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1.
Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are among the most common vertebrates often becoming a major pest in urban environments. Managing rat populations is difficult, given the complex behaviours these murids can display. To help improve local control, we studied the response of wild rats to bait stations comparing baits placed on three different kinds of surfaces (on the ground, on trays and in bait stations) near burrows. We show that rats neither avoided nor preferred any tray type in particular – the latency to pick up the food pellet from the ground did not differ from the latency to pick it up from trays. However, the latency to pick the food pellet was significantly higher when food was placed in bait stations. We conclude that for effective administration of toxic baits, common bait stations are not the most effective method and should be used only in cases when placing baits directly on the ground or on a tray poses a threat to other animals and humans.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

Pest management professionals in California receive more customer complaints about Argentine ants than for any other urban ant pest. Fipronil, applied as a 30 × 30 cm band around the house foundation, has become the preferred treatment used to control these ants. Unfortunately, fipronil is now showing up in urban waterways at levels that are toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Our recent studies are aimed at mitigating insecticide runoff while still controlling the ant infestations. A high priority is preventing fipronil runoff from the driveway to the street, where it can flow into drains and from there to urban waterways. In this paper, two related studies address these issues. Not treating driveways with fipronil reduced by two to three orders of magnitude its runoff when compared with earlier studies. However, not treating the driveway can reduce efficacy of treatments. Granular bifenthrin, indoxacarb, botanicals, and a thiamethoxam ant bait were tested as supplemental treatments. The gel bait showed the best result as a supplement, but only after 8 weeks. We have reduced fipronil runoff while maintaining efficacy of the ant treatments.  相似文献   

3.
BACKGROUND: Zinc phosphide baits are used for controlling pest rodents but are also highly toxic to other vertebrates. The base for rodent baits containing zinc phosphide is usually wheat kernels which are highly attractive to birds. In this study, wheat-based pellets of different shapes and colours without zinc phosphide were tested for their attractiveness for pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin) and Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica Temm. & Schleg.) in aviaries and for pigeons and corvids (Corvus monedula L., Corvus corone L., Pica pica L.) in the field. RESULTS: In aviaries, wheat was clearly preferred over other bait. In the field, some bait formulations were avoided by birds in certain conditions. However, no formulation was avoided consistently across species to lower the potential uptake of zinc phosphide below the LD(50) for highly susceptible bird species (8 mg kg(-1) body weight). The formulations that were not rapidly eaten by birds (blue granules, red lentil-shaped pellets) were not avoided consistently at low and high vegetative cover.CONCLUSIONS: The bait formulations tested may not considerably enhance the safety of birds when using zinc phosphide for rodent control. Field testing other combinations of bait colour and shape to minimise background contrast may result in bait with higher potential for bird protection.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

We tested whether a new automated bait dispenser, the Scentinel®, could be programmed to deliver non-toxic bait selectively only to animals of specified dimensions (>400 g body weight and <110 mm body diameter, the size of a ferret or a mink). We tested whether wild ferrets would discriminate between two types of bait (egg/oil and homogenised brain tissue). We set 24 Scentinels in 12 randomised pairs for 11 weeks on a 2400-ha area of pastoral farmland in New Zealand. Of 1559 visits by small animals, 198 were by ferrets (c. 28 individuals). The Scentinels correctly delivered 895 baits to visitors weighing >400 g, and no baits to 543 visitors of <400 g. The mean body weight of live ferrets recorded by Scentinels was not significantly different from that of 34 carcasses collected from the same area by professional trappers. Of the 145 baits dispensed to ferrets, egg/oil bait was significantly more often eaten. We conclude that the Scentinel can reliably deliver bait to specified sizes of animals and deny it to others. It can also facilitate extensive bait preference tests on unrestrained wild pests.  相似文献   

5.

BACKGROUND

The Asian needle ant, Brachyponera chinensis, is an invasive ant currently spreading in urban and natural habitats throughout the eastern United States. Recent studies have documented the negative impact of B. chinensis on native ecosystems and human health, yet effective control strategies are lacking. Control difficulties are, in part, due to the unique biology of B. chinensis, which is a predatory ant and a termite specialist. Given that subterranean termites are an important nutritional resource for B. chinensis, the current study evaluated the potential of termite cuticular extract to improve the target-specificity and efficacy of commercial bait used for B. chinensis control.

