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1.
Contact with organophosphorus, carbamate, organochlorine and pyrethroid insecticides caused accelerated water loss from all major parts of the integument of the housefly. The response appeared to be specific in that only insecticides, and not their truly non-toxic analogues, had this effect, specificity being also reflected in resistance and in synergistic and antagonistic responses. As an insecticide dispersed laterally in the integument the effect spread to more distant parts, including the intestinal and tracheal systems, its arrival in the tracheal system coinciding with a reduction in the rate of respiration. It is suggested that this reaction of the integument to contact with insecticides is the primary cause of eventual death. Interference with the water balance in the tracheal system affects the normal exchange of the respiratory gases and thus proper respiratory control, to which the insect reacts with symptoms of excitation and paralyses. Degeneration of vital tissues following the loss of water is probably ultimately responsible for the death of the insect.  相似文献   

2.
Flonicamid (IKI220; N-cyanomethyl-4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide), a pyridinecarboxamide compound, is a novel systemic insecticide with selective activity against hemipterous pests, such as aphids and whiteflies, and thysanopterous pests. The purpose of this study is to clarify the biological properties of flonicamid against aphids. Flonicamid is very active against aphids, regardless of differences in species, stages and morphs. This compound inhibited the feeding behaviour of aphids within 0.5 h of treatment without noticeable poisoning symptoms such as convulsion, and this antifeeding activity was not recoverable until death. The nymphs born from adults exposed to flonicamid for 3 h showed high mortality. The effect of flonicamid on the feeding activity of an individual aphid was studied using electronic monitoring of insect feeding behaviour (EMIF). Although the treated aphid attached the head of its proboscis to the leaf surface, salivation and sap feeding were strongly inhibited. These results suggest that the main insecticidal mechanism of flonicamid is starvation based on the inhibition of stylet penetration to plant tissues.  相似文献   

3.
The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious pest on a wide range of crops throughout the world. F. occidentalis is difficult to control with insecticides because of its thigmokinetic behaviour and resistance to insecticides. Pesticide resistance can have a negative impact on integrated pest management programmes with chemical control as one of the components. Resistance to a number of different insecticides has been shown in many populations of F. occidentalis. This flower thrips has the potential of fast development of resistance owing to the short generation time, high fecundity, and a haplodiploid breeding system. The mechanisms conferring insecticide resistance in insects can be divided into four levels. First, an altered behaviour can aid the insect to avoid coming into contact with the insecticide. Second, a delayed penetration through the integument will reduce the effect of the insecticide at the target site. Third, inside the insect, detoxification enzymes may metabolise and thereby inactivate the insecticide. Fourth, the last level of resistance mechanisms is alterations at the target site for the insecticide. Knowledge of resistance mechanisms can give information and tools to be used in management of the resistance problem. Recently, studies have been carried out to investigate the underlying mechanisms conferring resistance in F. occidentalis. It appears that resistance in F. occidentalis is polyfactorial; different mechanisms can confer resistance in different populations and different mechanisms may coexist in the same population. Possible resistance mechanisms in F. occidentalis include: reduced penetration, detoxification by P450-monooxygenases, esterases and glutathione S-transferases, and alterations of acetylcholinesterase, the target site for organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Target site resistance to pyrethroids (knockdown resistance) may also be a resistance mechanism in F. occidentalis.  相似文献   

4.
Pyriproxyfen, an analog of the juvenile hormone (JH) in insects, has been evaluated in vivo and in vitro on an important stored product pest, the mealworm Tenebrio molitor. On newly ecdysed pupae, this insect growth regulator (IGR) was applied topically (at 0.10 and 0.20 μg/insect). Enzyme immunoassay measurements showed a decrease of the ecdysteroid titer in the hemolymph of treated specimens. In addition, the treatment induced an increase of the protein concentration in the hemolymph, however, there was no significant effect on the protein band pattern. Using in vitro pupal integument explant cultures, pyriproxyfen (at 1 and 10 μM in the medium) caused a significant inhibition of ecdysteroid amounts and of the thickness of new cuticle secreted. These new results are discussed in relation to the physiology of this IGR with a JH action.  相似文献   

