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1.
拮抗链霉菌防治马铃薯疮痂病的大田试验研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
 本文报道了利用拮抗链霉菌防治马铃薯疮痂病的大田试验研究。拮抗链霉菌接种在0.8公顷的病田中。不同接种量和接种方法均显著地影响防治效果。3年的试验表明:拮抗菌系以蛭石接种形式防效优于种薯浸泡。一般情况下,连续2年接种或高接种量的防效优于1年或低接种量的防效。不同菌系的防效差异明显,单个拮抗菌的防效优于2个拮抗菌混合使用的效果。甜玉米和大豆轮作结合拮抗菌显著降低了马铃薯疮痂病的危害。  相似文献   

2.
我国马铃薯疮痂病及其防治研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
马铃薯疮痂病(potato common scab)是由放线菌目链霉菌属的链霉菌Streptomyces spp.引起的土传兼种传病害,广泛分布于世界各马铃薯种植区,不仅影响马铃薯的外观品质和销售价格,严重时还会导致马铃薯出苗延迟甚至引起幼苗死亡,造成产量下降,给马铃薯产业带来巨大的经济损失,已经成为全球危害马铃薯生产的第四大病害。2015年我国确立马铃薯主粮化战略,推动了马铃薯产业的发展。近年来,随着种植区域和规模不断扩大,马铃薯疮痂病在我国很多省(自治区)有不同程度的发生,并有逐年扩大和加重的趋势,严重影响商品薯、加工原料薯和种薯的生产,成为制约我国马铃薯生产的主要病害。本文对马铃薯疮痂病症状、发病因素、传播规律、致病机理、分类方法以及我国马铃薯疮痂病发生情况、种类及分布进行归纳,并对马铃薯疮痂病防治措施进行总结,以期为我国马铃薯疮痂病的研究和防治奠定理论基础。  相似文献   

3.
玫瑰黄链霉菌Men-myco-93-63是从马铃薯疮痂病自然衰退土壤中筛选出的对多种重要植物病原菌具有较强抑制作用的拮抗链霉菌。前期研究表明,该生防菌及其发酵液对蔬菜根结线虫具有较好的防治作用。为研究玫瑰黄链霉菌抑制根结线虫的作用机制,利用发酵液浸没法,检测了Men-myco-93-63代谢产物对根结线虫乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,Men-myco-93-63发酵液能够有效地抑制黄瓜根结线虫乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性,在36 h时抑制率最高,达到88.82%,之后抑制作用缓慢减弱,但72h时抑制作用仍可达47.32%。说明Men-myco-93-63发酵液能有效抑制根结线虫乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,且抑制作用持续时间长。  相似文献   

4.
西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为明确西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的种类和生物学特性,分别采用常规组织分离法和土壤混悬液分离法从宁夏、陕西和甘肃3个省区采集的29份疮痂病发病薯块和8份发病地块土壤中进行病原菌分离,并利用形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,从发病薯块和发病土壤中共分离到50株链霉菌Streptomyces spp.,通过回接法验证获得6株马铃薯疮痂病致病菌株。6株致病菌株的培养特性和形态特征差别较大;其中菌株G4-1、G9和SYN13不能以果糖和木糖为单一碳源,菌株SYNT3不能以棉子糖为单一碳源;除菌株NLG4-1外,其余5株菌株均能在络氨酸琼脂培养基上产生黑色素。经16S rDNA序列分析,菌株G4-1、G9与疮痂病链霉菌S. scabiei的相似率分别达99.47%和99.34%,菌株NLG4-1、SYNT3与S. enissocaesilis的相似率分别达97.90%和98.18%,菌株GBH2与加利利链霉菌S. galilaeus的相似率达99.93%,菌株SYN13与S. turgidiscabies的相似率达97.56%,表明西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌至少存在4个种。  相似文献   

5.
利用已鉴定的5株拮抗马铃薯黑痣病病原菌的生防芽孢杆菌（Bacillus），筛选其对马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的抑制作用，通过检测生防菌脂肽类抗生素合成相关基因研究其生防机制。对峙试验结果表明，5株生防菌中以QHZ-3对马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的抑制效果最佳，抑菌率为44%；抗生素合成基因检测结果显示，QHZ-1和QHZ-2具有丰原素（Fengycin）和伊枯草菌素（Iturin）合成酶基因；QHZ-4仅具有Fengycin合成酶基因；而QHZ-3与QHZ-5菌株同时具有表面活性素（surfactin）、伊枯草菌素（Iturin）和丰原素（fengycin）3种脂肽类抗生素合成酶基因。选择最具生防潜力的QHZ-3进行进一步试验，发现该菌株发酵滤液对疮痂链霉菌的抑菌圈直径达到30.4 mm，且在高温、紫外照射以及强酸强碱的条件下抑菌圈直径仍然可保持在27 mm以上。单因素试验结果表明，每瓶（250 mL）装液量60 mL，接种量6%，摇床转速180 r·min-1，发酵时间60 h的条件下，菌株QHZ-3的生长量最高。正交试验结果显示，装液量每瓶40 mL、摇床转速170 r·min-1、接种量6%、发酵时间48 h的组合下，QHZ-3生长状态最佳，活菌数可达到1.31×1010 cfu·mL-1。二次固态发酵条件优化结果显示，以腐熟的牛粪有机肥为载体，在接种量为15%时，活菌数最高，达到1.14×109 cfu·mL-1。  相似文献   

