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1.
氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种主要的温室气体。为探究旱作紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)生长年限对草地N2O释放通量的影响,采用静态箱—气相色谱法,分别观测了黄土高原休闲地和3、4、10龄紫花苜蓿草地N2O释放通量。与实测值相比较,DNDC(脱氮—分解)模型对苜蓿草地N2O释放的模拟具有较高的可靠性。另外,利用DNDC模型对苜蓿地N2O释放量进行估算。结果表明:与休闲地比较,高龄苜蓿草地N2O释放通量高于低龄苜蓿草地;N2O负通量观测值与模型模拟值差异较大;DNDC模型对不同龄苜蓿草地的模拟中发现,N2O释放主要集中在170~240 d,且波动较大,释放峰值出现在第210 d。DNDC模型能够较好地模拟黄土高原苜蓿草地N2O释放通量,但其对苜蓿草地N2O负通量的模拟还需进一步改进。 相似文献
2.
进境美国苜蓿草蒸热处理技术初探 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《植物检疫》2019,(3)
为探索蒸热处理应用于进境美国捆包苜蓿草的可行性,本文研究了蒸热处理过程中捆包苜蓿草不同深度内的温度变化,并评估了蒸热处理对苜蓿草外观及主要营养成分的影响。结果表明,从室温29℃开始加热,随着加热时间的延长,热蒸汽从捆包苜蓿草的两端逐渐传递至中心,1 103 min后,捆包苜蓿草内部中心温度可达到56℃;处理后苜蓿草外观颜色变黄,主要营养价值蛋白质含量没有显著变化。 相似文献
3.
为明确溴甲烷和硫酰氟对捆包苜蓿草的熏蒸穿透效果,本文分别使用溴甲烷和硫酰氟对捆包苜蓿草进行了帐幕熏蒸,并研究了2种熏蒸剂在苜蓿草不同深度内的穿透。结果表明,随熏蒸进行,2种熏蒸剂均可逐渐穿透到捆包苜蓿草内部(60 cm深度),其中溴甲烷完全穿透至60 cm深度的时间为24 h,高浓度熏蒸48 h后,苜蓿草内部20 cm、40 cm和60 cm处的溴甲烷浓度仍仅有外部空间的77.3%、57.8%、56.2%;硫酰氟完全穿透60 cm深度的时间为8~12 h,高浓度熏蒸48 h后,20 cm、40 cm、60 cm深度内的硫酰氟浓度分别是空间硫酰氟浓度的102.2%、101.8%、97.2%,苜蓿草内部硫酰氟浓度与外部空间浓度基本达到平衡。这些结果表明,硫酰氟熏蒸对进境捆包苜蓿草的穿透力强于溴甲烷。 相似文献
4.
5.
程积民 《干旱区资源与环境》1991,(1)
本文根据黄土高原草场的特征、分布及其评价,对草场资源在发展畜牧业中的作用与地位进行了论述,确定了黄土高原畜牧业发展的战略目标、布局与措施,以及草场资源的保护与合理利用。 相似文献
6.
黄土高原,孕育了中华民族和延续五千年的灿烂文化。但随着历史车轮的向前辗转,黄土高原上出现了生态危机,并且越来越严重。本文运用生态伦理学的有关理论,根据黄土高原的基本特征和所面临的危机,提出了黄土高原健康生命的概念,以及建立黄土高原健康生命的目的,并尝试建立起黄土高原健康生命的指标体系。最后在此基础上探讨了维持黄土高原健康生命的途径。旨在通过此类研究唤起人们对黄土高原的重新认识,唤醒人类对黄土高原的尊重,我们要视黄土高原为一生命体,与之和谐相处,做到可持续发展。 相似文献
7.
黄土高原沟壑区村级单元生态建设与可持续农业发展模式--以榆林沟壑区为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对榆林丘陵区的实地考察和调研 ,在对本区的生态环境现状和成因分析的基础上 ,对本区出现的生态建设与农业发展模式进行了总结 ,探索了黄土高原沟壑区村级单元生态建设和农业的发展道路。对于黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的综合治理具有一定的借鉴意义。 相似文献
8.
黄土高原可持续农业开发模式研究——以陕西黄土高原区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
王青 《干旱区资源与环境》1997,11(2):9-14
本文阐述了中国持续农业发展的基本特征和目标，分析了黄土高原水土流失、南养农业、自然灾害、经济贫困等自然和经济发展特征，提出了黄土高原持续农业开发的原则、基本思路、发展目标、持续农业发展３种模式和主要对策措施。 相似文献
9.
西北干旱半干旱地区发展苜蓿草业的优势条件及前景分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
分析了西北干旱半干旱地区发展苜蓿产业和气候资源优势、土地资源优势、苜蓿的生长特性及其与这一地区地理条件的匹配优势，同时论述了种植苜蓿对这一地区的生态效益及经济意义，全面分析了这一地区发展苜蓿草产业的可行性和广阔的市场前景。 相似文献
10.
黄土丘陵沟壑区不同年限苜蓿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布特征及稳定性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探索种植苜蓿对土壤质量的影响，选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区3、7、12 a和18 a生苜蓿草地0～60 cm土层土壤为研究对象，以农田为对照（CK），采用湿筛法研究了不同种植年限苜蓿草地土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性。结果表明：黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤水稳性团聚体组成随着粒径减小呈阶梯式递增态势，增幅为1.22%～61.43%，以＜0.25 mm的微团聚体占据优势级别，其比例达60.83%～79.72%。当农田更替为苜蓿草地后，在0～20 cm土层，随种植年限增加至12 a，土壤团聚化递增趋势明显，＞2 mm、1～2 mm、0.5～1 mm和0.25～0.5 mm粒径的土壤水稳性团聚体分别为农田对照的2.03～2.75倍、1.98～2.72倍、1.31～1.65倍和1.15～1.36倍；平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）在0～20 cm土层均表现为12 a＞18 a＞7 a＞3 a＞CK，变化范围分别为0.34～0.70和0.18～0.26；分形维数（D）变化虽然较小，但在0～20 cm土层也呈现出了不同年限苜蓿草地均小于农田的规律性，变化范围为2.31～2.43。相关分析表明，＞0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体含量（WSAP0.25）、MWD、GMD均与土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量呈显著正相关，而土壤黏粒、碳酸钙含量与土壤水稳性团聚体各指标间相关性均不显著。研究结果表明，有机质是黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤团聚的主要胶结物质，种植苜蓿能促进土壤团聚体形成，增强团聚体稳定性。 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
13.
Sergio Ovruski Martín Aluja John Sivinski Robert Wharton 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(2):81-107
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids. 相似文献
14.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad 相似文献
15.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
16.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
17.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
18.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina. 相似文献
19.
Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P
arthenium hysterophorus
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下载免费PDF全文 Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season. 相似文献