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1.
ABSTRACT: Postprandial changes of free amino acid (FAA) concentrations in plasma and feed digesta contents were examined in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (220–280 g bodyweight) fed non-fishmeal diets either with or without supplemental crystalline amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan) in order to evaluate the availability of supplemental amino acids. Non-fishmeal diets containing 30% soy protein concentrate as the major protein source were prepared in three diet forms: soft dry pellet, extruded pellet, and single moist pellet. The level of plasma FAA and feed digesta content were determined at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 h after feeding. Plasma levels of four supplemental amino acids in fish fed the non-fishmeal diets with EAA were higher than those of fish fed diets without EAA, suggesting that yellowtail can efficiently absorb supplemental crystalline amino acids irrespective of diet form. However, a remarkable difference was observed in the periodical patterns of these four amino acids between FAA derived from supplements and those from feed protein. Moreover, FAA patterns in fish fed the non-fishmeal diets with EAA were different from those of the control fishmeal diet. Of note, methionine concentration was markedly high during the whole experimental period, resulting in an amino acid imbalance that may have caused lower feed performances in fish fed the non-fishmeal diets with EAA compared to the control fishmeal diet.  相似文献   

2.
A series of growth trials was conducted to evaluate the use of soy protein as a replacement for fish protein in isonitrogenous practical diets for juvenile red drum Sciacnops ocellatus. Feeds were offered at or in excess of satiation to juvenile red drum maintained at 26–28 C and a salinity of 25–35 ppt. In the first growth trial, red drum were offered one of four diets containing graded levels of menhaden fish meal, replacing solvent-extracted soybean meal and soy-protein isolates. Differences in weight gain, survival and feed efficiency ratios of the fish corresponded to increases in fish meal content of the diets. Due to poor performance of the fish maintained on the low (15%) fish meal diet, a methionine supplement was introduced into this diet at the midpoint of the growth trial. A positive increase in growth indicated a dietary deficiency of methionine and/or total sulfur amino acids in the unsupplemented diet. A positive response to dietary fish meal also occurred in the second growth trial despite the supplementation of L-methionine in the test diets. In low fish meal diets the utilization of solvent extracted soybean meal or a soy-protein isolate resulted in similar growth responses. Hence, the presence of an antinutrient did not likely cause reduced growth rates. In the third feeding trial, weight gain also increased with increasing fish meal content of the diet despite the equalization of digestible protein and selected amino acids. There were no significant differences in whole-body compositions which indicated similar biological value of the diets (protein digestibility, amino acid balance and energy availability). The singular deletion of fish-solubles, glycine, lysine and methionine from the diet containing the lowest level of fish meal (10 g/100 g diet) did not result in significant changes in weight gain. This indicated that these components did not add to the nutritive value and/or palatability of this formulation. The final experiment was designed to evaluate the response of red drum to a control diet (high fish meal) as compared to a low fish meal diet with and without potential attractants/palatability enhancers. Weight gain and feed efficiency ratios of fish offered the low fish meal diet supplemented with seafood flavor or fish flavor #2 were not significantly different from the control (high fish meal diet). Based on the results of this study, with suitable formulation restrictions, soy protein is acceptable for inclusion in practical diet formulations for red drum. However, soy protein itself does not appear replete in sulfur-containing amino acids and does not have acceptable palatability properties. Consequently, feeds containing reduced levels of marine proteins could require suitable attractants and/or amino acid supplements.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT:   The effect of taurine on growth of yellowtail juveniles Seriola quinqueradiata was investigated by a feeding experiment of diets containing various taurine levels. Test diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% of taurine were prepared. These diets were fed to yellowtail juveniles with an initial mean body weight of 0.5 g for 6 weeks. Supplementation of taurine in the diet of yellowtail improved their growth performance significantly ( P  < 0.05) over the initial 3-week period. The fish fed with the taurine-supplemented diet improved in percent gain and feed efficiency over both 3 and 6 weeks. Taurine content in the muscle proportionally increased with the dietary taurine level. The fish fed without supplemented taurine diet showed higher contents of serine in the muscle. With each increase in the inclusion level of taurine content in the diet, the concentration of serine in the muscle decreased. The cystathionine content in the muscle of each group was unchanged. These results suggest that taurine supplementation in the diet not only improves growth but also affects the sulfur amino acid metabolism of yellowtail juveniles.  相似文献   

