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1.
OBJECTIVES: To validate laser doppler flowmetry (LDF) for measurement of blood flow in the stomach wall of dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). ANIMALS: Six purpose-bred dogs and 24 dogs with naturally occurring GDV. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental and clinical. METHODS: Capillary blood flow in the body of the stomach and pyloric antrum was measured with LDF (tissue perfusion unit (TPU) before and after induction of portal hypertension (PH) and after PH plus gastric ischemia (GI; PH + GI) and compared with flow measured by colored microsphere technique. Capillary flow was measured by LDF in the stomach wall of dogs with GDV. RESULTS: PH and PH+GI induced a significant reduction in blood flow in the body of the stomach (P = .019). A significant positive correlation was present between percent changes in capillary blood flow measured by LDF and colored microspheres after induction of PH + GI in the body of the stomach (r = 0.94, P = .014) and in the pyloric antrum (r = 0.95, P = .049). Capillary blood flow measured in the body of the stomach of 6 dogs that required partial gastrectomy (5.00+/-3.30 TPU) was significantly lower than in dogs that did not (28.00+/-14.40 TPU, P = .013). CONCLUSIONS: LDF can detect variations in blood flow in the stomach wall of dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LDF may have application for evaluation of stomach wall viability during surgery in dogs with GDV.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio during experimentally induced portal hypertension in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: Standard midline laparotomy and median sternotomy were performed in anesthetized dogs. Baseline measurements of arterial blood pressure, aortic blood flow, portal vein blood flow, and portal vein pressure were acquired, and arterial, venous, and portal vein blood samples were obtained to determine systemic and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratios. The portal vein was gradually occluded until a pressure of 18 cm of H2O was reached; this pressure was maintained for 30 minutes, and measurements and collection of blood samples were repeated. RESULTS: Portal vein blood flow decreased significantly from 457 +/- 136 ml/min before to 266 +/- 83 ml/min after induction of portal hypertension. Oxygen content in the portal vein significantly decreased from 12.3 +/- 1.85 to 8.2 +/- 2.31%, and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio significantly increased from 15.8 +/- 6.2 to 37.4 +/- 10.9% during portal hypertension. There was a significant inverse correlation between portal vein blood flow and splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio at baseline and during portal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An increase in splanchnic oxygen extraction ratio is evident with partial attenuation of the portal vein and the concurrent decrease in portal vein blood flow. Correlation of oxygen extraction ratio with portal vein blood flow may be a more important indicator for determination of an endpoint to prevent congestion and ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas during ligation of portosystemic shunts.  相似文献   

3.
The objective of this study was to determine if experimental gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV) would decrease adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and increase membrane conductance of the canine gastric and jejunal mucosa. Male dogs (n = 15) weighing between 20 and 30 kg were used. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 equal groups: Group 1 was control, group 2 was GDV, and group 3 was ischemia. All dogs were anesthetized for 210 min. Group 1 had no manipulation. Group 2 had GDV experimentally induced for 120 min followed by decompression, derotation, and reperfusion for 90 min. Group 3 had GDV experimentally induced for 210 min. Gastric (fundus and pylorus) and jejunal tissue was taken at 0, 120, and 210 min from all of the dogs. Tissue was analyzed for ATP concentration, mucosal conductance, and microscopic changes. The ATP concentration in the fundus did not change significantly from baseline in group 2, but decreased significantly below baseline at 210 min in group 3. The ATP concentration in the jejunum decreased significantly below baseline in groups 2 and 3 at 120 min, remaining significantly decreased in group 3 but returning to baseline at 210 min in group 2. Mucosal conductance of the fundus did not change significantly in any dog. Mucosal conductance of the jejunum increased at 120 min in groups 2 and 3, and became significantly increased above baseline at 210 min. The jejunal mucosa showed more profound cellular changes than the gastric mucosa. The jejunum showed substantial decreases in ATP concentration with an increase in mucosal conductance, suggesting cell membrane dysfunction. Dogs sustaining a GDV are likely to have a change in the activity of mucosal cells in the jejunum, which may be important in the pathophysiology of GDV.  相似文献   

