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1.
报道了细鳞鲴(Xenocypris microlepis)繁殖生物学的初步调查研究结果。细鳞鲴雌雄个体在繁殖季节的显著区别是雄性个体有珠星。繁殖季节雄雌性比为1.55∶1,最小性成熟年龄为2龄,繁殖群体主要由2、3龄组成。细鳞鲴的绝对繁殖力F为8247～157899粒,平均78629.3粒。体重相对繁殖力FW为95～487粒,体长相对繁殖力FL为894～5110粒,平均相对繁殖力FW为(225.8±58.32)粒、FL为(2738.4±135.53)粒。其绝对繁殖力F随体长(L)、体重(W)、空壳重(W0)、性腺重(Wx)的增加而增加,对相对繁殖力FL和FW影响较大的分别是性腺重(Wx)和性成熟系数GSI。  相似文献   

2.
于2015年5~6月在辽河双台子河口水域采捕176尾性腺发育到Ⅳ期的刀鲚Coilia nasus雌鱼,测量其体长(L)、体质量(W)、净体质量(W_o)、性腺重(W_l)和卵径等生物学指标。取左侧鳃盖骨鉴定年龄,用重量法计数个体绝对生殖力(F),计算体长相对生殖力(F_L)和体重相对生殖力(F_w),用5种数学模型及多元逐步回归方程拟合个体生殖力与生物学指标的关系。结果显示:样本由4~+~6~+龄组成,个体绝对生殖力(F)17 968~116 935粒,平均44 995粒;体长相对生殖力(F_L)66~297粒/mm,平均为145粒/mm;体质量相对生殖力(F_w)192~710粒/g,平均为362粒/g。F和F_L与体长(L)、体质量(W)、净体质量(W_o)、性腺重(W_l)、成熟系数(GSI)和年龄呈极显著正相关,与肥满度(K)相关关系不显著。F_w仅与W_l、GSI极显著正相关,和其他指标的相关性不显著。多元逐步回归显示,F与W和W_l密切相关,相关式为:F=-15 623.878+1 158.377W_l+324.104W(n=176,R=0.851;DW=1.890,P0.01);F_L与W_l和K密切相关,相关式为:F_L=-68.850+3.868W_l+302 687.076K(n=176,R=0.728;DW=1.743,P0.01);F_w均与L和GSI密切相关,相关式为:F_w=207.215-5.17L+7.5918GSI(n=176,R=0.646;DW=1.849,P0.01)。第Ⅳ~Ⅴ期刀鲚卵巢中,卵径变化范围在0.55~1.05mm之间,平均0.81mm。依据卵径频率分布推测,刀鲚属单峰一次性产卵鱼类。  相似文献   

3.
探究中华花鳅(Cobitis sinensis)的繁殖生物学特性,可为其人工增养殖和资源保护利用提供科学依据。2017年11月至2018年5月,在贵州境内舞阳河施秉段采集中华花鳅样本381尾,以鳞片作为年龄鉴定材料,将样本解剖后进行性别鉴定和性腺分期。结果表明,舞阳河中华花鳅体长(L)为58.9~100.2 mm,体重(W)为2.0~13.7 g,年龄在1~4龄。381尾样本中,性别不可辨样本有23尾,雄248尾,雌110尾,性腺发育至IV期最多。经肉眼观察发现,中华花鳅的精巢和卵巢均可分为6期,有70尾雌鱼性腺发育达到IV期,其绝对繁殖力(F)为542~2 865粒,体长相对繁殖力(FL)为6.6~28.6粒/mm,体重相对繁殖力(FW)为99.8~490.7粒/g;绝对繁殖力(F)、体长相对繁殖力(FL)均与体长(L)、体重(W)、净体重(W0)、性腺重(W1)、成熟系数(GSI)之间具有极显著相关性(P<0.01),体重相对繁殖力(FW)与性腺重(W1)、成熟系数(GSI)之间具有极显著相关性(P<0.01)。实地调查发现,中华花鳅的产卵场主要在砂质底质、水质清新、水流较缓、水草丰富的浅水区,繁殖期为5-8月,繁殖高峰期为5月中旬至6月上旬。研究显示,中华花鳅的繁殖力较低,繁殖高峰期时间较短,低龄化严重,亟需对其进行资源保护和系统研究。  相似文献   