4.
Two separate feeding trials were conducted to determine the total sulfur amino acid requirement of hybrid striped bass. Semipurified diets containing 35% crude protein from fish muscle and crystalline amino acids were supplemented with graded levels of methionine. Each diet was fed to juvenile fish in triplicate aquaria receiving freshwater for 8 weeks. Fish fed the basal diet which contained 0.38% methionine and 0.13% cystine experienced complete mortality within 1 week. Prior to death, some fish fed inadequate methionine were observed to have bilateral cataracts. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish were significantly (P<0.01) affected by supplemental methionine. Regression analysis of weight gain data using the broken-line model indicated a total sulfur amino acid requirement (±s.e.) of 1.0% (±0.02%) of dry diet or 2.9% of dietary protein.  相似文献   

5.
In the work to find replacement for fish meal in feed for fish, the inclusion of plant protein sources at high dietary level is an important issue. The present experiment was carried out to reveal how different feed ingredients affected the eating quality of the grown up fish with focus on nitrogen compounds as amino acids, taurine and anserine. Six experimental diets were fed to rainbow trout in triplicates for 90 d. All diets were composed to be equal in protein, lipid, energy and lysine. Three levels of a mixture of plant sources (full fat soy, extracted soy, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten) constituting 57.2%, 73.9% and 90.6% of total dietary protein were used. A small amount of fish meal was added in 5 diets constituting 9.4% of total protein. A fish hydrolysate that was high in free amino acids, taurine and anserine was tested at 16% and 32% dietary inclusion of total protein. Two other diets contained the same level of protein from the same hydrolysate that was ultra filtrated to remove low molecular weight compounds. Digestibility of taurine and anserine was found to be close to 99% for all groups, except for the group containing high level of plant sources. The levels of taurine in whole trout and fillets decreased during the feed experiment, but were about the same for all groups at the end of the feeding experiment and independent of dietary levels. The level of anserine in fish and fillets was equal from start to end of the experiment and independent of dietary inclusion. Taurine and anserine therefore seem to be homeostatic regulated in trout and independent on dietary levels. Amino acid content in fish and fillet was also equal for all groups and independent of protein sources used in the diets. The chemical composition showed higher lipid and dry matter levels in fish and fillet in fish that grew the fastest. In conclusion, plant protein sources may be included in diets for trout at high levels without affecting the eating quality as evaluated by amino acids, taurine and anserine levels.  相似文献   

6.
A 12‐week feeding trial was carried out with discus (Symphysodon aequifasciata HECKEL), a valuable ornamental species produced in South East Asia, to determine the suitability of using soybean meal as a partial fishmeal substitution in the diet. Juvenile discus (4.3–4.8 g) was fed eight experimental diets with graded levels of soybean meal replacing fish meal (0%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%). Growth performance (relative growth rate, specific growth rate) decreased and feed utilization (feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio) was worsened at 30% replacement and higher. Amino‐acid analysis indicated methionine and lysine deficiencies at dietary high soybean replacement levels, although the essential amino‐acid requirements for this species are unknown. The level of soybean in diets negatively affected both dry matter and protein digestibility. This present trial showed the need for further studies involving amino‐acid supplementation, different soy products and palatability enhancement to improve utilization of diets containing soybean meal to allow higher than the maximum 30% replacement level suggested here.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of dietary taurine was investigated on reproductive performance in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. Two-year-old fish of average body weight 6.1kg were fed on diets containing three levels of taurine (T-0, T-0.5 or T-1.0%) for 5 months prior to spawning. For spawning investigations, fish were induced to maturity by human chorionic gonadotrop in injection (600 IU/kg-fish) and artificially inseminated. Oocyte growth improved significantly (P<0.05) with the increase of dietary taurine. The collection of eggs from females reared on the T-0% diet was not successful. The success rate of spawning for females fed on T-0.5 and 1.0% diets was one out of six, and six out of seven, respectively. The taurine levels of the liver and serum in the T-0% diet group were much lower than that in the T-0.5 and T-1.0% diet groups (P<0.05). Fish fed the T-0% diet showed higher contents of serine in the liver and serum. The taurine content of the ovary was not significantly different among the different dietary treatments. These results indicate that taurine has a positive effect on the improvement of spawning performance of yellowtail.  相似文献   