4.
Background: Cardiac disease has the potential to alter platelet function in dogs. Evaluation of platelet function using the PFA‐100 analyzer in dogs of multiple breeds and with a broad range of cardiac conditions would help clarify the effect of cardiac disease on platelets. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess differences in closure time (CT) in dogs with cardiac disease associated with murmurs, when compared with that of healthy dogs. Methods: Thirty‐nine dogs with cardiac murmurs and turbulent blood flow as determined echocardiographically were included in the study. The dogs represented 23 different breeds. Dogs with murmurs were further divided into those with atrioventricular valvular insufficiency (n=23) and subaortic stenosis (n=9). Fifty‐eight clinically healthy dogs were used as controls. CTs were determined in duplicate on a PFA‐100 analyzer using collagen/ADP cartridges. Results: Compared with CTs in the control group (mean±SD, 57.6±5.9 seconds; median, 56.5 seconds; reference interval, 48.0–77.0 seconds), dogs with valvular insufficiency (mean±SD, 81.9±26.3 seconds; median, 78.0 seconds; range, 52.5–187 seconds), subaortic stenosis (71.4±16.5 seconds; median, 66.0 seconds; range, 51.5–95.0 seconds), and all dogs with murmurs combined (79.6±24.1 seconds; median, 74.0 seconds; range, 48.0–187 seconds) had significantly prolonged CTs (P<.01). Conclusions: The PFA‐100 analyzer is useful in detecting platelet function defects in dogs with cardiac murmurs, most notably those caused by mitral and/or tricuspid valvular insufficiency or subaortic stenosis. The form of turbulent blood flow does not appear to be an important factor in platelet hypofunction in these forms of cardiac disease.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To measure cardiopulmonary variables, including cardiac index, in dogs with naturally acquired gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: 6 dogs with GDV. PROCEDURE: In addition to typical medical and surgical management of GDV, the dorsal metatarsal and pulmonary arteries and right atrium of the dogs were catheterized to obtain cardiopulmonary measurements before and during anesthesia and surgery. RESULTS: All dogs underwent gastropexy but none required gastrectomy. Mean cardiac index and mean arterial blood pressure for this small population of dogs with GDV were not significantly different from those reported for clinically normal awake or anesthetized dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dogs with naturally acquired GDV without gastric necrosis may not have the classic characteristics, including decreased cardiac index and hypotension, of hypovolemic circulatory shock.  相似文献   

6.
Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) was created experimentally and maintained for 90 minutes in 16 anesthetized, mixed-breed dogs. After the GDV was corrected, normal saline solution (0.044 mL/kg intravenously [IV]) was administered to eight dogs (controls), and flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg IV) was administered to eight dogs. Microspheres labeled with radioactive cobalt, scandium, tin, or niobium were injected intravenously at baseline (before GDV) and minutes 90, 100, and 270, respectively, to determine tissue blood flows. Plasma endotoxin and prostacyclin were measured at the same intervals. Electrocardiogram, mean arterial pressure, portal pressure, and cardiac output were recorded continuously. Dogs were euthanatized at minute 270 and necropsied. There was no significant difference between treatment groups for any measured variable at any time. Endotoxin levels increased significantly during GDV. Prostacyclin levels were lower in dogs treated with flunixin meglumine than in controls at minutes 210 and 270. Histopathologic findings were similar for all dogs and consistent with those associated with endotoxemia. Flunixin meglumine treatment did not alter cardiac indices or tissue blood flows significantly. However, elevation of prostacyclin was inhibited by flunixin meglumine, which suggested that continued effects of endotoxic damage might be attenuated or inhibited.  相似文献   

