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在半干旱偏旱区的黄土高原坡地上设置了自然状态、各种不同材料与不同处理方式的10种集雨面,结合日光温室秋冬茬番茄栽培,采用滴灌方式,开展集雨水不同灌水量试验。通过水的转化效率探讨不同集雨面的使用价值和提高温室水转化效益的适宜灌水量。探讨了不同集水措施的效益。 相似文献
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旱地小麦黑膜全覆盖穴播栽培的效应与模式研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究通过对黑膜、无色膜、垄作、平作、沟播等因素进行组合,探讨了旱地冬小麦地膜全覆盖穴播不同栽培模式的膜下茎和杂草发生规律、土壤温度和水分变化动态及增产增收效果。结果表明,小麦采用黑膜覆盖,自动出苗率比无色膜覆盖平均提高63.73%,膜下茎密度和鲜重分别降低74%以上和98%左右,杂草盛发期的密度和鲜重分别比无色膜覆盖降低62.03%和96.70%,比露地栽培降低70.00%和92.93%。黑膜覆盖小麦全生育期0~25 cm土壤积温比无色膜覆盖降低108.8℃,比露地降低62.9℃,但在播种至拔节阶段,比露地增加72.8℃,拔节至成熟比露地降低135.7℃。水分利用效率黑膜覆盖比无色膜覆盖提高4.48%,比露地提高45.75%。黑膜覆盖比无色膜增产3.05%,比露地增产47.81%。3种起垄方式中,垄作比平作小麦自动出苗率平均提高44.00%,沟播则降低23.80%;膜下茎密度垄作降低35.59%以上,沟播增加25.64%以上;膜下茎鲜重垄作降低30.62%以上,沟播增加12.09%以上。垄作提高土壤积温90.5℃,沟播降低23.5℃;垄作增产3.24%,沟播增产4.90%。以黑色全膜垄作穴播为最佳模式,较全膜覆土穴播自动出苗率平均提高146.93%,膜下茎密度降低98.74%以上,杂草鲜重降低99.90%以上,全生育期增加土壤积温52.0℃,水分利用效率提高10.75%,增产8.68%,节本4 020元·hm~(-2),增加纯收益5 422元·hm~(-2)。且膜面覆土量减少75%,易于清除残膜。其中通用垄沟半微垄模式具有宽窄行距的特点,较微垄模式增产3.89%,增收11.33%,并且适宜机械化作业。 相似文献
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在温室内采用笼罩观察,通过选择性和非选择性试验,在两营养级(作物-天敌)的基础上进一步研究了三营养级(作物-天敌-害虫)体系中烟盲蝽对5种不同植物种类的选择性。以落虫量为选择指标,烟盲蝽成虫选择性结果表明:黄瓜+粉虱成虫、番茄+粉虱成虫、茄子+粉虱成虫、菜豆+粉虱成虫之间不存在差异显著性,但对油菜+蚜虫的选择性较好。烟盲蝽成虫非选择性试验,以其产卵后初孵若蝽量和死亡率为衡量指标,结果表明,烟盲蝽初孵若虫量之间存在显著差异,排序为:黄瓜>番茄>油菜>菜豆>茄子;烟盲蝽死亡率之间存在显著差异,排序为:菜豆+粉虱成虫>茄子+粉虱成虫>番茄+粉虱成虫>黄瓜+粉虱成虫>油菜+蚜虫。烟盲蝽若虫选择性试验,以羽化率为选择指标,结果为:油菜+蚜虫>番茄+粉虱若虫>黄瓜+粉虱若虫>菜豆+粉虱若虫>茄子+粉虱若虫。另外,在茄子+粉虱若虫上的死亡率最高为90.5%,其次为菜豆+粉虱若虫90%,黄瓜+粉虱若虫71.4%,番茄+粉虱若虫42.9%,油菜+蚜虫40%。 相似文献
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全膜双垄沟播玉米田选用除草地膜的适宜田间杂草密度研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在陇东旱塬生态条件下,田间测定了全膜双垄沟播玉米田选用化学除草地膜和黑色地膜的适宜田间杂草密度。结果表明,全膜双垄沟播玉米田覆盖白色地膜,玉米主要农艺性状、产量及经济效益均随田间杂草密度的增加而降低。杂草密度至少达到116.68株/m2和163.48株/m2时,分别选择覆盖化学除草地膜和黑色地膜可使玉米株高、株高整齐度、茎粗、茎粗整齐度、果穗长、果穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重、有效成穗株率、单位面积有效果穗数等主要农艺性状较覆盖白色地膜有明显改善,玉米产量和经济效益较覆盖白色地膜均有显著提高,产量增幅分别达到1.89%~48.18%和3.87%~47.72%,纯收益增幅分别达到4.49%~157.16%和11.21%~158.88%。 相似文献
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2002～2003年在河北省满城县的温室中进行了低量溴甲烷覆盖不渗漏膜 (VIF膜 )土壤消毒试验。在田间相同条件下 ,用溴甲烷对常年种植草莓的土壤进行消毒处理 ,分别覆盖不渗透膜 (VIF膜 )和常规聚乙烯膜 (PE膜 )。试验结果表明 ,溴甲烷低量处理41g/m2,覆盖VIF膜与常规用量 55 g/m2,覆盖PE膜比较 ,在杀灭病原菌效果、杂草控制以及草莓产量上均无显著差异 ,但使用VIF膜可显著减少溴甲烷渗漏 ,减少用量 25%以上 ,从而减少对臭氧层的破坏。 相似文献
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日光温室条件下,分别以温室粉虱和烟粉虱作为扩繁寄主,建立起稳定的2种丽蚜小蜂种群（分别以E1和E2表示）。对这2种不同寄主来源的丽蚜小蜂在番茄、黄瓜、菜豆、茄子上烟粉虱和温室粉虱的寄生率进行了研究与比较。结果表明,E1和E2对4种寄主植物上温室粉虱的控制作用均显著大于对烟粉虱的控制作用;E1对茄子和黄瓜上的粉虱类害虫的控制作用较好,E2对4种植物间粉虱类害虫的控制作用无显著差异。2种小蜂在4种植物上烟粉虱的寄生率,除番茄上E1（27.84%）低于E2（42.22%）,差异显著,其余3种植物上,均是E1高于E2,差异显著;2种小蜂在4种植物上对温室粉虱的寄生率,均是E1高于E2,差异显著,即对于4种植物上的粉虱类害虫的控害效果E1要相对优于E2。 相似文献
