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1.
The effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) limonoids azadirachtin, salannin, deacetylgedunin, gedunin, 17-hydroxyazadiradione, and deaceytlnimbin on gut enzyme activity of the rice leaffolder larvae was investigated. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with limonoids in bioassays, gut tissue enzymes—acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP), and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) activities of rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) larvae are affected. Azadirachtin was most potent in all experiments. Larvae that were chronically exposed to limonoids showed a reduction in weight (59-89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP, and ATPase activities. These results indicate neem limonoids affects gut enzyme activities. These effects are most pronounced in early instars.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of azadirachtin (AZA) and nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) on midgut enzyme activity in Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Tobacco cutworm) were evaluated. Gut enzyme activities were decreased by AZA and NPV individually and in combination. When S. litura larvae were fed a diet of castor leaves treated with AZA and NPV in bioassays, gut enzyme—acid phosphatases, alkaline phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatases, and lactate dehydrogenase—activities were decreased. There were statistically significant differences (P ? 0.05) in enzyme activities between combined and individual treatment. A synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and virus was found when combined in low doses. These effects are most pronounced in early instars. Maximum weight loss (59-72%) occurred, when AZA and NPV were combined.  相似文献   

3.
Laboratory assays were done to evaluate the effect of neem seed kernel extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss),Vitex negundo L. (Lamiales: Verbenaceae) leaf extract, andBacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), applied separately or together, on nutritional indices of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). All three biopesticides suppressed feeding and larval growth and low concentrations affected the larval performance. The combined effect of the three biopesticides resulted in a considerable decrease in nutritional indices, indicating strong deterrence. Dose response relationships were established with respect to frass production and larval growth. The efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food was considerably reduced.  相似文献   

4.
The toxicity and physiological (enzyme and nutritional indices) effect of Dysoxylum triterpenes 3β,24,25-trihydroxycycloartane and beddomei lactone were evaluated on the rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). The LC50 [6.66 ppm (SD = 0.31), 5.79 ppm (SD = 0.33) for 3β,24,25-DHCL and BL, respectively] and LC 90 [14.63 ppm (SD = 0.36), 13.49 ppm (SD = 0.27) for 3β,24,25-DHCL and BL, respectively] were identified by probit analysis. Fourth instars were exposed to various concentrations (1.5, 3, 6, and 12 ppm) of Dysoxylum triterpenes. Results showed that treated larvae exhibited reduced food consumption and enzyme activity. Food consumption, digestion, relative consumption rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food, and relative growth rate values declined significantly but the approximate digestibility of treated larvae was significantly higher as a result of treatment (in particular 6 and 12 ppm). Likewise, the gut enzymes acid phosphatases, alkaline phosphatases, and adenosine triphosphatases were significantly inhibited by the Dysoxylum triterpenes. The high biological activity of these triterpenes from Dysoxylum sp. could be used as an active principle during the preparation of botanical insecticides for insect pest like rice leaffolder.  相似文献   

5.
采用药膜法对嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱进行生物测定,从5种杀虫剂对两种书虱的LC50可以看出,嗜卷书虱对两种拟除虫菊酯类药剂较嗜虫书虱敏感,嗜虫书虱对丁硫克百威较为敏感,而对有机磷类药剂的作用两种书虱的敏感性相似.两种书虱体内酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)的活力比较结果表明:嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱体内ACP的比活力为分别14μmol/mg·30 min和2.2 μmol/mg·30 min,ALP的比活力分别为0.092μmol/mg·30 min和0.046μmol/mg·30 min.经方差分析,两种书虱ACP和ALP的比活力之间均存在显著性差异(p<0.05).动力学参数比较结果显示,两种书虱ACP的Vmax值之间的差异达到显著水平,而ALP的Km值之间存在显著性差异.离体试验结果表明,5种药剂对磷酸酯酶的作用各不相同,个别药剂在低浓度下表现诱导作用,说明磷酸酯酶在不同外源毒物的解毒代谢过程中所起的作用有所不同.  相似文献   