7.
Objective—To determine the plasma concentrations and cardiovascular changes that occur in healthy dogs and dogs with aortic stenosis that are given an infusion of lidocaine during isoflurane anesthesia. Study Design—Phase 1, controlled randomized cross-over trial; Phase 2, before and after trial Animals—Phase 1, 6 healthy dogs (4 female, 2 male) weighing 23.8 ± 7.4 kg; Phase 2, 7 dogs (4 female, 3 male) with moderate to severe subaortic stenosis (confirmed by Doppler echocardiography) weighing 31.1 ± 14.5 kg. Methods—After mask induction, intubation, and institution of positive pressure ventilation, instrumentation was performed to measure hemodynamic variables. After baseline, measurement at an end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.9% (phase 1) or 1.85% (phase 2), a loading dose infusion of lidocaine at 400 μg/kg/min was given. Phase 1: Maintenance doses of lidocaine were administered consecutively (40, 120, and 200 μg/kg/min) after the loading dose (given for 10, 10, and 5 minutes, respectively) in advance of each maintenance concentrations. Measurements were taken at the end of each loading dose and at 25 and 35 minutes during each maintenance level. The same animals on a different day were given dextrose 5% and acted as the control. Phase 2: Dogs were studied on a single occasion during an infusion of lidocaine at 120 μg/kg/ min given after the loading dose (10 minutes). Measurements occurred after the loading dose and at 25 and 35 minutes. A blood sample for lidocaine concentration was taken at 70 minutes. Data were compared using a one-way ANOVA for phase 1, and between phase 1 and 2. Statistical analysis for phase 2 was performed using a paired r-test with a Bonferroni correction. A P value ± .05 was considered significant. Results—Phase 1: Plasma lidocaine concentrations achieved with 40, 120, and 200 μg of lidocaine/kg/min were 2.70, 5.27, and 7.17 μg/mL, respectively. A significant increase in heart rate (HR) (all concentrations), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary areterial pressure (PAP), and a decrease in stroke index (SI) (200 μg/kg/min) were observed. An increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and mean PAP, and a decrease in SI also followed the loading dose given before the 200 μg/kg/min infusion. No other significant differences from the control measurements, during dextrose 5% infusion alone, were detected. Phase 2: Plasma lidocaine concentrations achieved were 5.35, 4.23, 4.23, and 5.60 μg/mL at 10, 25, 35, and 70 minutes, respectively. They were not significantly different from concentrations found in our healthy dogs at the same infusions. A significant but small increase in CVP compared with baseline was noted after the loading dose. There were no significant differences from baseline shown in all other cardiovascular data. There were no statistically significant differences in any measurements taken during the lidocaine infusion between the dogs in phase 1 and phase 2. Dogs with aortic stenosis tended to have a lower cardiac index than healthy dogs at baseline (88 v 121 mL/kg/min) and during lidocaine infusion (81 v 111 mL/kg/min). A small, statistically significant difference in systolic PAP was present at baseline. Conclusions—There does not appear to be any detrimental cardiovascular effects related to an infusion of lidocaine at 120 μg/kg/min during isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs or dogs with aortic stenosis. The technique used in this study resulted in therapeutic plasma concentrations of lidocaine. Clinical Relevance—Methods shown in the study can be used in clinical cases to achieve therapeutic lidocaine levels without significant cardiovascular depression during isoflurane anesthesia.  相似文献   

8.
Gastric distention-volvulus (GDV; at 50 mm of Hg gastric inflation pressure) was experimentally induced in 8 dogs anesthetized using pentobarbital. Hemodynamic indices including heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and coronary blood flow (4 dogs) were measured during a 20-minute period of GDV and for 10 minutes after decompression. Arterial and coronary venous oxygen tensions were also measured for calculation of myocardial oxygen extraction (7 dogs) and myocardial oxygen consumption (4 dogs). Dogs were monitored for 72 hours postoperatively for the occurrence of arrhythmias, then were euthanatized for gross and histologic examination of the heart. Experimental GDV resulted in significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in cardiac output (89%), mean arterial pressure (45%), and coronary blood flow (50%) compared with control values. Myocardial oxygen extraction increased (30%) and overall myocardial oxygen consumption decreased (50%), compared with control values. Evidence of subendocardial necrosis was seen in 6 dogs, 4 of which had developed ventricular arrhythmias 8 to 24 hours postoperatively.  相似文献   

