共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 167 毫秒
1.
Tonic immobility (TI) is an unlearned behavioral response characterized by a state of immobility and torpor. Effect of inter-trial
interval on duration of tonic immobility was assessed in thirty, juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris). Regression analyses showed that massed trials of 12 per session increased the average duration of tonic immobility by 475
sec compared to spaced trials of 1 per session. Each experiment was composed of 24 trials. TI is stable and durations much
longer in the lemon shark than for other sharks. These findings have enabled us to develop a quantitative bioassay for use
in testing chemical shark repellents. 相似文献
2.
J. -J. Janvier 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1997,16(1):85-92
The intravenous administration of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) induced a significant branchial vasoconstrictionin vivo in European eel. This effect is blocked either by methysergide or atropine treatment suggesting a mediation of the serotonin-induced
vasoconstriction by both methysergide-sensitive serotonergic receptors and by cholinergic muscarinic receptors of the branchial
vasculature.
The intravenous administration of 5-HT caused an increase (250%) in ventilatory water flow (VW) together with a rise (250%) in partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2). Under imposed steady ventilatory water flow in curarized eels, serotonin induced a significant increase in PaO2 which i) appeared at the time of branchial vasoconstriction, ii) was blocked by methysergide treatment, and iii) was not
related to an elevation of plasma catecholamine levels.
These results suggest that 5-HT causes a constriction of branchial vasculature in a site where serotonergic and cholinergic
receptors are both present. The localization of serotonin-induced branchial vasoconstriction is discussed. 相似文献
3.
Rainbow trout fed a normal salt diet (1.3% NaCl) or a high salt diet (12% NaCl for at least 6 months) were chronically cannulated
in the dorsal aorta and received 10 μg kg−1 ANP (1–28 human, UBC-Bioproducts) infused over a 10 min period. This had an insignificant influence on sodium balance, blood
electrolytes and branchial sodium fluxes. In fish given a normal diet, the blood pressure and heart rate were uninfluenced
by ANP, but pulse pressure was reduced by on average 60% and in some cases was not evident at all. Blood pressure in the fish
fed a high salt diet was significantly higher than in the control fish; this together with heart rate and pulse pressure was
not affected by ANP administration. 相似文献
4.
The importance of negative pericardial pressure to heart function in clasmobranchs has been questioned due to the discovery of positive pericardial pressures in healthy horn sharks (Heterodontus francisci). We therefore implanted electromagnetic flow probes on the ventral aorta of horn sharks and blue sharks (Prionace glauca) and assessed stroke volume and pericardial pressure as pericardial fluid volume (PFV) was varied to test the hypothesis that elasmobranchs are capable of maintaining a relatively large stroke volume at pericardial pressures near and above ambient. Stroke volume was maximum between zero and 25% maximum PFV (maximum PFV: the volume of pericardial fluid required to open the pericardioperitoneal canal), where pericardial pressure was most negative. At 50% maximum PFV (pericardial pressure near or slightly above ambient) stroke volume was 70% and 98% of its maximum in horn sharks and blue sharks, respectively. At a larger PFV, stroke volume declined drastically, reaching zero where both PFV and pericardial pressure were maximum. Thus, at a pericardial pressure apparently associated with resting or mild activity, stroke volume is a relatively large proportion of the apparent maximum. Increased circulatory demands associated with strenuous activity may induce ejection of pericardial fluid through the perieardioperitoneal canal, which then lowers pericardial pressure. The lowered pericardial pressure causes an increase in stroke volume, indicating that control is in part effected by changing pericardial pressure. 相似文献
5.
Simon J. Pierce Adriana Méndez‐Jiménez Kym Collins Marcela Rosero‐Caicedo Ara monadjem 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2010,20(7):782-788
- 1. The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a popular focal species within the global marine tourism industry. Although this has contributed to increased protection being granted to the species in several countries, tourism itself can be detrimental to the sharks in the absence of appropriate management. Potential impacts can be mitigated, at least in the short term, by adherence to well‐designed interaction guidelines.
- 2. A burgeoning marine tourism industry based on swimming with whale sharks has developed at Tofo Beach in Mozambique. However, no formal management is currently in place at this site.
- 3. The behaviour of whale sharks during interactions with boats and swimmers were recorded during 137 commercial snorkelling trips run from Tofo Beach over a 20 month period. Whale sharks were encountered on 87% of trips, which operated year‐round.
- 4. Boat proximity and shark size were significant predictors of avoidance behaviour. No avoidance responses were recorded at >20 m boat distance.