4.
为比较不同地理群体脊尾白虾亲本的繁殖特性,采用常规生物学和统计回归分析方法,对大丰、如东、启东、奉贤、宁海等不同地理群体的脊尾白虾亲本进行了比较研究。结果显示：不同地理群体脊尾白虾繁殖亲本的总性比(♀/♂)均小于1,不同群体之间差异不显著(P>0.05);各群体脊尾白虾抱卵个体的绝对繁殖力为1 699.10～2 733.72粒,个体体长相对繁殖力为275.93～404.36粒/cm,个体体质量相对繁殖力为455.31～596.26粒/g,不同群体之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);不同地理群体脊尾白虾繁殖亲本的绝对繁殖力F与体长L、体质量W均存在着显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,不同地理群体脊尾白虾的繁殖特性已出现分化或分化的趋势。  相似文献   

5.
2012~2015年在长江上游宜宾江段采集样品,分析研究长鳍吻鮈Rhinogobio ventralis的个体繁殖力及其与各体征指标的关系。结果表明:长鳍吻鮈的绝对繁殖力(F)变动范围为16 399~40 021粒/尾,平均为(27 943±7 777)粒/尾;体长相对繁殖力(FL)变动范围为87~165粒/mm,平均为(120.9±19.8)粒/mm;体质量相对繁殖力(FW)变动范围为124~234粒/g,平均为(163.8±21.7)粒/g。繁殖力与体征指标的相关分析表明:F、FL与体长、体质量、净体质量、卵巢质量以及年龄均呈正相关,达到极显著水平(P0.01);FW仅与体质量、净体质量以及成熟系数显著相关(P0.01);进一步回归分析显示:F、FL与体长、体质量、净体质量均呈二次函数相关,即繁殖力随体长、体质量增加而增长。  相似文献   

6.
2008年4-5月对洛河野生鲹鲦进行随机取样调查,共收集样本145(雌44,雄101)尾.测定成熟雌鱼体长(L)、体重(W)、年龄(A)、空壳重(BW)、卵巢重(GW)、怀卵量等指标,计数个体绝对生殖力(F),并计算出鲹鲦的体长相对生殖力(FL)、体重相对生殖力(FW)、肥满度(CF)和成熟系数(GSI)等,用6种数学模式拟合了鲹鲦个体生殖力与生物学指标间的关系.结果表明:①成熟雌性鲹鲦由0+-3+龄鱼组成;②个体绝对生殖力(F)范围为1937-39563粒,平均8436粒;体长相对生殖力(FL)范围为190-2586粒/cm,平均735粒/cm;体重相对生殖力(Fw)范围为110-865粒/g,平均383粒/g;③其个体绝对生殖力与体长、体重和年龄都呈抛物线函数相关,体长相对生殖力与体长、体重和年龄分别呈抛物线、直线和抛物线函数相关,体重相对生殖力与它们相关不显著.  相似文献   

7.
报道了细鳞鲴(Xenocypris microlepis)繁殖生物学的初步调查研究。细鳞鲴雌雄个体在繁殖季节的显著特征是有无“珠星”。繁殖季节雄雌性比为1.55：1,最小性成熟年龄为2龄,繁殖群体主要由2、3龄组成。细鳞鲴的绝对繁殖力F为8247粒至157899粒,平均78629.3粒。体重相对繁殖力FW为 95-487粒,体长相对繁殖力FL为894-5110粒,平均相对繁殖力FW为225.8 ±58.32粒、FL为 2738.4±135.53 粒。其绝对繁殖力F随体长（L）、体重（W）、空壳重（W0）、性腺重（Wx）的增加而增加,对相对繁殖力FL和FW影响较大的分别是性腺重（Wx）和性成熟系数GSI。  相似文献   