8.
Previously, we reported that methionine intake determined the taurine concentration in the liver of on‐growing Atlantic salmon fed plant protein diets. Further, the methionine intake and/or the increased taurine concentration following increased methionine intake affected the liver lipid metabolism. The following study therefore aimed to test whether taurine affected the growth or the type of growth when added in high plant protein diets naturally low in taurine but equal and adequate in dietary methionine. Juvenile Atlantic salmon [initial body weight (BW) of 2 g] were fed plant protein diets (16.5% fishmeal), which were supplemented with taurine or not for a period of 56 days. As a control for growth and normal metabolism, a fishmeal‐based commercial diet (68% fishmeal) was used. Supplementation with taurine to high plant protein diets had a slightly negative effect on weight gain, but the final body weight was not different. Interestingly, the pool of free amino acids in the liver and muscle was significantly higher in fish fed the supplemented diet as compared with fish fed the plant protein diet without taurine supplementation. Liver polyamine concentration was higher in fish fed the supplemented diet than in fish fed the similar diet without supplementation. Additionally, juvenile salmon fed the plant‐based diet supplemented with taurine had a lower body lipid‐to‐protein ratio due to a reduced whole‐body lipid content, while the whole‐body protein content was similar between treatments. Our study thus indicates that the addition of a low concentration of taurine to high plant protein diets interacts with lipid metabolism and storage, concomitantly affecting the general metabolism as the concentrations of the free amino acids and polyamines in the liver were significantly higher. The possible reasons for these changes are discussed.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract.— A 12-wk feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile (36.0 ± 1.2 g) largemouth bass Microptents salmoides to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of methionine, lysine, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on growth, feed conversion and body composition. Diets were formulated to increase dietary concentrations of methionine. lysine, and PUFAs to match levels found in whole body samples of largemouth bass. The control diet was formulated similar to diets previously tested for largemouth bass. Diets 2 and 3 were similar to the control diet hut were supplemented with 2% lysine and 1% methionine, respectively. Diet 4 was formulated to increase PUFAs, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22:6n-3), by replacing menhaden fish oil with squid oil. Fish were fed all they would consume in 10 min, twice daily. At harvest, there were no statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05) in average individual weight or specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed the four diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of largemouth bass fed the diet supplemented with methionine (1.7) was significantly lower ( P ≤ 0.05) than fish fed the control diet (2.5). Fish fed the diet high in PUFA had significantly lower ( P ≤ 0.05) whole body lipid levels and significantly higher ( P ≤ 0.05) protein levels than fish fed the other three diets. These data indicate that the control diet in this study likely contained sufficient lysine, methionine and PUFA to meet the requirements of largemouth bass; however, additional methionine may improve feed conversion efficiency, and increased levels of PUFAs or other factors in squid oil may have a significant impact on body composition.  相似文献   

10.
Three studies were conducted with juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum: (Study 1) a 10‐week feeding trial within floating net cages to test the nutritional efficacy of different dietary feeding regimes (trash‐fish control diet, a semimoist diet, an in‐house dry formulated diet, and a commercial cobia feed); (Study 2) a 10‐week feeding trial within an indoor water‐recirculating tank‐based system to test the nutritional efficiency of different potential dietary fishmeal replacers (poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate, feather meal), a diet without taurine supplementation, and a commercial cobia feed; and (Study 3) estimation of the essential amino acid (EAA) requirements of cobia based on EAA whole‐body composition in fast‐growing cobia fed a trash‐fish‐based diet. Fish performance in terms of growth and feed efficiency was the greatest within the outdoor net‐cage feeding trial, with fish fed the control trash‐fish‐based diet exhibiting the best performance. Although fish growth was poorer within the indoor feeding trials, fish performance was similar for most diets, with apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients of over 75% being obtained in all experimental diets in both feeding trials. The estimated EAA requirements of cobia obtained during this study were similar to those reported for other similar marine carnivorous fish species.  相似文献   