- 5. The mean in‐water interaction time between sharks and swimmers was 8 min 48 s overall. There was a significant decrease in interaction times during encounters where sharks expressed avoidance behaviours, and also in cases where sharks had expressed boat avoidance behaviour before swimmers entered the water.
- 6. It is suggested that mean encounter times can be extended through adherence to a basic Code of Conduct for operators and swimmers that enforces minimum distances between the sharks, boats and swimmers. Using encounter time as a measure of the ‘success’ of interactions holds promise, as longer encounters appear to be indicative of lower impacts on sharks while also providing higher customer satisfaction for swimmers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6.
Transfer of the stenohaline catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis from tap water (TW) to deionized water (DW) resulted in an increase in the glomerular filtration rate, urine volume and osmolar
and free water clearance. In a closed system, where the DW was renewed only once a day, no change in the plasma osmolality
was evident for up to 14 days. When DW was renewed four times a day for 25 days, a significant reduction in the plasma osmolality
was observed within 24h. When the fish were transferred back to TW, plasma osmolality increased to normal freshwater level
within 24h. These observations suggest the existence of highly efficient branchial mechanisms for active uptake of salts from
an exceedingly dilute ambient medium. The fact that prolactin-secreting cells as well as corticotrophs in the pituitary of
the fish in DW were highly stimulated suggests the involvement of the hormones in the adaptive responses of the catfish to
DW. 相似文献
7.
The epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) and the grey carpet shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) are commonly found in periodically hypoxic environments. The ecophysiological time available for these animals to safely
exploit these niches during different seasonal temperatures was examined. The time to loss of righting reflex (T
LRR) was examined in response to an open ended anoxic challenge at three seasonal temperatures (23, 25 and 27°C). Ventilation
rates were measured in an open ended anoxic challenge at 23°C and during 1.5 h of anoxia followed by 2 h of re-oxygenation
at 23 and 25°C. The mean T
LRR of epaulette and grey carpet sharks was inversely proportional to temperature. The T
LRR was similar between species at 23°C; however, grey carpet sharks had significantly reduced T
LRR at higher temperatures. During the standardised anoxic challenge, epaulette sharks entered into ventilatory depression significantly
earlier at 25°C. During re-oxygenation, epaulette sharks exposed to anoxia at 23°C had no significant increase in ventilation
rates. However, after anoxic challenge and re-oxygenation at 25°C, epaulette sharks showed a significant increase in ventilation
rates during re-oxygenation. Grey carpet sharks displayed no evidence of ventilatory depression during anoxia. However, during
re-oxygenation, grey carpet sharks had significantly elevated ventilation rates above pre-experimental levels and control
animals. These data demonstrate that the anoxia tolerance times of both species were temperature dependent, with a significant
reduction in the T
LRR occurring at higher temperatures. Epaulette sharks had a significantly greater T
LRR at higher temperatures than grey carpet sharks, which did not enter into a ventilatory depression. 相似文献
8.
Pil Birkefeldt Møller Pedersen Kasper Hansen Do Thi Thanh Houng Mark Bayley Tobias Wang 《Aquaculture Research》2014,45(3):427-438
The Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus is normally considered a freshwater species, but can also occasionally be found in brackish water. It is an obligate air‐breather with highly reduced gills, making its osmoregulation physiology interesting because the gills normally represent the primary site of osmoregulation in teleosts. Being a popular fish for human consumption, the swamp eel is cultured extensively in freshwater ponds in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. However, very little is known about its salinity tolerance, which is becoming topical due to the increasing salt‐water intrusions into tropical deltas. We therefore studied how increased salinity affects survival, growth, blood pressure, heart rate, blood osmolality and plasma ions. All eels survived prolonged exposure to 5 and 10 g L?1, although plasma osmolality increased significantly at 10 g L?1. Further elevation to 15 and 20 g L?1 was associated with significantly elevated mortality, with a corresponding increase in plasma osmolality and ion con‐centrations. Our results show that swamp eels thrive in 0–10 g L?1 with an optimum growth between 0 and 9 g L?1, indicating that utilization of low saline brackish waters for aquaculture is possible. 相似文献
9.