5.
The distribution of pyrethroids in insects has been studied using a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental observation. This approach has resulted in the formulation of a physiological model of the pharmaco-kinetics of cypermethrin applied topically to larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Development of this model from simpler two- and three-compartment models is described. Simple models, whilst capable of complex behaviour, consider only the average rates and magnitudes of pharmaco-kinetic processes over whole animals, and cannot account for differences in concentration of insecticide between individual tissues. This can be achieved by using physiological models, but these require more experimental information for their validation. Moreover, unless simplifying assumptions are made, analytical solutions are not feasible for the large number of equations necessary to define such models. The modelling studies prompted an investigation of (1) in-vivo binding of insecticide to insect tissues, (2) the sizes of body compartments, and (3) the factors which affect the distribution of toxicant between these compartments. Binding has a marked effect on pharmacokinetic profiles and may result in oscillatory behaviour. During poisoning, the total bound cypermethrin increases proportionally to the cube root of the elapsed time. This results in a rapid rate of increase over early elapsed times (< 3h) which slows to approach a more linear form thereafter. Average sizes for the body compartments of larvae of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd, and the steady-state distribution of cypermethrin in these compartments are described. Although the haemolymph, which acts as the main distributive phase during poisoning, forms the largest compartment by volume, it has a low affinity for cypermethrin and distribution reaches steady state within 5 min after topical application. The nerve cord (the target tissue), which is the smallest compartment, has the highest steady-state concentration of cypermethrin. The distribution of cypermethrin in larval tissues is related to the ratios of tissue dry matter to water content.  相似文献   

6.
A simple two-compartment model, introducing a parameter (λ) to represent the relative thermodynamic capacities of the compartments, is described for the movement of insecticide from the insect surface (compartment 1) to the region within the insect (compartment 2); loss from compartment 2 is considered. First-order rate constants are assumed for penetration (kp) and elimination (ke). The differential equations describing the rates of change of insecticide in each compartment after application of insecticide are solved analytically, and terms describing (a) the integrals of mass of compound in each compartment with time after application, (b) time to a maximum level of insecticide in compartment 2, and (c) distribution and loss of compound from the system with time, are derived. Methods for estimating the three parameters of the model (kp, ke and λ) are presented. Further properties of the model with possible toxicological significance have been identified; in particular, the total integral for material in compartment 2 depends only on the elimination rate constant and the applied dose.  相似文献   

7.
The effects of NAA [2‐(1‐naphthyl)acetic acid] concentration and pH on penetration of NAA from aqueous droplets (5 µl) through isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit cuticles were studied using a finite dose diffusion system. Penetration time‐courses were characterized by a lag phase, which generally extended beyond the time of droplet drying. Initially penetration rates increased, reached a maximum penetration rate, remained constant for several hours, and then decreased with time. Penetration approached a plateau within 120 h after droplet application. Increasing NAA concentration in the donor droplet increased NAA penetration in both the presence and absence of the citric acid buffer (20 mM , pH 3.2). Maximum rates of penetration and the total amount of NAA that penetrated at 120 h were both linearly related to the initial concentration of the donor droplet (ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 mM NAA). The apparent first‐order rate constants for the concentration dependence of NAA penetration rates were greater with buffer than without (0.94 × 10−8 vs 0.50 × 10−8 m s−1, respectively). While pH of the receiver solution (pH 6.2 vs 2.2) did not affect penetration, decreasing donor pH from 6.2 to 2.2 increased NAA penetration at 120 h. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