6.
为明确粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens S-JS1与杀虫剂对灰飞虱的联合作用,以及S-JS1对灰飞虱解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响,以灰飞虱3龄若虫为对象,采用喷雾法比较了S-JS1与5种杀虫剂 (螺虫乙酯、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和毒死蜱) 单用,以及菌、药混用对灰飞虱的杀虫活性,测定了灰飞虱取食经S-JS1处理的水稻后,虫体内羧酸酯酶 (CarE)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶 (GSTs)、过氧化物酶 (POD) 和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 的活性变化。结果表明:粘质沙雷氏菌S-JS1分别与不同浓度杀虫剂混用,均可提高杀虫剂对灰飞虱的致死率。其中,109 cfu/mL的S-JS1与1.25 mg/L的噻虫嗪混用处理3 d,或与25 mg/L的螺虫乙酯混用处理5 d,灰飞虱的死亡率分别为65.58%和76.27%,均显著高于同浓度杀虫剂单用的处理 (噻虫嗪单用时致死率为44.24%,螺虫乙酯为49.22%),表现为增效作用 (χ2 > 3.84,实测死亡率 – 预期死亡率 > 0);其他各混用处理均为相加作用 (χ2 < 3.84)。灰飞虱取食经粘质沙雷氏菌处理的水稻苗后12和24 h,其CarE活性与对照组间无显著性差异,GSTs活性呈先降低后升高趋势,POD和SOD活性均低于对照组。研究表明,粘质沙雷氏菌S-JS1可能降低了灰飞虱对杀虫剂的抵抗力。本研究可为探索昆虫病原细菌与杀虫剂间的联合应用提供参考,为灰飞虱的有效防治提供新思路。  相似文献   

7.
用高浓度CO2气体胁迫处理药材甲老熟幼虫及体外磷酸酯酶,通过终点法测定酶活性变化,分析气调胁迫与磷酸酯酶活性变化之间的关系。结果显示,高浓度CO2密闭处理药材甲老熟幼虫6 h和12 h,ACP比活力分别升高6.41%和18.96%,ALP活力分别降低了7.69%和7.91%。ACP经CO2体外处理30、60、120 min,比活力分别增强92.77%、127.43%和67.91%。可见,高浓度CO2气调胁迫处理对药材甲老熟幼虫ACP和ALP活力均有一定影响。  相似文献   

8.
The levels of susceptibility of populations of the European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) collected from apple orchards in the Bursa region of Turkey to the insecticides chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin, were determined by a petri leaf disk—Potter spray tower method. When compared with the susceptible population, resistance ratios at the LC50 level ranged from 6.0- to 35.6-fold, and from 0.7- to 5.7-fold for chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. Kinetic parameters of general esterase activity with α-naphthyl acetate as substrate indicated that an increased activity was present in the resistant populations compared with the susceptible populations. In these strains, 1.5- and 2.2-fold higher Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was also detected with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. General esterase activity gel profiles of these populations were studied by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but no relationship between resistance ratios and band patterns was detected. The results of this study document a decreased efficacy of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin in field populations of P. ulmi in Turkey, possibly linked to altered activities of esterases and GST.  相似文献   

9.
为探索喷雾助剂对药液物理性状的影响及防治木瓜秀粉蚧的增效作用,室内条件下研究了添加5种喷雾助剂[芦荟精油、有机硅助剂silwet408、渗透剂JFC-2、氮酮和增效醚(PBO)]对240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和15%哒螨灵乳油表面张力、扩展直径以及最大持留量的影响,并测定了添加喷雾助剂对2种供试药剂防治木瓜秀粉蚧Paracoccus marginatus的增效作用。结果表明:5种助剂均能显著降低药液的表面张力、增大扩展直径并提高药液持留量;室内毒力测定结果表明,5种助剂对240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和15%哒螨灵乳油的毒力具有不同程度的增效作用,增效比分别达5.1%～26.1%和22.7%～41.8%,其中JFC-2和PBO的增效作用较为明显。田间试验结果表明,JFC-2和PBO可提高2种供试药液对木瓜秀粉蚧的田间防效,尤其对高浓度药液的增效作用更为明显,其中JFC-2对240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂防效的增效比在10.3%～24.6%之间,增效醚对15%哒螨灵乳油防效的增效比在12.1%～28.9%之间。  相似文献   