RESULTS

The efficacy of bait augmented with termite cuticular extracts was evaluated in laboratory and field trials. In laboratory assays, B. chinensis colonies were offered granular bait treated with termite cuticular extract. Results demonstrated that the acceptance of commercial bait is significantly increased by the addition of termite cuticular extract or synthetic (Z)-9-pentacosene, a major component of termite cuticular extract. Foraging activity of Asian needle ants was significantly greater on baits augmented with termite cuticular extract or (Z)-9-pentacosene relative to standard bait. Furthermore, bait augmented with termite cuticular extract worked substantially faster relative to standard bait. To evaluate population effects, field studies were conducted in forested areas invaded by B. chinensis. Bait treated with termite cuticular extract scattered on the forest floor provided rapid control of B. chinensis and ant densities throughout the treated plots declined by 98% within 14 days.

CONCLUSION

The incorporation of termite cuticular extracts and individual cuticular hydrocarbons such as (Z)-9-pentacosene into traditional baits used for B. chinensis control may offer a novel tool to manage this increasingly problematic invasive ant. © 2023 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

6.

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is used in a variety of bait formulations to control populations of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), an introduced pest that seriously damages and threatens primary production and native biota in New Zealand. In cage trials, possums readily ate sublethal baits containing either an estimated LD15 or LD40 dose of cholecalciferol, leading to a depression of appetite that lasted for 7-15 days. When lethal quantities of baits were presented 21-30 days after the initial LD15 or LD40 baits, 40 and 88% of possums survived, respectively, compared with a 21% survival rate among naive possums, and bait consumption was also reduced among survivors of the initial baits. Subsequent switching of the bait base to a gel was partially successful in overcoming bait shyness, killing 40% of one group (formed by pooling the original groups), while switching both the bait type (to gel) and the toxicant (to 1080) resulted in a 63% mortality rate in a second group. By comparison, 95 and 100% of naive groups were killed by cholecalciferol and 1080 gel respectively. Practical measures are identified for both avoiding and overcoming bait shyness based on the use of alternative bait types and toxicants.  相似文献   

7.
Several researchers have established a link between the presence of house mouse (Mus domesticus) infestations and detrimental effects on human health. Controlling mouse infestations therefore requires methods that are quick, safe and effective. A tamper-resistant bait station with a wax block which is manufactured to fit within it so that it cannot be shaken out is considered the safest way to present the bait. However, some authors have expressed concern about the efficacy of this method. Research to examine the effects of bait stations on the feeding of mice infesting domestic dwellings was undertaken in the city of Manchester, UK. Working in conjunction with Manchester City Council, suitable sites were found. A balanced Latin Square experimental design was employed to overcome any operational biases that could have occurred. Non-toxic baits were presented in one of four ways: whole wheat in a cardboard box; whole wheat in a open tray; whole wheat in a tamper-resistant box; and a non-toxic wax block in a tamper-resistant box. Baits were placed in four different locations within dwellings and during the feeding trial; the bait stations were rotated, so that each bait type was presented in each location. The bait take from 12 dwellings within 3 housing blocks was recorded. Three-quarters of the bait consumed during the trial was taken from the cardboard box. No bait was taken from the tamper-resistant box containing the wax block.

Risk assessments should drive the approach adopted in presenting rodenticide. Dwellings where vulnerable adults/children/pets are present may represent a risk of accidental poisoning may require a regime with tamper-resistant bait boxes containing wax blocks, to prevent baits being accessed. However, a balance between the safest and the most effective presentation of bait is needed and in areas where there is unlikely to be any access to baits (e.g. behind kitchen kickboards), use of alternatives must remain to ensure the shift resolution of infestations. Where bait can be placed safely and there are no children or pets present, cardboard boxes provide an effective means of ensuring that bait is consumed by the mice infesting domestic dwellings.  相似文献   