Daniel C. Abel William R. Lowelll Melody A. Lipke 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1994,13(3):263-274
The pericardial and peritoneal spaces of elasmobranch fishes are connected by the pericardioperitoneal canal (PPC), which
allows pericardial fluid to escape when pressures exceed 0.1–0.3 kPA. Using the horn shark (Heterodontus francisci), we tested the hypothesis that the PPC functions to increase cardiac stroke volume by lowering pericardial pressure during
activity. We also assessed the role of the PPC during coughing, feeding, or burst swimming and examined the effects of PPC
occlusion. Increases in heart size were not prevented following augmented venous return in sharks with undisturbed or occluded
PCP, evidence that argues that pericardial fluid loss through the PPC is a cause of increased cardiac stroke volume and not
the result. Coughs, feeding, and burst swimming led to discharge of pericardial fluid. Chronic PPC occlusion resulted in an
increased pericardial pressure, fluid volume, and frequency of coughing, and a decreased survival time compared to shams.
Thus, in the horn shark the PPC likely compensates for constraints that may be imposed by the pericardium, provides a route
for pericardial drainage, and regulates cardiac stroke volume during periods of activity. 相似文献
10.
11.
为研究B类Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SCARB1/SR-BI)在中华绒螯蟹代谢、生长以及免疫等生物学过程中的分子功能，实验对中华绒螯蟹Scarb1的克隆及时空表达进行了分析，观察了RNA干扰该基因后的相关组织结构和类胡萝卜素含量变化，筛选了该基因的SNP标记并与生长相关性状进行关联分析。结果显示，中华绒螯蟹的Scarb1由2个外显子和1个内含子组成，开放阅读框为2 415 bp，编码805个氨基酸；系统进化分析显示中华绒螯蟹与三疣梭子蟹的氨基酸同源性高达80.51%，具有较高的物种间保守性。该基因在不同蜕壳时期的肝胰腺、肠道、血淋巴细胞、心脏、鳃和肌肉组织中均有表达，但在肝胰腺、肠道和血淋巴细胞中的表达量相对较高。RNA干扰Scarb1后，组织切片观察发现肝胰腺的肝小管管腔模糊并产生了部分空泡化结构，肠道内膜的肌肉层和黏膜下层处出现显著空洞现象；肝胰腺的颜色由黄色变成灰白色，其中的类胡萝卜素含量显著下降。在该基因的第一外显子筛选到1个SNP位点(C432T)与蜕壳后体重和壳长增长率存在显著相关性。本研究结果为Scarb1在中华绒螯蟹的遗传研究和育种应用提供参考。 相似文献
12.
An isolated, perfused gill pouch preparation and myography were used to determine responses of the branchial vasculature of a hagfish to the mammalian natriuretic peptides, rANP and CNP. In the isolated gill pouch preparation afferent perfusion pressures increased in the first 5 min of exposure to low concentrations (10–14 to 10–10M) of ANP and CNP and then decreased below starting values by 15 min. At higher concentrations the depressor response prevailed and natriuretic peptides switched the flow away from the efferent artery to the venous route, which would fill the peribranchial sinus in vivo. At low concentrations ANP increased circumferential tensions in afferent branchial arterial rings. At higher concentrations afferent and efferent branchial arteries relaxed in response to ANP and CNP. 相似文献
13.
Acute studies have led to the generalization that negative pericardial pressure is necessary for optimal cardiac function in elasmobranchs. We chronically instrumented horn sharks with pericardial catheters to test the hypothesis that ejection of pericardial fluid through the pericardioperitoneal canal (PPC) during routine handling could have accounted in part for previous measurements of exclusively negative pressures (–0.3 to –9.1 cm H2O) in elasmobranchs. Maximum and minimum pericardial pressures measured immediately following routine handling (acute pressures) were more negative than those measured in resting horn sharks at intervals from 1 to 27 days following handling (chronic pressures). Chronic pericardial pulse pressure was less than acute. Entirely positive pericardial pressures were observed on occasion. Handling of chronically catheterized horn sharks resulted in ejection of 21 per cent (range=10–26, n=5) of the initial pericardial fluid volume through the PPC and reduced pericardial pressure. Operating pericardial fluid volume of horn sharks averaged 2.0 ml.kg–1 (range=1.6–2.6, n=9). The PPC opened after 4.3±0.2 ml.kg–1 (x±S.E.) of elasmobranch saline had been slowly infused into the pericardium, corresponding to an average pressure of 1.3±0.2 cm H2O (n=10). The presence of the PPC plus a comparatively large pericardial fluid volume allows horn sharks to regulate pericardial pressure. Our analysis of pericardial pulse pressure, which can be an index of cardiac activity, suggests in contrast to previous studies that the elasmobranch heart can have relatively high stroke volumes at pericardial pressures near ambient. Thus, for venous return in resting or even moderately active elasmobranchs, it is more important that pericardial pressure be pulsatile than at a mean level which is negative. 相似文献
14.