11.
Quadruplicate groups of juvenile red drum (initial mean weight 2.7 g; 20 fish per replicate) were fed experimental diets containing 35% crude protein and graded levels of lysine for eight weeks. Lysine concentration in the basal diet was 1.2% and was supplied by a combination of peanut meal and shrimp-head meal. The basal diet was supplemented with lysine-HCl to provide 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4% lysine. Each of these diets contained an essential amino acid (EAA) premix. Two additional diets were formulated to contain 1.2 and 2.4% lysine without the EAA premix. Weight gain and feed efficiency (FE) data indicated between 1.2 and 1.6% dietary lysine was adequate. However, serum lysine concentrations indicated 1.6-2.0% lysine was required. Fish fed 1.2 or 2.4% lysine, without the EAA premix, exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency. Results indicated that red drum were able to utilize crystalline amino acids when incorporated into diets containing intact protein and, when lysine was adequate, the proteins were deficient in at least one other essential amino acid. It is recommended that a dietary lysine level of 5.7% of the dietary protein be used in formulating red drum diets.  相似文献   

12.
To investigate the response of gibel carp to dietary lysine levels in zero fish meal (FM) diets, 8 experimental diets were designed. Among them, diet 1 and diet 2 with 150 g/kg FM, methionine, lysine and threonine were supplemented in diet 2. Diet 3 was without FM but matched the amino acid profile of diet 2 except for lysine. Diets 4–8 were based on diet 3, with graded levels of lysine. After 8‐week feeding trail, final body weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake were significantly improved by diets 1–2 and 6–8 compared with diet 3. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, immunoglobulin G and aspartate aminotransferase levels in diets 4–8 were higher than those in diet 1. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein, energy, methionine, lysine, valine, histidine and phenylalanine in diet 1 were significantly lower than those in diet 6. The highest ADC of isoleucine was found in diet 3. TOR, IGF‐1, JAK3, STAT4, STAT6 and PepT2 mRNA levels were significantly increased with increasing dietary lysine up to a certain level in zero FM diet and lower than diets 1–2. Based on WG and FCR, the optimal lysine requirement of juvenile gibel carp was determined to be 24.4 g/kg and 24.2 g/kg (65.9 g/kg and 65.4 g/kg of dietary protein) in zero FM diet, respectively, using quadratic regression analysis.  相似文献   

13.
Quadruplicate groups of juvenile red drum (initial mean weight 2.7 g; 20 fish per replicate) were fed experimental diets containing 35% crude protein and graded levels of lysine for eight weeks. Lysine concentration in the basal diet was 1.2% and was supplied by a combination of peanut meal and shrimp-head meal. The basal diet was supplemented with lysine-HCI to provide 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4% lysine. Each of these diets contained an essential amino acid (EAA) premix. Two additional diets were formulated to contain 1.2 and 2.4% lysine without the EAA premix. Weight gain and feed efficiency (FE) data indicated between 1.2 and 1.6% dietary lysine was adequate. However, serum lysine concentrations indicated 1.6–2.0% lysine was required. Fish fed 1.2 or 2.4% lysine, without the EAA premix, exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency. Results indicated that red drum were able to utilize crystalline amino acids when incorporated into diets containing intact protein and, when lysine was adequate, the proteins were deficient in at least one other essential amino acid. It is recommended that a dietary lysine level of 5.7% of the dietary protein be used in formulating red drum diets.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT:   To elucidate the hemolytic suppression roles of taurine and the necessity of dietary taurine supplementation in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata fed a diet without fishmeal, juvenile fish with an initial body weight of 250 g were fed for 40 weeks in floating net cages on soybean protein diets supplemented with 0, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% taurine. Taurine concentration of the experimental diets were 0.03, 33.9, 52.8 and 71.6 mg/g, respectively. On the 21st week, fish fed the taurine unsupplemented diet had inferior growth and feed performances, higher death, and there were incidences of green liver and hemolytic anemia. In this group, hepatic and plasma taurine concentrations, serum osmolality and osmotic tolerance of erythrocytes (EC50 value) were significantly lower, and plasma hydroperoxide concentration was markedly higher than in the taurine supplemented groups. These conditions markedly improved corresponding with the increase of dietary taurine concentration. These results indicate that taurine plays a role in hemolytic suppression through osmoregulation and biomembrane stabilization in fish. In addition, it is suggested that yellowtail requires dietary taurine as an essential nutrition for maintaining physiological condition normally.  相似文献   

