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1.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of enriched Artemia by fish and soybean oils supplemented with vitamin E on growth performance, lipid peroxidation, lipase activity and fatty acid composition of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae. For this purpose, five experimental diets including non‐enriched Artemia (control diet), Artemia enriched with soybean oil supplemented with 15% and 30% vitamin E (S15 and S30 diets) and fish oil supplemented with 15% and 30% vitamin E (F15 and F30 diets) were used. The larvae were fed to apparent satiation four times per day for 22 days. The results indicated that fish fed enriched Artemia had no significant differences compared with those fed non‐enriched Artemia in terms of growth and survival, but increase in vitamin E levels from 15 to 30% improved growth performance of larvae. Vitamin E content in fish fed S15 and S30 diets was significantly higher. Fish fed non‐enriched Artemia had significantly higher thiobarbituric acid and lower lipase activity. The highest HUFA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio were observed in fish fed F15 and F30 diets. Our results demonstrated that fish oil can completely replace with soybean oil in larval diets. Therefore, using S30 diet is recommended for feeding of Persian sturgeon larvae.  相似文献   

2.
Major challenges in culture of Atlantic halibut larvae have been slow growth during the late larval stages and inferior juvenile quality due to pigmentation errors and incomplete eye migration during metamorphosis. The hypothesis of this study was that feeding on‐grown Artemia would alleviate these problems. Artemia were grown for 3–4 days on Origreen or Origo. The growth and nutrient composition of Artemia nauplii and on‐grown Artemia were analysed, and both Artemia types were fed to Atlantic halibut larvae, on‐grown Artemia from 15 days post‐first feeding (dpff). The body length of Artemia increased with 20%–70% in response to on‐growing. In all experiments, protein, free amino acids and the ratio of phospholipid to total lipid increased, while lipid and glycogen decreased. The fatty acid composition improved in some cases and not in others. The micronutrient profiles were not negatively affected in on‐grown Artemia. All these changes are thought to be beneficial for marine fish larvae. The final weight of Atlantic halibut postlarvae was similar, and 90% of the juveniles had complete eye migration in both groups. It is concluded that the present version of Artemia nauplii probably covers the nutrient requirements of Atlantic halibut larvae.  相似文献   

3.
This study aimed to establish feeding strategies covering the whole larval period of the forktail blenny, Meiacanthus atrodorsalis, based on the standard hatchery feeds of rotifers and Artemia. Three purposely designed experiments were conducted to determine the appropriate times and techniques to transition larvae from rotifers onto Artemia nauplii of a Great Salt Lake (GSL) strain, and a specialty AF strain, as well as subsequent transition onto enriched metanauplii of GSL Artemia. With a 3‐day co‐feeding period, larvae adapted well to a transition from rotifers to newly hatched GSL Artemia nauplii as early as 5 days posthatching (DPH), and as early as 3 DPH when fed the smaller AF Artemia nauplii. However, prolonging the rotifer‐feeding period up to 11 DPH did not negatively affect survival. Larvae fed Artemia nauplii of the AF strain showed 17–21% higher survival, 24–33% greater standard length and body depth, and 91–200% greater dry weight, after 20 days relative to those fed nauplii of the GSL strain. Meanwhile, enriched Artemia metanauplii of the GSL strain were shown to be an acceptable alternative to AF Artemia nauplii for later larvae, producing similar survival and growth when introduced from 8 DPH. Based on our findings, we recommend feeding M. atrodorsalis larvae rotifers as a first food between 0 and 2 DPH, introducing AF Artemia nauplii from 3 DPH, followed by enriched GSL Artemia metanauplii from 8 DPH onward, with a 3‐day co‐feeding period between each prey change.  相似文献   

4.
Successful breeding of fish species in aquaculture depends on several factors, among which the temperature and feed are the most significant ones. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of temperature in the range of 14–18°C on the rate of embryogenesis and duration of larva period and to estimate the efficiency of Artemia nauplii enriched with PUFAs in growing sturgeon larvae. The temperature of 16°C is the most suitable for both egg incubation and Atlantic sturgeon prelarvae maintenance under aquaculture conditions. Even minor temperature fluctuations of 1 degree up or down leads to increased loss both of eggs and prelarvae. Increased temperature shortens the incubation period but has a lesser impact on the duration of prelarvae onset of external feeding. The technology of Artemia nauplii bioencapsulation with a PUFA‐containing supplement in A. oxyrinchus rearing increases sturgeon larvae weight by 1.5 times at a constant survival dynamic.  相似文献   