10.
为明确杀虫剂对转Bt水稻品种华恢1号(Huahui 1,HH1)靶标害虫二化螟Chilo suppressalis及其非靶标害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens种群数量的影响,于2014—2015年在江西省南昌市南昌县莲塘镇的广福试验基地进行田间试验,种植转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻,分别对其进行施用杀虫剂和未施用杀虫剂处理,然后对经2种处理后转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻田中靶标害虫二化螟幼虫数量及非靶标害虫白背飞虱、褐飞虱的若虫数量、成虫数量、总虫量(若虫数量和成虫数量之和)进行调查,并对这3种害虫田间种群数量的年份、水稻品种、杀虫剂影响因子进行方差分析。结果显示,转Bt水稻种植对二化螟幼虫数量影响显著,而施用杀虫剂处理未显著影响二化螟幼虫数量。转Bt水稻种植对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫数量、成虫数量和总虫量无显著影响;而施用杀虫剂处理显著降低转Bt水稻及其对照亲本水稻稻田内白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫数量及总虫量,并显著降低白背飞虱成虫数量。2014年和2015年,施用杀虫剂和未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻田内二化螟幼虫数量极低或未调查到;未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻上二化螟幼虫数量仅在2014年显著低于未施用杀虫剂对照亲本水稻。2014年,未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻上白背飞虱总虫量最大值分别为1 037、1 376头/百丛,施用杀虫剂后分别降低至233、253头/百丛;未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻上和对照亲本水稻上褐飞虱总虫量最大值分别为4 120、2 413头/百丛,施用杀虫剂后降低至367、410头/百丛;2015年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的发生规律与2014年相同。表明转Bt水稻可显著降低二化螟幼虫数量,但褐飞虱及白背飞虱数量没有降低,而施用杀虫剂可有效降低褐飞虱及白背飞虱数量。  相似文献   

11.
草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)是一种重要的经济作物害虫,在美洲玉米种植区均有发生。近几年该害虫迅速蔓延至非洲和东南亚等地区,并于2018年12月下旬在中国云南省被发现,对玉米生产造成严重威胁。化学农药和Bt作物是目前防治草地贪夜蛾的最主要手段,但大量研究表明,草地贪夜蛾已经形成了具有高抗药性和Bt抗性的种群。本文介绍了草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性现状,从抗性相关因子的表达调控和靶标位点变异2个方面论述了草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性机制,总结了目前草地贪夜蛾抗药性和Bt抗性的治理策略,并结合中国实际情况探讨了草地贪夜蛾综合防控的发展方向,以期为该害虫的防控提供参考。  相似文献   

12.
A botanical natural product,AkseBio2, was evaluated under laboratory conditions for its oviposition deterrent, ovicidal and larvicidal (nymphicidal) effects against the pear psyllaCacopsylla pyri (L.) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). The product exhibited a strong oviposition deterrent effect for winterform and summerform females and caused a reduction in the total number of eggs laid in both choice and no-choice assays. Significant mortalities in freshly laid eggs (0–48 h) and various nymphal stages of the pest were recorded in toxicity assays. At a concentration of 0.1% (formulation), the highest biological activity of the product was recorded against the young (1st and 2nd) nymphal stages (up to 87.4% mortality) in comparison with the other biological stages of the pest. It was less active against the older (3rd-5th) nymphs, causing 62.1% mortality at the same concentration. In assays with non-target organisms, a significant negative effect was not observed. There were no significant changes on treated plants up to 7 days after treatment in any trial, nor was there any phytotoxicity on plant tissue as a result ofAkseBio2 treatments. The results suggest that the product can be used in psylla control instead of synthetic insecticides and may serve as an integrated pest management (IPM) component in pear orchards. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.  相似文献   

13.
During 1996–1998 mating disruption trials were conducted on all three generations of the grapevine mothLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) in a 25-ha vineyard situated at Spata, Attiki, Greece. Shortly before the beginning of the first flight period ampoule-type pheromone dispensers were set up lining a 6.5-ha rectangular plot. Around the dispenser zone a protection belt was created whereBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and selective insecticides were applied against the second and third generation larvae. The protection belt was 35 m wide and covered 3.5 ha. The rest of the vineyard was divided into the reference plot — where conventional insecticide treatments were implemented to control both carpophagous pest generations, and the untreated control plot — which measured 1 ha. Male catches within the dispenser zone were virtually zero. Nevertheless, no difference was apparent between the percentage of mated females from within and outside of the dispenser zone. Attractant was released from the dispensers throughout the season at a rather constant rate, but by the middle of the third flight period dispensers were found to be almost empty. During the 3 years of the survey pest pressure was often at exceptionally high levels. The effectiveness of the mating disruption technique (MDT) was found to vary with year and pest generation. MDT was used against the first (anthophagous) generation with rather poor results. In the following carpophagous generations results were comparable to control measures with insecticides used and sometimes slightly better. The density of the pest population in the pheromone-treated vineyard as compared with the untreated control, was reduced on average by 67% in the second and by 57% in the third generation. MDT therefore did not accomplish sufficient crop protection. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2003.  相似文献   