8.
BACKGROUND: Except for sex pheromones, use of pheromones in pest management has been largely unexplored. A high concentration of trail pheromone disrupts ant trail following and foraging, and thus synthetic trail pheromone can be a novel control agent for pest ants. In this study, a year‐long treatment of small areas (100 m2 plots of urban house gardens) with synthetic trail pheromone, insecticidal bait or both was conducted to develop a novel control method of the invasive Argentine ant Linepithema humile (Mayr). RESULTS: The ant population could be maintained lower than or similar to the initial level only by combined treatment with synthetic trail pheromone and insecticidal bait. Actually, the ant population was nearly always lowest in combination treatment plots. Throughout the study period, the ant population in plots treated with either one of synthetic trail pheromone or insecticidal bait remained similar to no‐treatment plots. CONCLUSIONS: Combination treatment may be a more effective and environmentally friendly method for controlling invasive ants than conventional methods. Extermination of ants by insecticidal bait and inhibition of re‐infestation by pheromone may be the mechanism of the combination effect. This is the first study to show a significant effect of synthetic trail pheromone on ant population. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

9.
R. E. MARSH 《EPPO Bulletin》1988,18(2):195-202
There is a general desire by those formulating rodent baits to improve them to achieve better rodent control. Various bait additives are currently in use while others have been evaluated without significant benefit. Some food or taste preferences are innate while other specific food preferences of rodents are learned during early experiences in life. Sugar (sweet items) and vegetable oils and animal fats are the most universally effective additives for cereal baits to improve acceptance and palatability for the three major species of commensal rodents. Salt, monosodium glutamate, and a wide array of natural, semi-natural, and synthetic flavors/aromas as bait enhancers have been explored as gustatory (taste) and olfactory (odor) additives. Their influence on rodents seeking out the bait and on bait acceptance are varied and inconsistent. Flavor additives to baits have often decreased rather than increased consumption.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

Field trials were conducted to control rodent pests of wheat crop by improving bait acceptability through taste enhancers (additives). Egg shell, egg yolk, yeast, minced meat, sheep blood and chicken blood were mixed 2% by weight individually in a bait base of broken rice and wheat flour. Brodifacoum and bromadiolone bait with egg shell additive ranked first, and egg yolk second, in preference over other additive poison baits and poison bait without additive. Poison baiting yielded 93.3% and 86.7% reduction in rodent population with brodifacoum and bromadiolone (0.005% each), respectively. Three baitings, at tillering, flowering and maturity stage of the crop, gave 91.0% tiller damage reduction with brodifacoum and 86.0% with bromadiolone as compared to control (untreated). It is concluded that three poison baitings containing egg shell additive should be initiated at tillering stage followed by flowering and maturity of the wheat crop for increased yield.  相似文献   

11.
Blueberry is a relatively new crop cultivated in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Río Negro and Santa Fe (AR). In 1996, an unknown disease was observed. Plants ready to be planted near Buenos Aires and plants growing in a glasshouse in Buenos Aires, both imported from USA, had their stems blighted. Pestalotiopsis guepini and Glomerella cingulata were determined as causal agents of the symptoms.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Rattus norvegicus occurs in Singapore, with several other commensal rodent species. This preliminary study examined populations and a possible control method in urban and semi-urban areas. Commensal rats are generally undesirable, and a possible role for R. norvegicus in spreading any introduced plague is a particular worry. Populations were examined by catch, mark, release (CMR) and by removal (regression) methods. Species and numbers indicated by removal were—R. norvegicus (57.4, 31.9 and 48.5/ha in different trials), R. exulans (37.2/ha) and Mus musculus (8.3/ha). There were indications that these figures were very considerable underestimates; a Lincoln Index, using recovered dead rats (after poisoning in a CMR Plot) as the second sample, estimated R. norvegicus at 985/ha (i.e. in a ca 0.6 ha plot—618 ± 694); the recovery of only three out of 32 marked rats, and the presence of many dead but uncollected rats, even though more than the number estimated by removal was picked up in the plot (58) Banana, coconut and dried fish cage baits all trapped rats. Maize cakes were not worth the extra labour. Analysis of catch by trap position suggested that R. exulans is more common upon roofs, R. norvegicus was absent from a semi-rural environment in which R. r. diardii was common. In a control programme, wax-bound maize-based anticoagulant baits were used—distributed at 91/ha, replaced, at 2—4 day intervals if accepted, to total nine rounds and 818 baits/ha at a cost of M$21.00. Acceptance of baits was high initially, and further trapping showed that reasonable control had been obtained. This method seems more appropriate to the conditions than the permanent baiting stations used in temperate areas, because of the lack of discrete points in sewers etc., the disrupting influence of frequent tropical storms, rapid deterioration of baits, and competition from other animals, particularly ants. Drawbacks include the danger to non-target animals from the baits and the temporary stench of dead rats.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Native ants are the oldest example of biological control agents used in tropical tree crops. Unfortunately, intensification of agricultural practices has led to a simplification of habitat and subsequent loss of native ant biodiversity. This article describes research that evaluated the native and introduced ants present in the canopies of two Australian sun coffee plantations, their distribution pattern and their potential to limit pests. The presence in coffee plantations of a range of beneficial insects and parasites, plus the effect of ants, most notably Iridomyrmex suchieri Forel, may maintain potential pests at low levels in coffee plantations. These effects may be important for future biological control programs of coffee pests in Australia, although the sun coffee grown here does not harbor a large variety of canopy ant species.  相似文献   