8.
The rates of penetration of 14C-labeled insecticides (parathion, carbaryl, and dieldrin) through the foregut of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) were measured in vitro and in vivo. Uptake of the insecticides from the lumen of the foregut into foregut tissue was directly proportional to insecticide lipophilicity, but penetration through the foregut was not. Of the three insecticides studied, parathion appeared to possess the optimal physicochemical characteristics required for penetration. The uptake of carbaryl and release of dieldrin by the foregut tissues may limit their respective penetration rates. Insecticide penetration was found to be inversely proportional to the sucrose concentration in the lumen of the foregut in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The oral toxicity of carbaryl showed a similar dependence on the sucrose concentration of the solution in which the insecticide was fed. The data presented indicate that the honeybee foregut is permeable to lipophilic compounds and strongly suggest that this permeability may contribute substantially to the toxicity of orally ingested insecticides in this insect.  相似文献   

9.
The diffusion theory of focus development permits development of a class of related models of different complexity. The basis of the present study is an earlier model which simulates a dual spore dispersal mechanism, consisting of a short-distance and a long-distance mechanism. This model was further elaborated by adding stochasticity and an external directional force simulating wind. Stochasticity was simulated through randomization of lesions produced by spores dispersed by the long-distance mechanism. The model was run twelve times for three values of spore partitioning over the two dispersal mechanisms combined with four values of wind speed. Model responses were sampled at three simulation time values: 40, 90, and 100 days. A major model response was the shape of a single focus, studied through snap-shot pictures of disease severity over the field. Real life phenomena, non-circular mother or central focus with ragged front and daughter foci, were reproduced. Throughout the simulations, maximum disease severity remained at the location of the initial inoculation. However, after all available sites around the centre were exhausted, the geometrical centre of the focus was apparently moved downwind. Number of daughter foci and their relative size were strongly dependent on the spore partitioning over the two dispersal mechanisms.  相似文献   

10.
基于静态箱法和气井法,测定棉花秸秆还田对绿洲棉田土壤CO_2浓度和通量时空分布的影响。结果表明:棉花秸秆还田后土壤CO_2浓度与通量具有明显的时间变化特征,均表现为7月份出现峰值,10月出现低值;与NS(对照组)相比,秸秆还田处理下的土壤CO_2浓度与通量在5月也出现峰值。土壤CO_2浓度随着土壤深度的增加而增加,但秸秆还田对土壤CO_2浓度的垂直分布影响不大。观测期内,NS、HS(半量)、TS(全量)和DS(加倍)处理下的土壤CO_2浓度均值分别为5 946.2、6 837.3、7 717.3 mg·kg~(-1)和10 437.6 mg·kg~(-1),土壤CO_2通量均值分别为110.22、136.84、140.75 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和169.47 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),即棉花秸秆还田增加了土壤CO_2浓度和通量;其中,DS处理下的土壤CO_2浓度和通量均显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。此外,NS、HS、TS和DS处理下土壤CO_2浓度与通量之间的相关系数分别为0.30~0.60、0.68~0.72、0.72~0.77和0.85~0.88,相关系数随秸秆还田量增大而增大,即土壤CO_2通量强烈依赖于土壤CO_2浓度。在当前的农业生产水平下,综合评价不同秸秆量还田的效应,应采用全量秸秆还田。  相似文献   

11.
为筛选水产用敌百虫的适用促渗剂,采用Franz扩散法,以杂交鳢[Channa maculate(♀)×Channa argus(♀)]的离体皮肤作为透皮屏障,研究了水溶性氮酮、丙二醇和薄荷醇对敌百虫体外经皮渗透的影响,采用气相色谱法(GC)测定各时间点接收液中敌百虫的浓度,通过计算在不同浓度促渗剂作用下敌百虫的平均累积渗透量(Q)、经皮吸收速率(Js)、渗透系数(KP)和增渗比(ER)等参数来比较渗透效果。结果显示:丙二醇和低浓度水溶性氮酮均具有促渗作用,其作用由强至弱依次为:体积分数为1×10-2的丙二醇>6×10-7的丙二醇>6×10-7的水溶性氮酮;而体积分数为1×10-2的水溶性氮酮对敌百虫的体外经皮渗透则表现出一定的拮抗作用;薄荷醇对敌百虫的经皮渗透无明显影响。  相似文献   