8.
光唇鱼雌性个体生殖力的测定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
随机采集光唇鱼雌性个体样本12尾,测量其体长(L)、体质量(W)、净体质量(Wn)和性腺质量(Wo)等生物学指标。用质量法计数个体绝对生殖力,并对体长相对生殖力(FL)、体质量相对生殖力(Fw)和成熟系数进行计算,结果表明:个体绝对生殖力(F)在458~14254粒,平均3736粒。体长相对生殖力(FL)在50~1013粒/cm,平均346粒/cm。体质量相对生殖力(Fw)在19~151粒/g,平均85粒/g。绝对生殖力主要集中于1000~5000粒,绝对生殖力在10000粒以上的样本较少。体长相对生殖力主要分布于100~500粒/cm,而体质量相对生殖力主要集中于25~100粒/g。  相似文献   

9.
2013和2014年5~6月间,采用自制悬挂式电鱼机,在鸭绿江支流蒲石河采捕368尾杂色杜父鱼Cottus poecilopus Heckel,研究该鱼的生物学。结果表明:杂色杜父鱼全长L(mm)与体质量W(g)的关系式为:W=2×10-5L2.9662。48尾雌性个体的统计表明,个体绝对繁殖力(F)为497粒,体长相对繁殖力(FL)为5.06±2.13粒/mm,体质量相对繁殖力(FW)为36.98±15.63粒/g。杂色杜父鱼的摄食率为28.26%;充塞度为1~5级的标本尾数分别占总标本数的38.46%、26.92%、19.23%、11.54%,和3.85%;主要食物为底栖动物和小型鱼类。饵料生物中个数百分比(N%)最高的种类是灰纹石蛾Hydropsyche ulmeri,质量百分比(W%)和出现频次百分比(F%)最高的均为钩虾Gammarus sp.,百分比相对重要性指数(IRI%)最高的是灰纹石蛾Hydropsyche ulmeri。  相似文献   

10.
于2012年和2013年的5~6月间,调查研究采自图们江支流三道沟的黑龙江中杜父鱼Mesocottus haitej Dybowski的生物学特性。结果表明:该鱼全长L与体质量W的关系式为W=3×10~(-6)L~(3.3408),雌鱼最小性成熟年龄为1~+龄,其全长和体质量分别为69.96mm和5.82g。对53尾性成熟雌性个体的统计表明,黑龙江中杜父鱼1~+龄成熟系数平均为(26.23±5.57)%,个体绝对繁殖力(F)平均为(230±85)粒/尾,个体相对繁殖力(F_L和F_W)平均分别为(2.66±1.13)粒/mm和(40.37±10.11)粒/g;2~+龄成熟系数平均为(37.80±5.69)%,F平均为(530±98)粒,F_L平均为(4.58±0.70)粒/mm,F_W平均为(34.51±4.15)粒/g。3~+龄成熟系数平均为27.75%,F平均为759粒/尾,F_L为6.09粒/mm,F_W平均为33.20粒/g。对84尾样本解剖发现,黑龙江中杜父鱼的摄食率为44.05%,充塞度为1~5级的标本尾数分别占总标本数的40.54%、35.14%、10.81%、5.41%和8.11%。食物组成分析显示:食物均为底栖动物,出现频次(F%)、个数百分比(N%)、重量百分比(W%)、出现频次百分比(G%)、相对重要性指数(IRI)和综合指标优势指数(I_p)中,排在前两位的均是Ameletus costalis和钩虾Gammarus sp.。  相似文献   

11.
The present study aimed to determine the influence of water pH on survival of curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus, larvae. Forty-five 2-l glass aquaria with artificial aeration and no water exchange were stocked at a density of 10 larvae l−1. The pH values used as treatments were 3.7 ± 0.0, 4.0 ± 0.0, 4.4 ± 0.2, 4.6 ± 0.2, 4.8 ± 0.2, 5.1 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.2, 5.6 ± 0.2, 7.2 ± 0.2, 8.7 ± 0.4, 9.0 ± 0.4, 9.2 ± 0.4, 9.4 ± 0.6, 9.7 ± 0.5 and 10.0 ± 0.5 in a completely random experimental design with three repetitions. Water pH was maintained by the addition of NaOH or H2SO4 solutions. After 72 h of experiment, no survival was registered at pH below 4.6, 1.5% survival at pH 4.6, and about 50% survival at pH 9.4 and above. Survival rates between 70 and 80% were registered at pH 4.8–5.6 and at pH 7.2, whereas over 90% survival was registered at pH between 8.7 and 9.2.  相似文献   

