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1.
农业干旱灾害发生机理复杂,评价指标众多,为确定合理的干旱风险评价指标,以陕西省为研究对象,提出基于主成分分析和层次分析法(AHP)相结合的农业干旱风险评价指标体系和评估方法。运用主成分分析,结合陕西省干旱成因及特点,基于风险四要素(危险性、暴露性、脆弱性和抗旱能力)筛选并构建了农业干旱风险评价指标体系,采用AHP评估了陕西省农业干旱风险。结果表明,在考虑地区抗旱能力情况下,陕西省农业干旱风险从北向南,从东向西均呈现出递减趋势,北部榆林地区和东部渭南、商洛地区,农业干旱风险较高。通过主成分分析和AHP相结合的评价体系,可以合理选取评价指标,缩减指标个数;准确评估干旱风险,指出风险要素来源,为抗旱部门有效识别致灾因子,提出相应的抗旱减灾方法。  相似文献   

2.
利用河北省冬麦区49个气象站1980-2010年的气象资料及其相应的冬小麦产量资料,选取三种干旱指数,根据自然灾害风险分析的基本原理,计算了气候干旱、作物干旱、产量灾损三种风险度,并进行了相应的风险区划,根据区划结果提出了不同风险区的减灾对策.结果表明:(1)冬麦区气候干旱风险以中风险或较高风险区域为主,作物干旱风险则以较高风险区为主,产量灾损低风险区域较大.(2)气候干旱、作物干旱、产量灾损各等级风险区分布无明显相关关系,产量灾损风险与各地的灌溉条件关系密切.(3)产量灾损各风险区应采取不同的减灾对策,高风险区应以防旱为主,采取一系列保墒措施,提高自然水分利用率;较高风险区应以抗旱防旱为主,加强农田水利基本建设,改善灌溉条件;中低风险区应以发展优化灌溉制度为主,实现节水高产.  相似文献   

3.
伴随着我国干旱灾害管理从危机模式到综合风险模式的转变,以广西大石山岩溶区为研究对象,在对该区近20年农业干旱灾害调查分析的基础上,采用模糊信息扩散方法对该区26个县农业干旱风险进行了评估。研究结果表明:广西大石山区近20年来平均每2年至少会发生农业干旱1次,且强度呈逐渐增加的变化趋势;该区平均发生轻度、中度、重度和特大农业干旱灾害的频次分别为1.3年/次、2.2年/次、6.3年/次、15.3年/次。根据区域干旱灾害风险模型:区域干旱灾害风险=(危险性H×暴露性E×脆弱性V)/抗旱减灾能力C,加强该区抗旱减灾能力建设是有效应对日益复杂的干旱灾害和减轻灾害风险最有效的途径和手段。广西大石山区应开展具有可操作性的干旱防备与应对系统以实现该区干旱灾害综合风险管理战略的实施。  相似文献   

4.
区域气候变化对内蒙古草原影响凸显,干旱已经成为威胁内蒙古草原生态系统的首要自然灾害。基于自然灾害风险理论,利用内蒙古草原牧区54个牧业旗县的气象、土壤水分、植被、遥感、社会经济和地理信息数据,从旱灾致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个方面选取影响干旱的8个关键性指标,采用层次分析法、加权综合评价法和专家打分法,确定风险指标权重,构建旱灾风险评估模型,借助GIS空间分析功能,对内蒙古草原旱灾风险进行综合评估。研究结果表明:综合旱灾风险指数空间分布呈"南高北低、东高西低"特点,具有较明显的地带性分布规律。内蒙古草原高、中、低旱灾风险等级面积分别占研究区总面积的21.3%、37.4%、41.3%。高风险区主要分布在呼伦贝尔市中部偏西地区、兴安盟西南部、通辽市大部、赤峰市中部、锡林郭勒盟南部、乌兰察布市中部、呼和浩特市北部、包头市中部偏南和鄂尔多斯市南部;低风险区主要分布在呼伦贝尔市西部、通辽市东部、锡林郭勒盟西北部、乌兰察布市北部、鄂尔多斯市中部和东部及巴彦浩特市东部。构建的评估模型总体反映了内蒙古草原旱灾综合风险水平,可为内蒙古草原灾害风险管理、应对气候变化、抗旱减灾行动提供依据。  相似文献   