5.
Two experiments were conducted regarding the effect of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on the survival and development of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis Milne‐Edwards) larvae. Different PHB delivery approaches (particulate, enriched in filter feeding prey, or a combination of both) and feeding levels were applied to crab larvae from the zoea 2 (Z2) up to the megalopa stage. Bio‐encapsulation into rotifers and Artemia at a PHB dose of 100 mg L?1 seemed an efficient approach to deliver PHB to the larvae and resulted in a significantly enhanced survival, development rate and osmotic tolerance. The results indicate that PHB should only be applied as a feed additive rather than as a food source, and that the availability of an adequate amount of nutrients seems to be of major importance for the PHB to induce these beneficial effects.  相似文献   

6.
A 44-day rearing trial was conducted to examine the enrichment of Artemia urmiana nauplii with vitamin E and highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) and its effects on the growth performance, survival and stress resistance of great sturgeon, Huso huso , larvae. Cod liver oil (EPA 18% and DHA 12%) and α-tocopherol acetate were used as lipid and vitamin E sources. Beluga larvae at the first exogenous feeding with 69±5.9 mg body weight were randomly distributed into four treatments and three tanks were assigned to each diet. The test treatments were as follows: larvae fed with HUFA+20% and HUFA+50% (w/w) vitamin E-enriched Artemia nauplii (E1 and E2 groups, respectively), HUFA without vitamin E (HUFA group) and non-enriched Artemia (control group). All treatments fed non-enriched Artemia for the initial 5 days after first feeding and then fed enriched Artemia for 7 days. After the period of enrichment, larvae were fed with daphnia from the 13th to the 40th day. At day 40, submersion in salt water (6 ppt for 4 days and 12 ppt for 2 days) and warm water (33 °C for 2 days) was performed to evaluate larvae resistance to salinity and temperature stress. Final weight, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and weight gain were higher in beluga fed with enriched Artemia . The highest growth rates were observed in E1, whereas survival was not significantly different between groups. Use of vitamin E and HUFA significantly increased fish resistance to a salinity of 12 ppt and the lowest stress resistance was observed in the control group. Stress tolerance was not significantly different at 6 ppt and 33 °C between groups. There was no comparable difference in the haematocrit index under stress conditions. These results indicated that the enrichment of Artemia with essential fatty acids and vitamin E can affect some growth and stress tolerance factors in great sturgeon, Huso huso , larvae.  相似文献   

7.
The beneficial effects of PHB as supplement for giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae using a short‐term enrichment strategy via Artemia were examined. The effects of co‐supplementing with a lipid emulsion were also evaluated to determine whether it yielded an additional benefit. Results on the average weight and larval development were not significantly different among postlarvae fed the different dietary treatments, indicating that PHB supplementation could not be used to stimulate growth in P. monodon postlarvae while such positive results have been reported in other aquaculture species. Nonetheless, significantly higher survival was obtained in postlarvae fed PHB‐enriched Artemia irrespective of lipid enrichment. In addition, PHB increased the survival of the postlarvae after exposure to a lethal dose of ammonia. Lipid supplementation nullified this effect. The cumulative mortality of postlarvae subjected to a sublethal concentration of ammonia for 24 h and subsequent exposure to pathogenic Vibrio campbelli showed that PHB but not lipids could effectively enhance the resistance of the postlarvae. Co‐supplementing lipids even significantly decreased this outcome. Our study indicates that PHB supplementation increases the quality of larval P. monodon and their chance of surviving under adverse environmental conditions. The short‐term co‐supplementation with lipid emulsion did not add to these effects.  相似文献   