15.
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), initial weight 15 g, were fed ten experimental diets for 15 weeks. The diets were based on a mixture of plant proteins (PP) and fish meal (FM), where PP constituted 65% of dietary protein. PP mixtures were chosen to reach as low levels of lysine and methionine as possible. The diets were supplemented with increasing amounts of lysine (19.2–31.9 g kg?1 diet) or methionine (9.4–12.3 g kg?1 diet), in a regression design. No growth difference among diet groups was found in the plant‐based diets. Increased dietary lysine resulted in decreased liver size, plasma triacylglycerol concentration (TAG) and lipid productive value (LPV). Methionine additions did not result in changed Hepatosomatic index (HSI), LPV or plasma TAG. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein utilization were neither affected by lysine nor methionine. Plasma and muscle concentrations of free lysine and methionine correlated with dietary levels 5‐h post feeding. Overall conclusion was that cod maintain growth rates in plant‐based diets if dietary protein was high, without additional supplements of crystalline lysine or methionine. Lysine intake significantly influenced lipid metabolism, showing the necessity to add lysine in plant protein‐based diets to hinder increased lipid deposition. No such effects were found because of lack of methionine additions.  相似文献   

16.
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in flow through system to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of lysine and methionine on growth, nutrient utilization, haemato-biochemical status and carcass compositions in Indian major carp, rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings (average weight 6.32 ± 0.06 g). Four experimental soy protein-based diets D 0 (without lysine or methionine supplementation), D 1 (lysine supplementation alone), D 2 (methionine supplementation alone) and D3 (both lysine and methionine supplementation) were fed to triplicate groups. l -Lysine and dl -methionine were added to the diets containing 550 g kg−1 soybean meals at 4 and 7 g kg−1 of dry diet respectively. Significant higher weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), dry matter retention, nitrogen retention, total ash retention, whole carcass protein, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit value, total erythrocytic count, total leucocytic count, plasma glucose and plasma total protein and lower FCR, per cent lipid retention and whole body moisture content were observed in fish fed soya protein-based diet supplemented with both lysine and methionine than that of fish of other dietary groups at the end of 8 weeks feeding trial. Although fish fed diet supplemented with either methionine or lysine did not show any significant differences of growth performances, feed utilization, carcass composition and haemato-biochemical status, fish of both of these dietary groups showed significantly better growth performances, feed utilization, carcass composition and haemato-biochemical status than that of fish fed diet without lysine and methionine supplementation.  相似文献   