5.
中国北方春玉米干旱灾害风险评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
开展农业干旱灾害风险评估是实施干旱灾害风险管理、减轻旱灾损失和影响的必要途径,如何揭示成险因子变化及其相互作用是开展风险评估的关键。本文以中国北方春玉米为研究对象,利用我国北方各地春玉米产量和气象数据,以及地形、土地利用和土壤有效灌溉面积等数据,基于自然灾害风险评估原理,构建北方春玉米干旱灾害危险性指数,在地理信息系统(GIS)平台下结合春玉米种植的暴露度和其他影响抗灾能力因子对中国北方春玉米干旱灾害进行风险评估区划。结果表明,春玉米干旱较高或高风险地区主要位于内蒙古中部、宁夏、甘肃、辽宁西部和新疆部分地区,风险指标值在0.73以上;春玉米干旱较低或低风险地区主要位于黑龙江西南部、吉林中部、辽宁北部、河北南部和陕西中部等地区,风险指标值在0.72以下。该研究有助于深化认识风险评估中成险因子相互作用,研究结果对指导北方春玉米干旱灾害风险管理具有科学意义。  相似文献   

6.
甘肃省冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估及其区划   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为提高西北旱作冬小麦干旱风险管理水平,选用甘肃省41个气象站1971—2016年逐日常规气象观测资料及甘肃省冬小麦农业生产相关资料,基于自然灾害风险理论,从危险性、暴露性、脆弱性、防灾能力4个因子出发,建立了甘肃省冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估模型,并用Arc GIS对甘肃省冬小麦进行干旱风险区划。结果表明:甘肃省冬小麦全生育期干旱高危险区和次高危险区主要位于陇中北部、陇东北部和陇南南部;高暴露区和次高暴露区集中在陇东和陇南地区;高脆弱区和次高脆弱区主要位于陇东大部;次低防灾能力区和低防灾能力区位于陇东大部和陇南北部。甘肃省冬小麦高风险区分布于庆阳市北部和陇南市南部,次高风险区和中度风险区主要位于陇东大部、陇中北部和天水市北部,省内其余冬小麦区属于次低和低风险区。该研究成果将为甘肃冬小麦防灾减灾及可持续发展提供一定理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
甘肃河东地区为全省春玉米主要种植区,同时也是易发生干旱的地区,基于FAO推荐的Penman-Montith模型以及其提供的作物系数计算了甘肃省河东地区春玉米作物水分亏缺距平指数(CWDI_a),采用甘肃省河东地区54个气象站1961—2017年逐日气象数据以及河东各县(区)春玉米多年产量资料,从干旱的年际变化趋势、干旱空间分布特征以及春玉米干旱灾损风险区划三方面对近57年来河东地区春玉米各生育期干旱演变特征及其灾损风险区划进行了分析。结果表明:受降水的影响,河东地区春玉米生长期各旬需水量、CWDI_a值均呈先增大后减少的趋势,全区CWDI_a值15,表明该区虽为雨养农业区但仍需通过灌溉补给保证作物生长期所需水分。生长季内春玉米水分亏缺的变化幅度:抽雄～开花期拔节期乳熟～成熟期出苗～七叶期。出苗～七叶期水分亏缺程度由南向北呈递减趋势,其他三期水分亏缺程度由南向北呈递增趋势。河东地区春玉米干旱风险具有明显的区域性和差异性,低风险区主要在陇东南部地区,陇南中部、北部、南部地区,甘南高原东北部地区;中风险区主要在陇东中部地区,陇南东南部地区,陇西黄土高原中部地区;较高风险区主要在环县,渭北地区;高风险区主要在黄河以南地区至靖远-榆中区。总体来看,河东春玉米干旱灾损风险区由南向北呈纬向分布,且受积温影响,海拔高于2 500 m的高山区不适于种植春玉米。  相似文献   