8.
This study was carried out to examine the effect of Artemia urmiana nauplii enriched with HUFA, and vitamins C and E on stress tolerance, hematocrit, and biochemical parameters of great sturgeon, Huso huso juveniles. Cod liver oil (EPA 18% and DHA 12%), ascorbyl-6-palmitate and α-tocopherol acetate were used as lipid, and vitamin C and E sources, respectively. Beluga juveniles at the stage of first feeding (69.7 ± 5.9 mg body weight) were randomly divided into five treatments and three tanks were assigned to each diet. All fish groups were fed non-enriched Artemia for the initial 5 days and then fed enriched Artemia for 7 days. Juveniles were fed with Artemia enriched with HUFA + 20% vitamin C (C group); HUFA + 20% vitamin E-enriched Artemia nauplii (E group); HUFA + 20% vitamin C + 20% vitamin E (C and E group); HUFA without vitamins (HUFA) and non-enriched Artemia (control). After the period of enrichment, Juveniles were fed with Daphnia sp. from the 13th to the 40th day. At day 40, the fish were transferred directly from fresh water (0.5 ppt) to brackish water (6 ppt for 4 days and 12 ppt for 2 days) and warm water (from 27 to 33°C) to evaluate juvenile resistance to salinity and thermal shocks. Moreover, all treatments were separately exposed to freshwater in tanks with the same capacity as used for osmotic and thermal tests (as fresh water control). The addition of vitamins C, E, and C + E to HUFA significantly increased fish resistance to 12 ppt salinity and temperature stress tests, whereas survival was not significantly different among challenges at 6 ppt. There was no significant difference in the hematocrit index under stress conditions. Enrichment had significant influence on plasma Na+ level in the C group on the 4th day at 6 ppt. Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations in C, E, and C and E groups on the 1st day at 12 ppt, and Ca2+ level in E group on the 2nd day at 12 ppt were lower than the other groups. The glucose level in the C and C and E groups was lower than the other treatments on the 1st day at 12 ppt and the 2nd day at 33°C. Regardless of Artemia enrichment, plasma ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and glucose concentrations in fish exposed to salinity stress tests were higher than fish in fresh water. Glucose concentration in plasma also increased after 2 days at 33°C. Although most of our results were not significantly different, the use of vitamins C, E, and HUFA in Artemia enrichment can improve Juveniles tolerance under stress conditions, and regardless of enrichment, these data show that beluga juveniles are partly sensitive to high salinity and temperature.  相似文献   

9.
Artemia nauplii cultured for 24 h in lipid‐enriched media contained 0, 0.38, 1.67, 0.79, 5.71 and 5.14 ng 17α‐methyl testosterone (MT) mg?1 dry weight for the control, 5, 15, 30, 50 and 100 mg of 17α‐MT L?1 of media respectively. Giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae were fed hormone‐enriched Artemia nauplii for 50 days. A significant difference in sex ratios (0.92, 0.69 and 0.93) was obtained in relation to the control group. These results suggest that further research is needed with regard to standardization of doses and duration of treatments for complete hormonal control of sex differentiation in M. rosenbergii.  相似文献   

10.
The effects of several food items on larvae production and survival ofthe mysid Mysidopsis almyra were compared. A total of sixdiets were used. The diets were: 1) phytoplankton (Isochrysisgalbana), 2) an artificial diet (Liqualife®, Cargill,Minneapolis, MN), 3) a mixed diet composed of both zooplankton (mostlycopepods)and phytoplankton, 4) 750 mg g–1 of HUFA enrichedArtemia nauplii and 250 mgg–1 of the artificial diet, 5) newly hatchedArtemia nauplii (24-hour incubation at 28°C) and 6) newly hatched Artemia naupliienriched with HUFA (SELCO®, INVE Inc., Ghent, Belgium) for 12 hours. Mysidsfed HUFA enriched Artemia nauplii (diet 6) had the highestproduction and survival rates, although not significant (P > 0.05), comparedto diets 3, 4 and 5, while the phytoplankton and the artificial diet hadsignificantly lower production and survival rates (p > 0.05).  相似文献   