12.
The chitin synthetase (CS) of Tribolium castaneum gut is inhibited 50% by 0.02 μM nikkomycin and 4 μM polyoxin D, two pyrimidine nucleoside fungicides, in in vitro assays with 10-min preincubation of enzyme and inhibitor prior to substrate addition. Tribolium CS is also sensitive to inhibition by the pyrimidine nucleotides uridine and cytidine di- and triphosphates. Captan, a known inhibitor of insect chitin synthesis, and the related fungicides captafol and dichlofluanid are highly potent inhibitors of Tribolium CS. Moderately active CS inhibitors are the acaricide oxythioquinox and the herbicide barban. One phenylcarbamate insect growth reatardant, H-24108, is weakly active in inhibiting Tribolium gut CS, as are three of its analogs but not 26 others. Many triazines are not inhibitory including several herbicides and an azido derivative, CGA 19255, which is active in blocking insect growth and chitin synthesis. Although the benzoylphenyl urea insecticides diflubenzuron and SIR 8514 are potent in vivo inhibitors of the polymerization step in insect chitin synthesis, they do not affect T. castaneum gut CS activity in vitro and greatly stimulate Tribolium brevicornis gut CS activity in vivo. These studies and preliminary findings on an integumental enzyme indicate that CS of these tissues is not sensitive to the direct action of benzoylphenyl ureas. This leads to speculation that the benzoylphenyl ureas act either as CS inhibitors via active metabolites formed in the integument or as blocking agents by direct binding to non-CS sites important in chitin polymerization and fibrillogenesis.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
运用入境游客集聚与扩散指数模型、GIS技术,对西部各省区入境游客集散能力进行演变对比分析。结果表明:1)西部各省集聚扩散指数均呈现波动态势,演变过程表现出明显的"峰林结构";入境旅游发展较好的陕西、云南、广西等省区集散指数演变过程较为平缓,其余省份变动则较为剧烈。2)通过集聚指数GIS分析,云南、陕西、四川等3省区处于核心区,集聚入境游客能力最强;新疆自治区与宁夏自治区处于边缘区,集聚入境游客能力最弱。3)通过扩散指数GIS分析,四川、广西、云南等3省区处于核心区,扩散入境游客能力最强;宁夏自治区、青海省等2省区处于边缘区,扩散入境游客能力最弱。  相似文献   

15.
The structure, formation and physico-chemical properties of insect cuticles are reviewed and the physiology of penetration through the cuticle is discussed.  相似文献   

16.
研究了球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana侵染棉铃虫对3龄幼虫呼吸速率和食物利用的影响。结果表明,1×10~6和1×10~8分生孢子/ml孢子悬浮液处理后,高浓度处理幼虫前3d的呼吸速率较对照下降幅度缓慢,但从第4d起呼吸速率明显下降。低浓度组在处理后的前2d呼吸速率上升,随后逐渐下降。总体上,白僵菌侵染后棉铃虫幼虫的呼吸强度较对照呈先显著上升后迅速下降的趋势变化。处理后1～2d棉铃虫幼虫的取食量、体重增加数及食物转化率(ECD)、利用率(ECI)等各项营养指标与对照无显著差异,但3～4d后棉铃虫取食减少,体重下降,食物利用率ECI和转化率ECD出现负值,并逐渐死亡。  相似文献   

17.
“Lissapol” NX and “Lubrol” L, used to improve the uptake of paraquat into plants were found in earlier work to reduce its movement. Several series of surfactants with widely varying solubilities in water were partitioned between cabbage wax and water. A marked correlation was found between the effect of surfactants on the movement of paraquat and the amount of surfactant partitioning into the wax. It is concluded that although surfactants increase the uptake of paraquat into leaves, this increase is offset by reduced movement following penetration of surfactants into leaf tissue. Surfactant partition into wax reduces the degree of penetration, but there is no evidence how surfactants in leaf tissue reduce movement.  相似文献   