8.
黑龙江省低温冷害风险评估与区划研究   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
黑龙江省是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,也是低温冷害发生比较频繁的地区之一,研究低温冷害发生的风险水平及其空间分布,是各级政府部门进行防灾减灾的重要依据。文中采用自然灾害风险指数法、层次分析法和加权综合评价法,在计算黑龙江省各县市低温冷害的危险性、暴露性和脆弱性的基础上,通过计算黑龙江省低温冷害风险指数LCDR Ii,对黑龙江省低温冷害进行风险评估与区划研究。研究结果表明:黑龙江省低温冷害高风险区主要集中分布于黑龙江省西北部漠河县和塔河县,这一地区应该成为黑龙江省防御低温冷害的重点;黑龙江省低温冷害中风险区零星分布于黑龙江省各个地区,这些地区承灾体的脆弱性较大,所以低温冷害风险较大;黑龙江省低温冷害低风险区主要成片分布于黑龙江省中部和西部地区,轻风险区主要分布于黑龙江省中西部地区、东部地区和南部地区,这些地区低温冷害发生风险较低。  相似文献   

9.
基于对黄土塬区旱灾风险成因的深入分析，选取“灾害胁迫—社会脆弱性—暴露”的自然灾害风险评价体系及相应的遥感数据和社会经济数据作为干旱灾害风险数据源，通过层次分析法构建旱灾风险评估模型，并运用GIS技术分别对3项指标因子进行空间叠加分析，最后利用自然断点法对庆阳地区旱灾风险进行等级划分与评估。计算结果表明：(1)整体而言，庆阳地区干旱灾害风险有显著的空间差异，呈“北高南低、西高东低”的特点，这主要是由于降雨时空分布不均造成的。(2)庆阳地区高、次高、中、次低、低风险等级面积分别占研究区总面积的11.30%、24.90%、30.96%、18.54%、14.3%。(3)高风险区主要集中在环县北部以及庆阳市中心地区；次高风险区主要分布在环县中部、华池县北部以及镇原县北部地区；中风险区主要分布在镇原县南部、庆城县南部、华池县南部、正宁县西部以及宁县南部地区；次低风险区主要分布在宁县东部以及合水县南部；低风险区主要集中在庆阳市东部，即华池县东南部、合水县东部、宁县东部以及正宁县大部分地区。  相似文献   

10.
改进的TOPSIS模型在陕西省农业干旱脆弱性区划中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以陕西10个地市作为研究对象,从暴露性、敏感性以及恢复能力三个方面选取12个指标构建农业干旱脆弱性评价指标体系,应用改进的TOPSIS模型计算得出各市区的相对贴近度,对陕西省农业干旱脆弱性进行综合评价。结果表明:陕西省农业干旱脆弱性存在地域性差异,10个市区的农业干旱脆弱性由高到低排序依次为安康(0.7841)商洛(0.7650)汉中(0.6939)西安(0.5977)榆林(0.4657)延安(0.4605)渭南(0.4555)铜川(0.4319)宝鸡(0.3525)咸阳(0.2996),整体呈现"南高北低"的分布格局;从暴露性来看,陕西省农业干旱暴露性指数最高为渭南,其次为咸阳和西安,其它市区均较低;从敏感性来看,陕西省农业干旱敏感性分布两极分化严重,主要表现为陕南地区敏感性总体偏高,关中地区和陕北地区除铜川市和延安市敏感性较高外,均处于较低水平;从恢复能力来看,陕西省农业干旱的恢复力分布无明显规律,按其恢复力由高到底排序依次为:延安渭南榆林咸阳西安铜川宝鸡汉中安康商洛。改进的TOPSIS模型能较合理地从整体上对农业干旱脆弱性进行评价分区,符合实际情况,为其他多属性综合评价提供了一个新的思路和算法。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

14.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

19.
Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.  相似文献   

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