9.
Background: Hydration status is important to the cardiovascular system because of its effects on preload. Decreased preload can alter echocardiographic measurements of systolic and diastolic function, potentially confounding interpretation of results. Hypothesis/Objectives: Mild fluid deficits are associated with measurable echocardiographic changes that are validated by physical and biochemical markers of decreased intravascular volume. Animals: Twenty‐five healthy staff/student‐owned dogs with no evidence of cardiac or renal disease. Methods: Prospective, interventional laboratory study. Dogs were randomly assigned to water deprivation (WD) alone for 8 hours (n = 13) or to furosemide treatment (FTx, 2.5 mg/kg IV) followed by WD for 8 hours (n = 12). Echocardiograms, biochemical sampling, and physical parameters were measured at baseline, and after 4 and 8 hours. Results: Both protocols induced fluid deficit as indicated by significant (P < .00001) decreases in weight at 4 hours (WD, 1.1%; FTx, 3.7%) and 8 hours (WD, 2.7%; FTx, 4.5%). Furosemide significantly decreased left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (54.3 ± 19.3–42.1 ± 17.3 mL, P < .0001), cardiac index (4.2 ± 1.1–2.9 ± 0.9 L/min/M2, P < .0001), and mitral valve E wave velocity (0.79 ± 0.2–0.66 ± 0.2 m/s, P= .0004). These changes were accompanied by significant increases in blood urea nitrogen concentration (13.8 ± 2.6–14.8 ± 2.7 mg/dL, P= .04), vasopressin concentration (1.4 ± 1.2–3.3 ± 1.9 pg/mL, P= .045), and PCV (49.8 ± 4.5–53.2 ± 6.5%, P= .006). Effects of water deprivation alone were similar, but less pronounced. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Mild fluid deficits have measurable hemodynamic effects in dogs. Hydration status should be considered when evaluating cardiac function by echocardiogram.  相似文献   

10.
Objective: Compare cardiac index (CI) and oxygen delivery index (DO2I) in conscious, critically ill dogs to control dogs; evaluate the association of CI and DO2I with outcome. Design: Prospective non‐randomized clinical study. Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Eighteen client‐owned dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and 8 healthy control dogs. Measurements and Main Results: CI of dogs with SIRS was measured using lithium dilution at times 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours. Data collected included physical exam, arterial blood gas (ABG) and hemoximetry. CI of control dogs was measured 3 times with 1 measurement of ABG. Mean CI ± SE in SIRS patients was 3.32 ± 0.95 L/min/m2; lower than controls at 4.18 ± 0.22 L/min/m2 (P<0.001). Mean DO2I ± SE in SIRS patients was 412.91 ± 156.67 mL O2/min/m2; lower than controls at 785.24 ± 45.99 mL O2/min/m2 (P<0.001). There was no difference in CI (P=0.49) or DO2I (P=0.51) for dogs that survived to discharge versus those that did not. There was no difference in mean CI (P=0.97) or DO2I (P=0.50) of survivors versus non‐survivors for 28‐day survival. Survivors had lower blood glucose (P=0.03) and serum lactate concentrations (P=0.04) than non‐survivors. Conclusions: CI and DO2I in conscious dogs with SIRS were lower than control dogs, which differs from theories that dogs with SIRS are in a high cardiac output state. CI and DO2I were not significantly different between survivors and non‐survivors. Similar to previous studies, lactate and glucose concentrations of survivors were lower than non‐survivors.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To quantify and compare intracellular magnesium concentrations (Mgi) in clinically normal dogs (control dogs) and dogs that have gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV dogs) and to determine whether there is a difference in Mgi and serum magnesium concentrations (Mgs) between GDV dogs with and without cardiac arrhythmias. ANIMALS: 41 control dogs and 21 GDV dogs. PROCEDURE: Rectus abdominis muscle specimens were obtained from control and GDV dogs for determination of Mgi. Blood samples were obtained from GDV dogs for determination of Mgs, and dogs were monitored for 48 hours for cardiac arrhythmias. Muscle specimens were frozen at -40 C, oven dried at 95 C, and digested with concentrated nitric acid. Multielemental analyses were performed by simultaneous/sequential inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy with fixed-cross flow nebulization. The Mg, was standardized to sulfur content to correct for the amount of fat and fascia in the muscle specimen. Mean (+/- SEM) values were recorded in parts per million (ppm). Results-There were no significant differences in Mgi between control (627 +/- 11.1 ppm) and GDV (597 +/- 20.5 ppm) dogs, in Mgi between GDV dogs with (590 +/- 34 ppm) and without (584 +/- 29 ppm) cardiac arrhythmias, and in Mgs between GDV dogs with (1.77 +/- 0.26 ppm) and without (1.51 +/- 0.09 ppm) cardiac arrhythmias. There was no correlation between Mgs and Mgi (R2 = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that Mg depletion is not pathophysiologically important in dogs with GDV and does not play a role in the cardiac arrhythmias detected in these patients.  相似文献   