12.
Herbals such as Cynodon dactylon, Piper longum, Phyllanthus niruri, Tridax procumbens, and Zingiber officinalis were extracted with acetone, benzene, butanol, and petroleum ether and screened against the pathogen Vibrio harveyi isolated from the infected Grouper Epinephalus tauvina. Among the different solvent extractions screening to V. harveyi, petroleum ether extracts were suppressed significantly (P < 0.05). Equal proportions of the all-plant extracts were mixed with the artificial feeds at concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg−1 of diet and fed to grouper juveniles of 20 ± 2 g average weight for a period of 60 days. Every 20 days, fish juveniles were challenged with V. harveyi and the immune response was studied. The herbal diets significantly (P < 0.05) increased the survival, growth, and immune responses compared to the control group. The herbal diets were significantly improved (P < 0.01) in immune parameters such as phagocytic activity and albumin–globulin (A–G) ratio. Among the different concentrations of the herbals in the diet, the 400 mg kg−1 diet was the most effective in the experiment.  相似文献   

13.
Larvae of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus were sampled in seven depth layers (0–10 m, 10–20 m, 20–30 m, 30–40 m, 40–50 m, 50–70 m, and 70–100 m), with a closing-type frame net, on 26th–27th February, 2003, at Sta. V (27°50′N, 126°00′E) continental shelf edge in the southern part of East China Sea, to examine their vertical distribution. Most of the larvae (>90%) occurred in the upper 50 m layer during both day and night. In the daytime, larvae of length from 3.0 mm to 4.5 mm were most abundant in the 10–20 m layer, those from 5.0 to 6.0 mm were most abundant in the 20–30 m layer, those from 6.0 to 8.0 mm occurred at greater depth, in the 30–40 m layer, and those more than 9.0 mm were found in the 0–10 m layer and performed ontogenetic vertical migrations. Larvae from 6 mm to 8 mm length performed diurnal vertical migration, for the percentage (16.7%) of larval number in the 0–20 m layer in the daytime increased to 42.1% at night and the percentage (78.1%) in the 20–50 m layer in the daytime decreased to 49.0% at night.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of supplementing dehydrated seaweed Ulva clathrata (20 g/kg) in the squid fraction of a formulated fresh diet on the reproductive performance of Litopenaeus vannamei broodstock was evaluated in two commercial hatcheries (A and B). The origin of broodstock, use of ablation on females, tank/culture conditions (for maturation, spawning, and larval rearing) were different between hatcheries. Daily mortality was higher (p < .01) for females in the control group compared to Ulva‐fed group of hatchery A, where females were ablated. No differences in mortality were found for unablated females in hatchery B, or with males from either hatchery. In hatchery A, broodstock fed Ulva produced more eggs (an increase in +5% compared to control, p < .05) and nauplii per female (+18%, p < .01). In hatchery B, broodstock fed Ulva produced significantly more eggs (+26%, p < .05) and nauplii per day (+33%, p < .05). In hatcheries A and B, eggs from broodstock fed Ulva had increased hatching rates (+13 and +7%, respectively, p < .001 in both cases). The number of spawns per day had a tendency to be higher in broodstock fed Ulva in both hatcheries, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (+14% for hatchery A and +20% for hatchery B). Dehydrated U. clathrata appears therefore as a functional additive in L. vannamei maturation diets that enhances the reproductive performance at commercial scale, regardless of the management conditions.  相似文献   