14.
为明确美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea在取食不同寄主植物后其肠道细菌群落的变化情况,采用高通量测序技术分析其肠道细菌16S rDNA的V3～V4区域,分析肠道细菌的多样性、物种组成和菌群结构差异,并对其生物学功能进行预测。结果显示,美国白蛾4龄幼虫在取食不同寄主植物后肠道细菌Shannon多样性指数出现明显差异,由高到低依次为取食寄主法国梧桐Platanus orientalis、柿Diospyros kaki、胡桃Juglans regia、杨树Populus×canadensis和杏Armeniaca vulgaris的群体。美国白蛾肠道优势菌门主要为变形菌门和厚壁菌门,而属分类水平上的物种在不同处理之间存在较大差异,在取食法国梧桐和柿树的美国白蛾肠道中Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia的相对丰度较高,分别为63.16%和34.50%;取食杏树和杨树的美国白蛾肠道优势菌属分别是肠球菌属Enterococcus和肠杆菌属Enterobacter,相对丰度分别为87.58%和37.93%。不同寄主也导致美国白蛾肠道细菌群的组成结...  相似文献   

15.
Lectin fromGlycine max L. was extracted and purified by affinity chromatography using asialofetuin-linked porous amino-activated silica beads. The concentration-dependent effect of lectin was studied on freshly laid eggs (0–8 h old) of the melon flyBactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett); lectin failed to influence egg hatching. However, treating second instar larvae (64–72 h old) with increasing concentrations of lectin significantly reduced the development period, number of pupae and number of emergingB. cucurbitae, and was negatively correlated with the increase in the lectin concentration. The LC50 value, 54μg ml−1, was calculated on the basis of adult emergence. Treatment of the larvae (64–72 h old) with the LC50 concentration resulted in a decrease in pupal weight. The activity of three hydrolase enzymes (esterases, acid and alkaline phosphatases), one oxidoreductase (catalase) and one group transfer enzyme (glutathione S-transferase) was assayed in second instar larvae at the LC50 concentration of lectin after exposure for 24, 48 and 72 h. The activity of esterases increased significantly (P<0.01) at the three exposure intervals, whereas the activities of the three other hydrolyses and the transferases were significantly suppressed (P<0.01). http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 13, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
为更好地了解苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone的毒力以及作用机理,通过饲喂含有Cry1Ac、Cry1Ab、Cry2Ab和Vip3Aa四种不同Bt毒素蛋白饲料,测定Bt毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫的毒力,并观察取食4种毒素蛋白后幼虫中肠组织的病理学变化。结果显示,二点委夜蛾幼虫取食毒素蛋白后72 h,Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性较高,校正死亡率为84.7%和76.4%;Vip3Aa和Cry2Ab毒素蛋白的毒力较弱。二点委夜蛾幼虫取食4种Bt毒素蛋白后,中肠柱状细胞微绒毛脱落,杂乱地分散在肠腔内,杯状细胞变形和腔内微绒毛脱落,线粒体和内质网等变形破裂,细胞核的核膜消失、核质凝聚和形状发生变化,经Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac毒素蛋白处理后中肠细胞的病变症状和速度明显高于Cry2Ab和Vip3Aa毒素蛋白处理。表明Cry1Ab和Cry1Ac毒素蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫杀虫活性较高,显著高于Cry2Ab和Vip3Aa毒素蛋白,且对其中肠细胞的破坏作用也较强。  相似文献   