11.
The effect of varying levels of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) and docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on growth, survival and osmotic stress tolerance of Eriocheir sinensis zoea larvae was studied in two separate experiments. In experiment I, larvae were fed rotifers and Artemia enriched with ICES emulsions with 0, 30 and 50% total n-3 HUFA levels but with the same DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6. In experiment II, larvae were fed different combinations of enriched rotifers and Artemia, in which, rotifers were enriched with emulsions containing 30% total n-3 HUFA, but different DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6, 2 and 4; while Artemia were enriched with the same emulsions, but DHA/EPA ratio of 0.6 and 4. In both experiments, un-enriched rotifers cultured on baker's yeast and newly-hatched Artemia nauplii were used as control diets. Larvae were fed rotifers at zoea 1 and zoea 2 stages; upon reaching zoea 3 stage, Artemia was introduced.Experiment I revealed no significant effect of prey enrichment on the survival of megalopa among treatments, but higher total n-3 HUFA levels significantly enhanced larval development (larval stage index, LSI) and resulted in higher individual dry body weight of megalopa. Furthermore higher dietary n-3 HUFA levels also resulted in better tolerance to salinity stress. Experiment II indicated that at the same total n-3 HUFA level, larvae continuously receiving a low dietary DHA/EPA ratio had significantly lower survival at the megalopa stage and inferior individual body weight at the megalopa stage, but no negative effect was observed on larval development (LSI). The ability to endure salinity stress of zoea 3, zoea 5 and megalopa fed diets with higher DHA/EPA ratio was also improved.  相似文献   

12.
The specific activity of alkaline protease, trypsin and pepsin‐like enzymes was measured in yolk sac stage Acipenser persicus larvae and over a 1‐month feeding experiment using live Artemia nauplii (ND), formulated feed (FD) or mixed food (MD). Artemia nauplii group larvae showed significantly higher growth and survival during the first 15 days while FD larvae showed the lowest growth and survival. At day 30, MD larvae exhibited significantly higher growth than the ND group. Alkaline protease activity showed the lowest activity on day 15; the highest activity was observed in the MD group larvae. Pepsin‐like activity showed a drastic increase from day 1 to 5 in all treatments, but remained stable throughout the next 25 days, with the lowest and the highest activity in the FD treatment on day 10 and in the MD treatment on day 30 post‐feeding respectively. Trypsin‐like activity in group ND remained almost the same from day 5 to 30, whereas in groups MD and FD, it decreased significantly from day 10 to 30. The contribution of the naupliar proteases was moderate but effective. Additionally, better performance in Artemia fed sturgeon larvae may also be due to the structure and digestibility of proteins and the food intake stimulation by the nauplii.  相似文献   

13.
Understanding the flow of fatty acids between trophic levels can provide important clues on prey–predator dynamics and nutritional requirements of the species. This study investigates the fatty acid flow between enrichment emulsions, Artemia nauplii and Hippocampus guttulatus juveniles, and evaluates the nutritional value of enriched and unenriched Artemia for newborn seahorses. The fatty acid profile of Artemia and seahorses generally reflected the dietary composition, but fatty acids were not linearly transferred between trophic levels. The incorporation of dietary fatty acids showed to be a more complex process involving dietary composition, predator metabolism and nutritional requirements. Artemia composition resulted from a dynamic balance between what was assimilated and metabolized by the nauplii during enrichment. Prey fatty acids were incorporated in seahorses, but HUFA, particularly DHA, were selectively retained to fulfil their high requirements. H. guttulatus newborns were not successfully reared on Artemia nauplii, not even on enriched Artemia, with low survival rates (15.0–26.7%) being observed in all feeding treatments. The high MUFA content and low DHA level of Artemia did not fulfil the high SFA and PUFA requirements of newborn juveniles, particularly their great DHA demands. Higher survivorship was obtained with enriched Artemia, but no differences were detected in juvenile growth.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Artemia nauplii enriched with different concentrations of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) on the lipid metabolic response, peroxidation, and antioxidant defence status of the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) juveniles. Twenty‐day‐old juveniles were fed Artemia nauplii enriched with four different concentrations (0.0 µL/L [control, A], 13.5 µL/L [B], 27.0 µL/L [C], and 54.0 µL/L [D]) of HUFAs (two thirds DHA and one third EPA) for 30 d. The activities of lipase and lipoproteinlipase of the juveniles significantly increased with increasing HUFA concentration; however, the activities of malate dehydrogenase and lactate content decreased with increasing HUFA concentration. Alkaline phosphatase activity and pyruvic acid content were not significantly different among the three treatments and the control. Malonaldehyde content was significantly negatively related to the enrichment concentrations (in Treatments A, B, and C); however, it increased significantly in Treatment D. The activities of superoxide dismutase in Treatments A and B were significantly higher than that in Treatments C and D. Catalase activity increased significantly from the control to Treatment C, then decreased significantly in Treatment D. Glutathione peroxidase activities increased significantly with increasing concentration of HUFAs, and peaked in Treatment D. The results indicate that dietary HUFAs are able to modify some enzymatic activities, and moderate dietary HUFA supplementation significantly promotes lipid metabolism and reduces lipid peroxidation products by enhancing antioxidant defence in the juveniles. However, excess HUFAs may result in adverse effects on the enzymatic activities in the juveniles, which might be related to oxidative stress.  相似文献   