17.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted in flow through system to examine the effects of dietary supplementation of microbial phytase on growth, nutrient utilization, haemato‐biochemical status and body compositions in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) fingerlings (average weight 6.66 ± 0.08 g). The aim of experiment was also to determine whether dicalcium phosphates (DCP), tracemineral premix and lysine and methionine supplemental levels in carp diet could be reduced if microbial phytase was supplemented. Control diet (diet 1) supplemented with DCP, tracemineral premix and lysine and methionine without microbial phytase supplementation. Four experimental diets were formulated with reduction of either dietary DCP or trace minerals or lysine and methionine or all four supplementation levels by 100% of control diet without microbial phytase supplementation (diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively). Another two experimental diets were formulated with reduction of all dietary DCP, trace minerals, lysine and methionine supplementation levels by 0 and 100% of control diet with dietary microbial phytase supplementation at 500 FTU kg−1 diet (diet 6 and 7 respectively). After acclimation of fish for 2 weeks, 20 fish were randomly stocked into triplicate tanks for each of seven treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 for diet 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively) and fed with respective diet to apparent satiation. Results indicated that phytase was effective in releasing most of the phytate bound proteins, amino acids and minerals for optimum utilization and performance. Results also suggested that DCP, trace minerals and lysine and methionine supplementation level could be replaced by microbial phytase supplementation at 500 FTU kg−1 in soybean‐based common carp diets without altering the optimum performance of fish. Optimum replacement level of dietary DCP, trace minerals and lysine and methionine with phytase supplementation at 500 FTU kg−1 soybean‐based carp diet needs to be standardized in further investigations.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract. Semipurified diets containing either 25% or 30% crude protein (CP) from soy isolate (soy) or 30% CP from casein and gelatin (casein) were supplemented with either of two levels of L-lysine HCI (0 or 0·5% of diet) in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement and fed to fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), in aquaria for 8 weeks. Factorial analysis of variance indicated a significant ( P < 0·001) positive effect of lysine on weight gain, protein conversion efficiency (PCE) and feed efficiency. Fish fed the soy diet containing 25% CP showed increased weight gain of 24% with lysine supplementation while fish fed soy and casein diets containing 30% CP showed increases of 11 % and 3%, respectively. However, supplementing the 25% CP soy diet with 0–5% L-lysine HCI did not enhance growth performance to the level offish fed the unsupplemented 30% CP soy diet. Significant effects of dietary protein levels and sources on weight gain, PCE, feed efficiency, haematocrit, hepatosomatic index (HSI; % liver weight), intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, dry matter of fillet and whole-body, as well as lipid and protein content of whole-body tissue, were also observed. Fish fed the casein diet containing 30% CP had the greatest weight gain, PCE, feed efficiency, haematocrit and whole-body protein values and lowest IPF ratio and whole-body lipid values compared with those of fish fed the soy diets. Supplemental lysine did not affect body condition indices or proximate composition of whole-body and fillet tissues of fish fed the different protein sources. Therefore, based on this study, dietary protein levels and sources significantly influenced performance characteristics of channel catfish and supplemental lysine was most beneficial at a reduced CP level.  相似文献   

19.
Two feeding trials were conducted to initiate the development of a practical soy‐based diet for California yellowtail (YT), Seriola lalandi. The first trial evaluated fish meal (FM), FM + solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SBM) or FM + soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diets and a commercial reference diet (Skretting Marine Grower). Final weights (31.8–67.6 g), per cent gain (492.8–1059.9%) and feed conversion ratio (1.11–1.59) all followed a similar response in that fish offered the commercial diet performed significantly better than fish maintained on the other diets. The second trial was designed to evaluate the replacement of FM with increasing levels of soy protein. The basal diet contained 400 g kg?1 FM and 240 g kg?1 SBM. The FM was then reduced to 300 g kg?1, 200 g kg?1 and 150 g kg?1 of the diet using SPC as the replacement protein. Final weight (41.2–64.1 g) and per cent gain (110.5–226.5%) followed similar trends with decreases in performance as the FM level was reduced. No gross signs of enteritis were noted, indicating that reduced performance was likely due to nutrient deficiencies or palatability problems rather than an allergic response. Results demonstrate that there is potential to develop reduced FM diets for this species using soy protein.  相似文献   

20.
To minimize the supplemental essential amino acids (EAAs) to a fish meal-free diet for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, four types of fish meal-free diets and a control fish meal-based diet were fed to triplicate groups of trout (initial BW, 16 g) for 10 weeks. Two fish meal-free diets based on a fermented and an unfermented soybean meal were unsupplemented with EAAs (diet FSBM and SBM), and two fish meal-free diets based on the fermented soybean meal were supplemented with a combination of lysine and methionine (diet F + ML) and all EAAs (diet F + All), the EAA contents of which were lower than those of the control diet (diet FM). Although physiological conditions such as the biliary bile acid status and morphological features of fish fed diet FSBM were improved and similar to those of fish fed diet FM, the growth performance was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from fish fed diet SBM. The growth performances and whole body protein contents of fish fed F + ML and F + All diets were similarly improved compared to fish fed diet FSBM. These findings indicate that supplementation of lysine and methionine to a fermented soybean meal-based fish meal-free diet is enough to maximize the amino acid utilization of the diet.  相似文献   

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