Lucas Bonnin Christophe Lett Laurent Dagorn John David Filmalter Fabien Forget Philippe Verley Manuela Capello 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(1):74-82
- Juvenile silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) regularly associate with floating objects yet the reasons driving this behaviour remain uncertain. Understanding the proportion of time that silky sharks spend associated with floating objects is essential for assessing the impacts of the extensive use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the tropical tuna purse-seine fisheries, including increased probability of incidental capture and the potential of an ecological trap.
- Previous studies provided insight into the amount of time that silky sharks spent at an individual FAD but were unable to assess neither the time spent between two associations nor the proportion of time spent associated/unassociated.
- The percentage of time that juvenile silky sharks spend unassociated with floating objects was estimated through the analysis of horizontal movements of 26 silky sharks monitored with pop-up archival tags. Under the assumption that a high association rate with drifting FADs would align the trajectories of tracked sharks with ocean surface currents, a novel methodology is proposed, based on the comparison of shark trajectories with simulated trajectories of passively drifting particles derived using a Lagrangian model.
- Results revealed that silky shark trajectories were divergent from surface currents, and thus unassociated with FADs, for at least 30% of their time. The potential of the methodology and the results are discussed in the context of increasing FAD densities in the Indian Ocean.
15.
Rick D. Tate Brendan P. Kelaher Craig P. Brand Brian R. Cullis Christopher R. Gallen Stephen D.A. Smith Paul A. Butcher 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》2021,28(5):496-506
White (Carcharodon carcharias L.), bull (Carcharhinus leucas, Müller & Henle) and tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier, Péron & Lesueur) sharks are the primary species responsible for unprovoked shark bites. Historically, management practices were based on culling “target” shark species (i.e. white, bull and tiger sharks), which resulted in high levels of bycatch and mortality. Shark-Management-Alert-in-Real-Time (SMART) drumlines were trialled in New South Wales, Australia, aiming to optimise the capture of target shark species while minimising bycatch and mortality. Target shark species accounted for 70% of the total catch, with white sharks contributing 298 of the 350 sharks that were caught. Four animals died, and bycatch consisted of 13 species including two threatened species. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) revealed a significant spatial, temporal, environmental and gear influence on white shark catch rates. SMART drumlines are a useful tool for catching target shark species with low bycatch and mortality relative to historical bather protection methods. 相似文献
16.
为了探究三疣梭子蟹受精卵的离体孵化技术及效果，本研究先后开展了受精卵块最适分离液种类及作用条件的筛选、分离液处理不同发育期受精卵离体孵化的差异、分离液处理对受精卵卵膜的结构影响，及分离液处理受精卵对孵化后幼体活力的影响实验。结果显示，木瓜蛋白酶是一种较为理想的分离液，在浓度为0.09 g/mL，分离时间30 min时，分离率可达到99%以上；经过分离液处理后的各期受精卵均能孵化出幼体，卵内溞状幼体期离体胚胎孵化率最高，为89.0%±3.3%，未经处理的对照组为70.0%±4.8%；卵裂期离体胚胎孵化率最低，为58.0%±3.9%，对照组为31.0%±2.3%，与对照组相比，处理组的孵化率明显提高。透射电镜结果显示，经过分离液处理的受精卵卵膜结构疏松，且厚度降低，符合处理组孵化率增加这一现象，干露、福尔马林溶液胁迫和行为学测试对不同处理组的幼体进行质量评价的结果显示，处理组和对照组幼体活力无显著差异。研究表明，实验所获得的分离液可以有效提高三疣梭子蟹受精卵的分离率和孵化率，且不影响幼体质量，可为三疣梭子蟹及其他甲壳动物受精卵的离体孵化提供参考。本研究可为三疣梭子蟹的苗种繁育提供新的技术手段，也将为基因编辑辅助育种等技术的实施奠定基础。 相似文献
17.