15.
The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of supplementation of inulin on histology, immuno‐haematological and biochemical parameters of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fingerlings with an initial average body weight of 7.14 ± 0.05 g. Inulin was supplemented at four different concentrations (control) 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg in the L. calcarifer diet containing 400 g/kg protein and 90 g/kg lipid. At the end of the 60 days feeding trial, the absorptive surface area of the intestine and glycogen deposition in liver were increased in fish fed inulin supplemented diets. The immune parameters lysozyme, alternative complement pathway, superoxide dismutase and nitroblue tetrazolium assay showed significant (p < 0.05) difference between control and treatment groups. Haematological parameters showed that red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the fish fed with inulin supplemented diets. The analysis of biochemical parameters revealed that glucose, urea, cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between control and treatments groups. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for total protein among different treatments. The results of the study revealed that 15–20 g/kg inulin supplementation has a beneficial effect in the histology, immuno‐haematological, and biochemical parameters in L. calcarifer juveniles.  相似文献   

16.
Juvenile green abalone, Haliotis fulgens (31.3 ± 0.1 mm, 3.7 ± 0.04 g live weight) were reared in laboratory for six months in order to determine their survival, growth, tissue composition, feed consumption (C), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) under two temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C) and three photoperiods (00:24, 12:12 and 24:00 light:dark hours). Survival was ca. 100% at 20 °C, and between 68% and 75% at 25 °C. The highest gross growth rate (109 ± 4.3 μm d− 1, 69 ± 3.9 mg d− 1) was observed in abalone from the combination 20 °C-00:24 L:D. Slowest GGR (38 ± 4.1 μm d− 1, 26 ± 1.5 mg d− 1) was observed in the combination 25 °C-24:00 L:D. Organisms from 25 °C exhibited signs of the withering syndrome at the end of the experiment. Gross energy content (4.4 to 4.6 kcal g− 1 tissue dry wt, TDW) and crude protein (60 to 68% TDW) were not significantly affected by either temperature or photoperiod, but organisms from 20 °C exhibited lower moisture content (86.8 to 88.6%) and higher tissue:shell ratio (0.34-0.40) than those from 25 °C (88.9 to 92.1%; 0.22-0.31 respectively). Feed consumption markedly increased at night, decreased with age, and was higher at 25 °C than 20 °C, irrespective of photoperiod. Highest C was observed under continuous darkness (0.66 to 0.95% BW d− 1 at 20 °C and 0.84 to 1.25% BW d− 1 at 25 °C), and was lowest under continuous light (0.50 to 0.82% BW d− 1 at 20 °C and 0.71 to 1.02% BW d− 1 at 25 °C). FCR and PER were both affected by temperature but not by photoperiod. Higher PER (2.2 to 3.4) and lower FCR values (0.69 to 1.05) were observed at 20 °C, when compared to 25 °C (PER 1.35 to 2.09, FCR 1.10 to 1.86). Sex ratios were ca. 1:1 in the 00:24 and 12:12 L:D photoperiods, yet ca. 50% of abalone from the 24:00 L:D photoperiod were immature at the end of the experiment. It is concluded that H. fulgens can be best cultured at 20 °C and 00:24 or 12:12 L:D regimes, while sustained temperatures at or above 25 °C may result in cumulative stress, altered physiological rhythms, and delayed maturation.  相似文献   

17.
Juveniles of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis were collected in Mali Ston Bay from October to December 2006. Cages with juveniles were placed at three depths: 1, 3 and 5 m. At the end of a 2‐year growth period at 1 m depths, the average length was 244.1 ± 22.9 mm, at 3 m depths, specimens averaged 244.0 ± 25.3 mm, and at 5 m depths, the average length was 231.1 ± 22.5 mm. The average monthly growth of shell length for the total experimental period was 8.7 ± 5.3, 8.4 ± 4.5 and 7.6 ± 4.4 mm, at 1, 3 and 5 m depths respectively.  相似文献   