17.
为寻找防治枸杞蚜虫的适用药剂,采用玻璃管药膜法,测定了4种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫的毒力及对其三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性的影响。结果表明:枸杞蚜虫对联苯菊酯最敏感,LC50值为4.34 mg/L;氯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯的LC50值分别为17.08、40.50和184.84 mg/L。4种杀虫剂对枸杞蚜虫两种ATPase活性均有抑制作用,药剂浓度为1×10-4mol/L时,4种药剂对Na+-K+-ATPase活性的抑制率均高于对Ca2+-M g2+-ATPase的抑制率,其中对Na+-K+-ATPase活性的抑制率从高到低依次为:联苯菊酯高效氯氰菊酯氯菊酯甲氰菊酯,而对Ca2+-M g2+-ATPase的抑制率则是联苯菊酯最高(46.41%),高效氯氰菊酯最低(33.04%)。4种药剂对枸杞蚜虫GSTs活性的影响差异较大:联苯菊酯在低浓度时对GSTs具有诱导作用,高浓度时则表现为一定的抑制作用;不同浓度高效氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯对GSTs活性均表现为抑制作用,抑制率最高达85.02%;而甲氰菊酯处理后GSTs的活性则升高了193.07%~249.96%。  相似文献   

18.
Epiphytic microorganisms on the phyllosphere of traditional and high-yielding rice varieties were isolated from different agroecological zones of Sri Lanka and screened for theirin vitro andin vivo antagonism againstRhizoctonia solani Kühn AG-1 1A, the sheath blight pathogen of rice. Among a total of 196 bacterial and 91 fungal isolates, 12 bacterial and two fungal isolates which showed more than 50% growth inhibition ofR. solani were tested for theirin vivo antagonism. Among the 14 antagonists tested, six bacterial and one fungal isolate substantially reduced the incidence of sheath blight (by more than 82%) and severity (by more than 92%) of the rice varieties BG94-1 and IR8 grown in a pot experiment under open field conditions. Using five antagonists that showed the bestin vitro antagonism, a pot experiment was conducted to determine whether the presence of indigenous microflora on the rice sheath had any effect on the effectiveness of antagonism. Three isolates (B4, GbB5 and HMWB4) controlled sheath blight incidence and severity equally well in the presence and absence of indigenous microflora. Two isolates (BG352B1 and BG300B1) were more effective when they were introduced into the rice sheath without indigenous microflora. Among the effective antagonists determined by the pot experiment, isolates B4, B16, BG94-1B5, GbB5, HMWB4 and BG379-F2 were tested under field conditions for two consecutive growing seasons. Under field conditions, severity of rice sheath blight was significantly reduced by the application of all the tested antagonists as a spray on rice sheath at a concentration of 108 cfu ml−1, starting 3 days after the development of symptoms and continuing for three applications at 10-day intervals. Antagonistic performances were consistent in the two seasons under field conditions andB. megatarium A (isolate B16) andAspergillus niger (isolate BG379-F2) performed as the most effective antagonists in both seasons. When disease severity was quantified as percentage sheath area covered by the disease lesions, the respective reductions in disease severity were greater than 50% and 61% byB. megaterium A (isolate B16) andAspergillus niger (isolate BG379-F2), respectively, in both seasons. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 10, 2008.  相似文献   

19.
为提高微生物杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果,利用球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana IPPB343、IPPB1237与金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae IPPM330189三种昆虫病原真菌,斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis viruses,SLNPV）、甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Mamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis viruses,MBNPV）2种昆虫病毒和短稳杆菌Empedobacter brevis昆虫病原细菌,设置9种联合施用药剂组合,评价6种微生物杀虫剂单独使用以及不同药剂联合施用组合对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力以及田间防治效果。结果表明,与6种微生物杀虫剂单独使用相比,9种联合施用组合均能提升微生物杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的毒力水平与田间防治效果。施药后7 d时,金龟子绿僵菌IPPM330189+MBNPV药剂组合的防治效果最好且增效最明显,对草地贪夜蛾的田间防治效果达到88.75%,协同毒力指数为23.78。此外,金龟子绿僵菌IPPM330189+短稳杆菌悬浮剂药剂组合施药后7 d对草地贪夜蛾的田间防治效果达到87.45%,协同毒力指数也可达到21.72。表明微生物杀虫剂联合施用可显著提升其对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果。  相似文献   

20.
The effects of Neemgard, an acaricidal and fungicidal formulation obtained from neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernels, on the phytophagous miteTetranychus cinnabarinus, the predacious mitePhytoseiulus persimilis, and the predatory spiderChiracanthium mildei, were investigated in laboratory experiments. Neemgard was highly toxic toT. cinnabarinus but had no toxic effect onC. mildei orP. persimilis. Another neem formulation—the insecticidal Neemix 45—caused conspicuous repellency, but no mortality, inT. cinnabarinus.  相似文献   

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