鲢鳙混养对三角帆蚌生长和养殖水质影响的围隔实验 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
2008年4月23日—9月21日通过围隔实验,研究了不同鲢鳙混养比例对三角帆蚌生长及水化学指标的影响。实验中鲢鳙混养比例设置了6个水平,分别为0/0(对照组),100/0,70/30,50/50,30/70和0/100。实验开始和结束时测量三角帆蚌湿重,壳长和壳宽。每个月上下旬测量围隔水化学指标包括NO3N、NO2N、NH3N、TN、TP、PO4P和COD。实验结果表明,鲢鳙混养比例100/0的围隔蚌壳长相对生长率显著低于混养比例0/0,50/50和0/100的围隔(P<0.05),而不同混养比例下蚌的成活率、蚌壳宽及蚌重增长均无显著差异(P>0.05)。从水质来看,混养比例30/70围隔TP显著低于100/0(P<0.05),COD显著低于100/0及70/30(P<0.05),NH3N显著低于100/0(P<0.05)以及PO4P显著低于70/30(P<0.05)。因此,综合蚌生长及水质指标,混养比例30/70围隔对三角帆蚌养殖最有利。 相似文献
18.
Understanding the environmental factors that regulate fish recruitment is essential for effective management of fisheries. Generally, first‐year survival, and therefore recruitment, is inherently less consistent in systems with high intra‐ and interannual variability. Irrigation reservoirs display sporadic patterns of annual drawdown, which can pose a substantial challenge to recruitment of fishes. We developed species‐specific models using an 18‐year data set compiled from state and federal agencies to investigate variables that regulate the recruitment of walleye Sander vitreus and white bass Morone chrysops in irrigation reservoirs in south‐west Nebraska, USA. The candidate model set for walleye included only abiotic variables (water‐level elevation, minimum daily air temperature during winter prior to hatching, annual precipitation, spring warming rate and May reservoir discharge), and the candidate model set for white bass included primarily biotic variables (catch per unit effort (CPUE) of black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, CPUE of age‐0 walleye, CPUE of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and CPUE of age‐3 and older white bass), each of which had a greater relative importance than the single abiotic variable (minimum daily air temperature during winter after hatching). Our findings improve the understanding of the recruitment of fishes in irrigation reservoirs and the relative roles of abiotic and biotic factors. 相似文献
19.
Mitochondria-rich cells in the branchial epithelium of the teleost,Oreochromis mossambicus,acclimated to various hypotonic environments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tsung-Han Lee Dr. Pung-Pung Hwang Hui-Chen Lin Fore-Lien Huang 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1996,15(6):513-523
Branchial mitochondria-rich (MR) cells were examined on the afferent side of gill filaments in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) acclimated to different hypotonic environments, local fresh water (LFW), hard fresh water (HFW) and 5 salt water (SW). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) identified three types of apical surfaces of the MR cells, wavy convex, shallow basin and deep hole. In spite of the different types of apical surfaces, light microscopic (LM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies suggested that these cells were MR cells. The relative abundance of these 3 types of branchial MR cells varied with external hypotonic milieus. Wavy-convexed MR cells were dominant in the gills of fish adapted to HFW, whereas shallow-basined MR cells were evident in LFW-adapted fish. In SW-adapted fish, most of the MR cells were deep holes. Experiments on adaptation to various hypotonic milieus revealed that the changes of the branchial MR cells were reversible and occurred within 24 hours following transfer. The morphological alterations of the MR cells correlated with ionic changes in different milieus, indicating that these distinct types of MR cells may play key roles for osmoregulation in hypotonic media. 相似文献
20.
Survival analysis techniques were used to compare experimental exposure methods of Loma salmonae (Microspora) in rainbow trout (RBT) by measuring xenoma onset and clearance time. Twenty‐eight naive RBT were exposed per os (fed L. salmonae spores) and 28 RBT were exposed by cohabitation with 28 L. salmonae‐infected RBT. Exposed fish were examined once every week (7 days) post exposure (PE). For xenoma onset, the median survival time, the time to first appearance of branchial xenomas, was 6 weeks PE for both per os and cohabitation exposure. For xenoma clearance, the median survival time, the time to total clearance of branchial xenomas, was 10 weeks for per os exposure and 12 weeks for cohabitation exposure. There was a significant difference between the survival curves of per os fish compared with cohabited fish for both xenoma onset and xenoma clearance. The incidence rate of xenoma development was greater for per os exposure (0.1745 cases per fish‐week) compared with cohabitation exposure (0.1342 cases per fish‐week). Similarly, the rate of xenoma clearance was greater for per os exposure (0.1028 cases per fish‐week) compared with cohabitation exposure (0.0885 cases per fish‐week). Differences between exposure methods were attributed to differences in the frequency and duration of exposure to spores. Survival analysis was useful for examining the onset and clearance of L. salmonae and may have applications for understanding disease dynamics in aquaculture. 相似文献