18.
The metabolic responses of the juvenile Miichthys miiuy in terms of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to changes in temperature (6–25°C) and salinity (16–31 ppt) were investigated. At a constant salinity of 26 ppt, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the fish increased with an increase in temperature and ranged between 133.38 and 594.96 μg O2 h−1 g−1 DW. The effect of temperature on OCR was significant (P < 0.01). Q10 coefficients were 6.80, 1.41, 1.29 and 2.36 at temperatures of 6–10, 10–15, 15–20 and 20–25°C, respectively, suggesting that the juveniles of M. miiuy will be well adapted to the field temperature in the summer, but not in the winter. The ammonium excretion rates (AER) of the fish were also affected significantly by temperature (P < 0.01). The O:N ratio at temperatures of 6, 10, 15 and 20°C ranged from 13.12 to 20.91, which was indicative of a protein-dominated metabolism, whereas the O:N at a temperature of 25°C was 51.37, suggesting that protein-lipids were used as an energy substrate. At a constant temperature of 15°C, the OCRs of the fish ranged between 334.14 (at 31 ppt) and 409.68 (at 16 ppt) μg O2 h−1 g−1 DW. No significant differences were observed in the OCR and AER of the juveniles between salinities of 26 and 31 ppt (P > 0.05). The OCR and AER at 16 ppt were, however, significantly higher than those at 26 and 31 ppt (P < 0.05), indicating salinity lower than 16 ppt is presumably stressful to M. miiuy juveniles.  相似文献   

19.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) on growth performance, body composition, intestinal enzymes activities and gut histology of Megalobrama terminalis. Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three FOS levels (0, 3 and 6 g kg?1) and three B. licheniformis levels (0, 1 and 5 × 107 CFU g?1) following a 3 × 3 factorial design. Accordingly, diets were named as 0/0, 0/3, 0/6, 1/0, 1/3, 1/6, 5/0, 5/3 and 5/6 (B. licheniformis/FOS). At the end of the 8‐week feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed 6 g kg?1 FOS were both significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) higher than that of the other groups in terms of dietary FOS levels. Besides, WG and SGR of fish fed 1 × 107 CFU g?1 B. licheniformis were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the control group in terms of dietary B. licheniformis levels. In addition, a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between dietary FOS and B. licheniformis was observed in finial weight, WG, SGR as well as the survival rate with the highest values all observed in fish fed diet 1/3. Hepatosomatic index, carcass lipid content, lipase activities as well as microvilli length increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 0 to 1 × 107 CFU g?1, but no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in terms of dietary FOS levels. In addition, a significant (P < 0.05) interaction of FOS and B. licheniformis was observed in both protease and Na+, K+‐ATPase activities with the highest value obtained in fish fed diet 1/3. The results indicated that the dietary applications of dietary FOS and B. licheniformis alone or in combination can significantly improve the growth performance, survival rate, intestinal enzymes activities as well as microvilli length of triangular bream. In addition, there is a significant interaction between dietary FOS and B. licheniformis. The best combination for this species is 3 g kg?1 FOS with 1 × 107 CFU g?1 B. licheniformis.  相似文献   

20.
An 80‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of different short‐term fasting and re‐feeding strategies on growth and physiological responses in yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus (2.4 ± 0.2 g) fingerlings. The fish were subjected to four different feeding regimes, and the control group fed four times daily to apparent satiation throughout the whole feeding period, while the other three groups were deprived for 2, 4 and 8 days followed by 8, 16 or 32 days of re‐feeding (F2R8, F4R16 and F8R32, respectively) in repeated cycles for 80 days. The fish in the control and F2R8 groups had the highest and the lowest total length, respectively (p < .05). Moreover, fish exposed to F4R16 had the highest hepatosomatic indices, while control fish had the lowest hepatosomatic indices (p < .05). Fish in the F2R8 group relatively had higher catalase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities than other groups (p < .05). Furthermore, total protease, α‐amylase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the F4R16 and F8R32 were higher than the F2R4 and control groups (p < .05). Overall, this study showed that compensatory growth in weight and length and digestive enzyme activities were observed in the F4R16 and F8R32; however, the increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the F8R32 group indicated that oxidative stress remained after 80 days of re‐feeding in the liver.  相似文献   

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