0.88),C/N比与N含量呈明显指数函数关系(Y=50.21 e-0.60X,R2=0.92)。海带养殖海区POC、PON和POP的变化范围分别为0.33～0.86、 0.07～0.11和0.01～0.02 mg/L; DOC、 DON和DOP含量的变化范围分别为1.98～17.06、0.20～0.55和0.01～0.04 mg/L。海带C、N、P含量的变化范围分别为22.82%～26.43%、 1.65%～2.97%和0.25%～0.42%。收获时海带的平均碳、氮、磷含量分别为26.17%、1.76%和0.29%,以2018年福建海带养殖总产量76.83万t计算,即通过收获分别可移除C、N、P 20.13、1.35和0.22万t。研究表明,养殖海带可能是养殖区海水有机物的重要来源,是近海碳循环的重要组成之一。 相似文献