14.
在红火蚁严重发生地区进行的药效试验表明,0.5%硫氟磺酰胺饵剂投放后15d药效开始发挥,25d后处理蚁巢全部死亡,药后70d调查结果显示,其对红火蚁的校正防治效果高达94.1%;0.001%氟虫腈饵剂撒施后15d开始发挥药效,30d后蚁巢中无工蚁活动,药后70d调查显示其对红火蚁的防治效果为90.9%;0.5%苯氧威饵剂撒施后40d,在蚁巢中仍能监测到工蚁的活动,70d后调查结果表明其对红火蚁的防治效果为84.9%。统计分析结果说明,0.5%硫氟磺酰胺饵剂和0.001%氟虫腈饵剂对红火蚁的防治效果好于0.5%苯氧威饵剂。由于0.001%氟虫腈饵剂和0.5%苯氧威饵剂是实验室临时配制,虽然其对红火蚁的诱食性较差,但仍能表现较好的防治效果。0.5%硫氟磺酰胺饵剂和0.001%氟虫腈饵剂可以用于红火蚁的防治,0.5%苯氧威饵剂配方需要进一步改进。  相似文献   

15.
As part of product-performance and wildlife-hazards studies of 2% zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) steam-rolled-oat baits (11.2 kg ha-1) to reduce vole populations (Microtus spp) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), we used randomly located, brushed-dirt plots (eight approximately 930-cm2 plots per 0.2-ha enclosure) to monitor bait-broadcast and -removal patterns, as well as to index vole and avian sign. Research was conducted in 18 x 0.2-ha enclosures containing 2.5-year-old stands of alfalfa; a 2-day pre-bait (placebo baits broadcast in all enclosures) period followed by a 14-day test-bait period (placebo and 2% Zn3P2 baits in nine enclosures each) characterized the bait exposures. Baits were broadcast manually by two certified pesticide applicators (CPAs) using Spyker Model-75 spreaders. Baits that fell onto plots were counted < 30 min later to assess the uniformity of bait distribution. The main statistical design was a 2 (placebo or Zn3P2 baits) x 3 (vole-only, vole-pheasant, vole-quail exposures) x 14 (days) factorial, with days considered repeated measurements. In the six vole-only enclosures, baits were removed from the brushed-dirt plots and replaced with four 0% or 2% Zn3P2 baits (one per 232.6-cm2 quadrant; 32 per enclosure); these 'placed' baits were then monitored daily for removal, while the surfaces of all plots were monitored daily for the presence:absence of animal/bird sign. Key results were: (a) 3.51 (+/- 2.66) and 3.39 (+/- 3.52) mean (+/- SD) baits were found on plots after pre-bait and test-bait broadcasts, respectively--less than the predicted 4.52 particles per 930-cm2 plot; (b) baits 'placed' on plots in placebo-baited enclosures were removed earlier than those in Zn3P2-baited enclosures--data in agreement with observed vole mortality; and (c) species x bait interactions occurred for both the vole- and pheasant-sign counts, but not quail-sign counts--data also indirectly confirming Zn3P2-induced mortality effects on voles and pheasants. This technique has utility for a variety of wildlife biology and chemical registration studies; although limited to arid conditions, the technique affords useful indices of broadcast calibration, bait pick-up, as well as target and non-target species mortality.  相似文献   