6.
利用11株不同木霉菌株分别比较对峙培养法、病原菌存活率测定法、生防菌分泌物降解病原菌测定法、浸种抑菌萌发试验法及种苗接种活体筛选法对抑制黄瓜枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌Fusariumoxysporum的拮抗木霉菌的筛选效率。试验表明不同的筛选方法获得拮抗木霉菌菌株的结果差异较大,其中病原菌存活率测定法与种苗活体接种筛选法结果一致性较高,可推荐作为生防木霉菌株初筛的有效方法。  相似文献   

7.
生防菌Bs-916离子注入突变高效菌株筛选及抑菌防病效果   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
枯草芽孢杆菌生防菌Bs-916是一种在水稻病害防治中发挥作用的生防因子,为进一步提高其拮抗性能,获得生防效果更好的高效菌种,利用不同剂量的N+对Bs-916进行离子注入处理,在1300个诱变处理的菌株中,经过初筛、复筛和定量筛选,筛选到11株拮抗性能比出发菌Bs-916提高10%以上的菌株,对筛选出的高效突变菌株进行室内抑菌和田间防病测定。结果表明,离子注入生防菌Bs-916的最适剂量为150～250×2.6×1013N+/cm2;突变菌株的抑菌拮抗带宽提高率比出发菌株Bs-916高4.3%～30.7%;防病效果比Bs-916高3.2%～19.1%。  相似文献   

8.
本研究从河南黄河湿地采集土壤样品,采用梯度稀释涂布平板法分离和平板对峙培养法筛选获得一株对苦瓜枯萎病菌具有稳定拮抗活性的链霉菌WLU210。在形态学鉴定和生理生化特征测定的基础上,对菌株WLU210的16S rRNA基因序列进行比对分析,将WLU210鉴定为杨浦链霉菌Streptomyces yangpuensis;拮抗谱测定结果表明,杨浦链霉菌WLU210对苦瓜枯萎病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、小麦茎基腐病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、小麦全蚀病菌和玉米大斑病菌等7种植物病原菌均具有一定的拮抗活性;盆栽试验和田间试验结果表明,杨浦链霉菌WLU210发酵液具有有效防治苦瓜枯萎病和促进苦瓜生长的作用,田间防治效果达68.89%。由此可见,杨浦链霉菌WLU210具有作为防治苦瓜枯萎病生防菌剂研发的潜力。  相似文献   

9.
十字花科作物根肿病生防菌研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
根肿病严重危害油菜、白菜、甘蓝、芥菜在内的十字花科作物,因此研究一种有效的防治方法以降低该病害的发生是非常重要的。十字花科作物根肿病的病原菌—根肿菌能以休眠孢子的形式长期存在于土壤中,一旦环境条件适宜即可萌发并迅速传播。生防菌是从拮抗病原菌和诱导植物抗性的角度寻求防治病害的一种方法。作者首先对获得十字花科作物根肿病生防菌的方法进行阐述,重点总结了生防菌的来源和筛选的方法。为了更好地利用生防菌,又简要综述了生防菌菌株的分类鉴定、发酵及拮抗物质等方面的研究进展,分析了施用生防菌的方式和时间。并指出了目前存在的问题及开发应用的前景。  相似文献   

10.
对甘肃省定西市安定区的马铃薯疮痂病病原进行了分离、鉴定和生物学特性研究。结果表明,菌株5T-1具有较强致病性,菌落表面呈灰色,有金属光泽,平均直径为4.68mm,可产生黄褐色素,孢子圆形或圆柱形,孢子丝松散,革兰氏染色呈阳性。5T-1的16SrDNA序列与加利利链霉菌Streptomyces galilaeus菌株的相似度为99%,结合形态特征将菌株5T-1鉴定为Streptomyces galilaeus,为甘肃省新报道病原菌。菌株5T-1生长最适温度为30℃,最适光照条件为全黑暗,最适pH为8.5,最佳碳源和氮源分别为肌醇和天冬氨酸。该研究结果为甘肃省马铃薯疮痂病诊断和综合防治提供了依据。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

13.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

14.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

15.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

16.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

17.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

18.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

19.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

20.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

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