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不同覆盖方式对温室葡萄耗水规律和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为筛选出适合河西走廊地区的日光温室葡萄最佳覆盖模式,在张掖市水务局灌溉试验站,设白膜+秸秆覆盖、黑膜+秸秆覆盖、白膜覆盖、黑膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂子覆盖等不同覆盖处理,对温室葡萄耗水规律和产量表现进行了研究分析。结果表明:1不同覆盖方式均可增加土壤含水量,秸秆+黑膜覆盖下的土壤含水量最大,全生育期内秸秆+黑膜覆盖下的土壤相对含水量达到了16.54%,单一的秸秆覆盖的土壤含水量在中后期也增大较快,土壤含水量增大到了17.64%,秸秆+地膜双重覆盖与单一的秸秆覆盖在中后期均能明显提高土壤储水能力;2不同覆盖处理相比对照(不覆盖)均能增加葡萄产量,以黑膜+秸秆覆盖葡萄的增产效果最好,增产高达28.85%(P0.05),白膜+秸秆覆盖增产25.53%(P0.05);3不同覆盖处理均能调节土壤温度,地膜+秸秆覆盖方式兼备了单一地膜和单一秸秆覆盖处理的特点,前期土壤升温幅度大于秸秆覆盖,后期降温趋势小于地膜覆盖,且以黑膜+秸秆覆盖较为明显,其处理下土壤温度保持在21.13℃左右;4各覆盖处理均可提高灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)和水分生产效率(WUE),达到节水增产的目的,以黑膜+秸秆效果最好,黑膜+秸秆覆盖处理的灌溉水利用效率和水分生产效率均最大,分别达到了6.53 kg·m~(-3)和5.88 kg·m~(-3)。 相似文献
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嘧霉胺悬浮剂的润湿性能及其靶标表面性质研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用光学视频接触角测量仪对加入不同润湿分散剂(7227-A、SOPROPHOR FD和SC-4)的40%嘧霉胺悬浮剂的表面张力及其分量进行了测定,同时研究了作用靶标黄瓜和番茄叶片的表面自由能,以及药液在其上的润湿展布性能。结果显示:不同配方的嘧霉胺悬浮剂其表面张力在39~51 mN/m之间,且均以色散分量为主,其中加入SC-4的药剂表面张力最低(39~48 mN/m);黄瓜和番茄叶片的表面自由能均较小,在22 mJ/m2左右,不利于药液润湿,且以极性分量占主导;各配方药液的水稀释液在番茄叶面上的接触角在51~86°之间,在黄瓜叶面上的接触角在30~62°之间,药液在黄瓜叶面上更易附着,其中加入7227-A的药剂在黄瓜叶片上润湿性能最好,加入SOPROPHOR FD的药剂在番茄叶片上润湿性能最好;田间防治效果与药液的润湿性能呈正相关。表明嘧霉胺悬浮剂对靶标的润湿性能不仅与药液的表面张力有关,也与其分量有关,同时受到靶标表面性质的影响,通过研究药液对靶标润湿性能可分析评价其药效。 相似文献
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Peter A. Duffield 《Pest management science》1977,8(3):279-283
The new pyrethroid, permethrin, previously shown to have high activity against textile pests, was successfully applied to wool from a conventional dye bath. The stability of permethrin to boiling aqueous conditions and to some textile testing regimes was shown to be satisfactory, although some loss on prolonged boiling did occur. Industrial trials made on both wool and wool/nylon blends are described. 相似文献
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Abstract Seven new granular herbicides were evaluated in Taiwan for the control of weeds in broadcast flooded rice. In general, herbicides applied early (6 days after seeding) gave better weed control but caused more crop damage than when applied late (12 days after seeding). Benthiocarb applied at 6 days after seeding, when most weeds were at the one to two leaf stage, was highly selective in controlling broad-leaved weeds and sedges with no sustained injury to rice. Butachlor failed to control broad-leaved weeds at the two to three leaf stage. The initial toxicities of C-288 (dimethatryn plus piperophos, 1:4) piperophos (C-19490), and CRD 71.6388 were too severe to warrant their use in direct-seeded flooded rice in Taiwan. Among the herbicides tested, thiochlormethyl and molinate and thiochlormethyl when applied late, were the most selective. When applied 12 days after seeding or at the three to four leaf stage of weeds, both treatments provided excellent control of weeds without causing any crop injury. 相似文献
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Field and pot investigations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of pyroxasulfone alone and its combinations with other herbicides against diverse weed flora of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) including multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.). Applications of pyroxasulfone 100–127.5 g/ha as pre-emergence (PE) or early post-emergence (EPOE) @ 63.75 g/ha at 