18.
A mathematical model describing insect pharmacokinetics has been applied to data describing the penetration and elimination of a series of pyrethroid analogues [the methylbenzyl (1 RS)-cis, trans-chrysanthemates], applied to mustard beetles. The three parameters of the model (kp, ke and λ) have been estimated for each compound. The influence of chemical structure on pharmacokinetics, investigated using canonical correlation analysis, is discussed in relation to relative toxicity and knockdown action. In general, physicochemical properties which result in a slow flow of insecticide through the insect are associated with high toxicity. A large proportion (84%) of the variation in relative toxicity has been explained by resistance to elimination (1/ke), implying that exposure of the site of action to insecticide is related to the total integral IM2 for material (M2) inside the insect. The remaining variation has been attributed to differences in behaviour at receptor sites. An optimum partition value (Δπ0 ≈ 1.6) seems necessary for maximum pharmacodynamic activity in this series of compounds.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT Differences in the penetration process by Rhynchosporium secalis were compared in resistant and susceptible barley cultivars at the seedling stage. Percent penetration and percent host cell wall alteration (HCWA) differed significantly among cultivars and isolates as revealed by light microscopy. Based on these two variables, the cultivars were statistically separated into two groups that corresponded to their disease reactions. The resistant cultivars, Johnston and CDC Guardian, showed 81.2 to 99.4% HCWA and 0.1 to 20.1% penetration at encounter sites, whereas the susceptible cultivars, Harrington, Argyle, and Manley, had 30.1 to 78.3% HCWA and 31.8 to 81.8% penetration. In the current study, cv. Leduc, which is susceptible at the seedling stage and resistant at the adult stage, showed the same percent HCWA and penetration as did susceptible cultivars. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) was found between percent penetration and percent HCWA for cultivars inoculated with two isolates of the pathogen. Isolate 1 was less virulent than isolate 2 with respect to percent penetration and induced significantly fewer HCWA. Scanning electron microscopy showed various shapes of fungal appressoria but no apparent difference in host reaction between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Transmission electron microscopy revealed interactions between the host and pathogen at various stages of penetration. The resistant cv. Johnston responded by producing appositions, as evidenced by a layer of compact osmiophilic material deposited on the inner side of the cell wall. Infection pegs produced by conidia were unable to penetrate the cuticle where an apposition had formed inside. When penetration occurred in the susceptible cv. Argyle, cytoplasmic aggregates and separation of the plasmalemma were visible from the host cell wall, but the layer of compact osmiophilic material was not always present. Data based on light microscopic observations suggested that HCWA may be one of the mechanisms responsible for resistance that is characterized as penetration prevention rather than as a slow rate of mycelial growth after successful penetration. HCWA occurred in response to attempted cuticle penetration, suggesting that HCWA may produce chemical barriers that help to prevent penetration.  相似文献   

20.
Sesquiterpene lactones, natural constitutents of the Asteraceae, are toxic to the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, when injected into the hemocoel at doses greater than 0.25 μmol/300 mg insect. Dose-dependent sublethal symptoms range from a slight reduction in normal locomotory ability to severe locomotory impairment or paralysis, leading to death. The symptoms appear to be irreversible. Of the four compounds subjected to dose-response testing, parthenin was the most toxic with and LD50 in adult male grasshoppers of 0.55 μmol/insect. Structure-activity relationships for four of the six lactones tested indicate that compounds containing a cyclopentenone ring are equitoxic to males and females, whereas those lacking this functional group are approximately 4 × more toxic to males than females. In contrast to their sensitivity to injected lactones, adult male grasshoppers can tolerate ingestion or topical administration of up to 4 μmol of these compounds without any adverse effects. These results suggest that the integument and alimentary canal in this species provide effective barriers limiting the bioavailability of sesquiterpene lactones to the hemolymph in nature. Possible target sites and mechanisms-of-action for sesquiterpene lactones (once in the bloodstream) are discussed.  相似文献   

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