15.
The stable production of high‐quality fry in marine aquaculture is still hampered by unpredictable mortality caused by infectious diseases during larval rearing. Consequently, the development of new biocontrol agents is crucial for a viable aquaculture industry. The bacterial energy storage compound poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has been shown to exhibit beneficial properties on aquatic organisms such as enhanced survival, growth, disease resistance and a controlling effect on the gastrointestinal microbiota. However, the effect of PHB on the developing immune system of fish larvae has so far not been investigated. In this study, the effect of feeding PHB‐enriched Artemia nauplii on survival, growth and immune response in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) postlarvae was examined. Amorphous PHB was administered to 28‐day‐old sea bass postlarvae over a period of 10 days. The survival and growth performance were monitored, and the expression of 29 genes involved in immunity, growth, metabolism and stress‐response was measured. While the expression of the insulin‐like growth factor 1 (igf1), an indicator of relative growth, was upregulated in response to feeding PHB, the larval survival and growth performance remained unaffected. After 10 days of PHB treatment, the expression of the antimicrobial peptides dicentracin (dic) and hepcidin (hep) as well as mhc class IIa and mhc class IIb was elevated in the PHB fed postlarvae. This indicates that PHB is capable of stimulating the immune system of fish early life stages, which may be the cause of the increased resistance to diseases and robustness observed in previous studies.  相似文献   

16.
The digestive tract of many marine fish larvae undergoes numerous morphological and functional changes during ontogeny that can substantially influence larval survival under culture conditions. Increasing our knowledge of the digestive capacity and nutritional requirements of the larvae of new candidate species for aquaculture will aid in the development of optimal feeding protocols and greatly improve production under hatchery conditions. In this study, we assess the proteolytic capacity of California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) larvae using biochemical and histological analyses. Newly hatched larvae were reared in a semiclosed recirculating system and fed with highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA)–enriched rotifers from hatching until 19 d posthatch (dph) and HUFA‐enriched Artemia nauplii thereafter. Total and specific activity of trypsin and leucine‐aminopeptidase (LAP) and acid and alkaline protease activities were assessed throughout development using spectrophotometric techniques. Trypsin‐like activity and LAP and alkaline protease activities were detected shortly after hatching and before the opening of the mouth. Acid protease activity was not detected until 36–40 dph, concomitant with the development of the gastric glands. The specific activity of trypsin and LAP showed two distinct peaks at 8 and 20 dph. The second peak coincided with the shift from rotifers to Artemia. Hence, newly hatched California halibut larvae possess alkaline proteolytic activity before first feeding. Based on the digestive capacity evaluated in this study and the timing of the development of the functional stomach, we propose that California halibut can be adequately weaned to formulated microdiets around 36 dph.  相似文献   

17.
The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional composition and effects of short periods with cultivated copepod nauplii versus rotifers in first‐feeding. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) larvae were given four different dietary regimes in the earliest start‐feeding period. One group was fed the copepod Acartia tonsa nauplii (Cop), a second fed enriched rotifers (RotMG), a third fed unenriched rotifers (RotChl) and a fourth copepods for the seven first days of feeding and enriched rotifers the rest of the period (Cop7). Cod larvae were fed Artemia sp. between 20 and 40 dph (days posthatching), and ballan wrasse between 36 and 40 dph, with weaning to a formulated diet thereafter. In addition to assessing growth and survival, response to handling stress was measured. This study showed that even short periods of feeding with cultivated copepod nauplii (7 days) had positive long‐term effects on the growth and viability of the fish larvae. At the end of both studies (60 days posthatching), fish larvae fed copepods showed higher survival, better growth and viability than larvae fed rotifers. This underlines the importance of early larval nutrition.  相似文献   