21–23 days after sowing (1 day before irrigation) were highly effective for control of grass weeds namely P. minor and wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Dur.). It was poor for control of broad-leaved weeds (Medicago denticulata Willd. and Rumex dentatus L.). However, pyroxasulfone in tank-mix combination with metsulfuron 4 g/ha, triasulfuron 20 g/ha, and pyroxsulam 18 g/ha effectively controlled (96.5%–99.8%) the diverse weed flora and improved the wheat grain yield (69.5%–285.9%) over untreated weedy control. Also, the pre-mix of pyroxasulfone + pendimethalin applied as PE was superior to either of these applied alone for weed control and grain yield. Pyroxasulfone 100–127.5 g/ha had yield gain of 119.6%–125.4% and 10.1%–26% over untreated control and pendimethalin 800–1250 g/ha, respectively. In pot studies, straw burnt ash drastically reduced the pyroxasulfone efficacy against P. minor and A. ludoviciana. Pyroxasulfone was also effective in pot studies for control of MHR P. minor having resistance against acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACCase), acetolactate synthase (ALS), and photosynthesis at the photosystem-II site-A (PS-II) inhibitor herbicides (clodinafop, sulfosulfuron, and isoproturon, respectively). The studies indicate that pyroxasulfone as PE or EPOE can be an alternative grass weed control herbicide in wheat in particular for the control of MHR P. minor. 相似文献
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H. J. Miller 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1984,90(1):23-28
The occurrence of low numbers of fluorescing coryneform bacteria located by immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) in heel-end extracts of healthy potatoes was demonstrated to be a normal phenomenon. The number of bacteria found was highly dependent on the antiserum dilution. Bacteria isolated from other healthy potato material also cross-reacted, mostly at low antiserum dilutions compared with homologous isolates or bacteria of the same species, which reacted at a dilution of 11280. Only relatively small differences were found between the antisera tested. Failure to recognize the occurrence of cross-reacting unknown soil bacteria, indicated by the data presented in this paper, can only increase the dangers of incorrect interpretation of IF results.Samenvatting Het optreden van lage aantallen fluorescerende, coryneforme bacteriën gevonden met behulp van immuno fluorescentiemicroscopie in extracten van naveleinden van genzonde aardappelen, bleek een normaal verschijnsel te zijn. Het aantal gevonden bacteriën was sterk afhankelijk van de verdunning van het antiserum. Bacteriën die geïsoleerd werden van ander gezond aardappelmateriaal vertoonden ook kruisreacties, meestal bij lage verdunningen van het antiserum in vergelijking met homologe isolaten of bacteriën van dezelfde soort, die beide nog reageerden bij een verdunning van 11280. Tussen de getoetste antisera bleken slechts geringe onderlinge verschillen te bestaan. De gegevens in dit artikel onderstrepen het gevaar van een onjuiste interpretatie van IF-resultaten, wanneer het voorkomen van kruisreagerende, onbekende bodembacteriën over het hoofd wordt gezien. 相似文献