16.
To conduct bait-choice tests, with species that will enter bait boxes, requires at least 10 bait boxes (25–40 cm long and about 20 cm deep) with openings at opposite corners, for exposing 3 to 5 trays of potential baits. Floors of boxes are dusted with a thin layer of talc or ground clay. The same boxes can be used to determine acceptance of the proven preferred bait treated with different rodenticides at different concentrations, except that different toxicants cannot be compared in the same box unless only chronic (multiple-feeding) anticoagulants are used. Tracking tunnels or stations can be used to obtain a relative pre- and post-control census of rodent populations. They are especially useful for determining whether there are survivors. If there axe survivors, the above non-toxic bait-acceptance tests and acceptance of prepared toxic bait tests must be repeated, for it is paramount to learn why the survivors were not poisoned.  相似文献   

17.
BACKGROUND: A new water‐resistant fire ant bait (T‐bait; cypermethrin 0.128%) consisting of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as a carrier was developed and evaluated against a standard commercial bait (Advion®; indoxacarb 0.045%) under both laboratory and field conditions. RESULTS: When applying the normal T‐bait or Advion® in the laboratory, 100% of Solenopsis invicta Buren worker ants were killed within 4 days. However, when the T‐bait and Advion® were wetted, 70.6 and 39.7% of the ants were killed respectively. Under field conditions, dry T‐bait and dry Advion® had almost the same efficacy against ant colonies. However, when T‐bait and Advion® came in contact with water, the former's ability to kill S. invicta colonies in the field was only marginally reduced, while Advion® lost virtually all of its activity. In addition, DDGS was also shown to be compatible with a number of other insecticides, such as d‐allethrin, permethrin and pyrethrin. CONCLUSION: Based on its properties of remaining attractive to the fire ants when wetted, combined with its ant‐killing abilities both in the laboratory and in the field, T‐bait is an efficient fire ant bait, especially under moist conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

18.
Wireworms of Agriotes lineatus, A. obscurus, A. sputator and A. sordidus were exposed to insecticide treated soil using two different control methods. One method consisted of a spray application of insecticides at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 300 g a.i. per ha. The other method consisted of a bait treatment at doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 g a.i. per ha. Four insecticides were tested: fipronil and the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and clothianidin. In the soil treatment trial, chlorpyrifos was added as a reference treatment. The two test methods were conducted at different dates on the various species, but in equally controlled conditions. Mortality was observed after one and two (bait treatment) or three (soil treatment) weeks of exposure. Fipronil was highly lethal to each of the wireworm species tested, regardless of the method used. In general, mortality was higher compared to the neonicotinoids tested, the latter showing low or no mortality at the given dose and exposure variants. Applying fipronil in a bait formulation may decrease the amount of active ingredient per ha considerably, therefore baits may have important environmental benefits.  相似文献   

19.
Leaf‐cutting ants are generally recognized as important pest species in Neotropical America. They are eusocial insects that exhibit social organization, foraging, fungus‐cultivation, hygiene and a complex nest structure, which render their management notoriously difficult. A lack of economic thresholds and sampling plans focused on the main pest species preclude the management of leaf‐cutting ants; such management would facilitate their control and lessen insecticide overuse, particularly the use of insecticidal baits. Recent restrictions on the use of synthetic compounds for such purposes impose additional challenges for the management of leaf‐cutting ants. Considerable effort has been exerted regarding these challenges, which are addressed herein, but which also remain challenges that are yet to be conquered. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
Sufficinent amounts of insecticide remained in baits to be effecitive against ants over the period when baits retained their attractiveness. Aldrin was lost at similar rates from waterproofed and non-waterproofed baits, but the former had advantages over the latter. Dieldrin and mirex were lost at slower ratesthan aldrin, and insecticide losses were governed by temperature and not by rainfall.  相似文献   

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