18.
This study describes the effects of feeding taurine‐supplemented Artemia on the growth, survival, whole body taurine content and jaw malformation rate of larval yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi. Larvae were fed rotifers containing no supplemental taurine from 3 to 15 day post hatch (dph) and Artemia co‐enriched with taurine from 12 to 22 dph. Artemia were supplemented at concentrations of either 0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 or 4.0 g of taurine L?1 during the 18 h HUFA enrichment process. Taurine content in the Artemia increased from 0.76 ± 0.04% DW in those without supplementation to 3.95 ± 0.17% DW in those supplemented at 4.0 g L?1. Survival rates of larval yellowtail kingfish were significantly lower in all taurine‐supplemented treatments compared to the unsupplemented control. Growth was significantly improved in those larvae fed taurine‐supplemented Artemia; however, we cannot attribute this improvement solely to taurine, as improved growth may have been a function of the reduced survival, and therefore increased prey availability, in these treatments. The whole body taurine content of larvae fed unsupplemented Artemia was significantly lower (1.85 ± 0.03% DW) than those fed supplemented Artemia, which did not differ from each other (pooled average 2.48 ± 0.03% DW), suggesting either a functional excretion mechanism is in place or that this represents the saturation value for larvae of this age. Jaw malformation rates were not affected by Artemia taurine content. The results of this research suggest yellowtail kingfish larvae may have a lower requirement and/or a reduced tolerance to excess dietary taurine than juveniles.  相似文献   

19.
This study was conducted to examine the effect of Artemia urmiana nauplii enriched with Pediococcus acidilactici on growth performances, survival rate, and stress resistance of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). Artemia nauplii were enriched with P. acidilactici at concentration of 1010 CFU/ml for 3 h (T3), 6 h (T6), 9 h (T9), and one nonenriched nauplii treatment (control). Since nauplii enriched for 9 h had the most significant CFU/g, fish were fed with T9 for 11 days and compared with the control. To evaluate the effect of probiotic on fish resistance, Persian sturgeon larvae were subjected to osmotic shocks of 15, 25, or 35 ppt; four pH treatments, pH 5, pH 6, pH 8 or pH = 9; and air for 5, 10, 15, or 20 s on the 11th day. There were no significant differences in final weight, weight gain, CF, SGR, and FCR between T9 and control (P > 0.05). However, the survival rate of larvae fed nauplii enriched for 9 h increased significantly in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, significant higher resistance to all stress challenges was observed in the T9 group.  相似文献   

20.
The palm ruff, Seriolella violacea (Cojinoba), is a potential new species for Chilean aquaculture. To approach Cojinoba larviculture, an experimental Artemia enrichment emulsion, containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) = 2.5, supplemented with vitamin E, astaxanthin, and β‐glucan, was evaluated in both Artemia and Cojinoba larvae, 30–50 d.a.h. This study tested an experimental enrichment emulsion versus a commercial emulsion, with an integral approach of multicompound emulsions. After 23 h enrichment, experimental emulsion (EE)‐enriched nauplii reached DHA and EPA concentrations of 23.8 and 18.7 mg/g dry weight (dwt), respectively, while in Cojinoba larvae they were 18.4 and 19.7 mg/g dwt. Control emulsion (CE)‐enriched nauplii exhibited lower DHA and EPA (6.1 and 7.7 mg/g dwt), while only DHA decreased in the control larvae (12.6 mg/g dwt). Vitamin E was higher in EE‐enriched nauplii (29.2 mg/100 g dwt) than in the control (8.4 mg/100 g dwt). Larvae fed EE‐enriched Artemia exhibited 8% increase in survival and 19% in growth compared with the control. Astaxanthin was detected only in larvae fed EE‐enriched nauplii. The tumor necrosis factor‐α concentration was not significantly different between larvae fed EE‐ and CE‐enriched nauplii. EE looks promising as an Artemia enrichment and experimental diet to assess palm ruff larval requirements, and has a positive impact on fish larvae performance.  相似文献   

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