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针对我国北方作物机械化收获模式下,机收后滞留在田间大量秸秆留茬处理问题,结合秸秆整株翻埋技术与秸秆快速腐熟还田技术,设计了秸秆留茬翻埋快速腐熟联合作业机。该机由腐熟剂喷施系统及秸秆留茬翻埋系统两部分组成。通过田间试验表明,秸秆留茬翻埋快速腐熟技术可使翻埋的秸秆留茬快速腐解,7个月后秸秆留茬腐熟率为79.8%,较单一秸秆留茬翻埋作业方式腐熟率提高了18.5%;增加了田间土壤微生物数量,提高了土壤有机质含量;相应配套机具在田间作业时,速度应大于1.46 m/s,悬挂深耕犁耕深应控制在22~29 cm之间。 相似文献
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Glasshouse Fumigation with Formaldehyde 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
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R. J. Hillocks 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):234-246
Abstract Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Sny. & Hans. is an important disease of cotton in several developing countries where the use of resistant varieties continues to be the most practical method of control. The inheritance of resistance to wilt is complex, involving several major and minor genes. In order to identify resistant genotypes in segregating populations large numbers of plants must be screened using inoculation methods which minimise disease escape. Wilt incidence is increased when plants are attacked by the rootknot nematode (Meloidogyne acrita Chitwood, 1949) Esser et al. 1976. In areas where both organisms occur together, the wilt resistance‐potential of a variety cannot be realised unless it also has resistance to root‐knot. Problems of breeding for wilt resistance are discussed with reference to Tanzania, and methods are described for their application to a wilt‐resistance programme. 相似文献
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Crop cultivars with allelopathic capability 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Allelopathy has potential in integrated weed management. Crop plants have the capability to produce and exude allelochemicals into their surroundings to suppress the growth of weeds in their vicinity. Selection for superior genotypes with allelopathic potential has been carried out in several field crops, and evidence has accumulated that crop cultivars differ significantly in their ability to inhibit the growth of certain weed species. To date, progress has been made in understanding the genetics of crop allelopathic activity, and successful genetic manipulation of this trait has also been demonstrated. However, much more research needs to be carried out in order to have a thorough understanding of the genetic control of allelopathic activity. Several genes might be involved in regulating the production and exudation of allelochemicals. Concerted efforts using advances in plant biotechnology will help to unveil the genetics of this trait. Once the allelopathic genes have been located, a breeding programme could be initiated to transfer the genes into modern cultivars to enhance their allelopathic activity for weed suppression, thereby reducing over-reliance on herbicides. 相似文献