12.
Objective To determine the effects of 0.005% latanoprost and 2% dorzolamide/0.5% timolol on the blood‐aqueous barrier (BAB) in normal dogs. Animals studied Eight mixed‐breed and pure‐breed dogs. Procedures Baseline anterior chamber fluorophotometry was performed on eight normal dogs. Sodium fluorescein was injected and the dogs were scanned 60–90 min post‐injection. Seventy‐two hours following the baseline scan, one eye received one drop of latanoprost. Fluorophotometry was repeated 4 h after drug administration. Following a washout period, the identical procedure was performed 4 h after the administration of dorzolamide/timolol. The degree of BAB breakdown was determined by comparing the concentrations of fluorescein within the anterior chamber before and after drug administration. BAB breakdown was expressed as a percentage increase in the post‐treatment fluorescein concentration over the baseline concentration: %INC [Fl] = {([Fl]post – [Fl]baseline)/[Fl]baseline} × 100. The percentage increase in fluorescein concentration in the treated eye was compared to that in the nontreated eye using a paired t‐test with significance set at P ≤ 0.05. Results Following administration of latanoprost, the fluorescein in the treated eyes increased 49% (± 58%) from baseline compared to 10% (± 31%) in the untreated eyes (P = 0.016). Following administration of dorzolamide/timolol, the fluorescein concentration increased 38% (± 54%) compared to baseline vs. 24% (± 38%) in the untreated eyes (P = 0.22). Conclusions The results of this study show that topical latanoprost may cause BAB disruption in normal dogs while topical dorzolamide/timolol may have no effect on the BAB in normal dogs.  相似文献   

13.
Objective: To serially determine the biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status of dogs with gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV) over 48 hours. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital intensive care unit. Animals: Thirteen client‐owned dogs with GDV. Interventions: None. Measurement and main results: For all dogs, biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status were ascertained. Indicators of oxidative stress measured included F2α‐isoprostanes (isoprostanes) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were measured to assess antioxidant status. Oxidants and antioxidants were measured at the time of admission and at 24 and 48 hours post‐admission. There were significant decreases in vitamin E (P=0.002), vitamin C (P=0.001), ORAC (P=0.02), and MDA (P=0.001) during hospitalization. There was no significant change in GSHPx and isoprostane concentrations over time. Conclusion: Oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in dogs with GDV change over time. Further studies measuring oxidative stress in more severely affected dogs and performing measurements earlier in the disease process may be beneficial in determining when oxidative stress is most severe during the course of GDV management.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term outcome associated with laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in prevention of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in susceptible dogs and to evaluate use of laparoscopy to correct GDV. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 25 client-owned large-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: 23 dogs susceptible to GDV were referred as candidates for elective gastropexy. These dogs had a history of treatment for gastric dilatation, clinical signs of gastric dilatation, or family members with gastric dilatation. Laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy was performed. One year after surgery, abdominal ultrasonography was performed to evaluate the attachment of the stomach to the abdominal wall. Two dogs with GDV were also treated with laparoscopic-assisted derotation of the stomach and gastropexy. RESULTS: None of the dogs developed GDV during the year after gastropexy, and all 20 dogs examined ultrasonographically had an intact attachment. Another dog was euthanatized at 11.5 months for unrelated problems. Two dogs with GDV successfully underwent laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy after the stomach was repositioned. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy resulted in a persisting attachment between the stomach and abdominal wall, an absence of GDV development, and few complications. Dogs with a high probability for development of GDV should be considered candidates for minimally invasive gastropexy. Carefully selected dogs with GDV can be treated laparoscopically.  相似文献   

15.
Objective To determine the effects of intravenous ketamine‐midazolam anesthesia on intraocular pressure (IOP) in ocular normotensive dogs. Animals Thirteen adult mixed‐breed dogs. Procedures Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 7) and control (n = 6) groups. Dogs in the treatment group received intravenous ketamine 15 mg/kg and midazolam 0.2 mg/kg and dogs in the control group received intravenous saline. The time of intravenous drug injection was recorded (T0). Measurements of IOP were then repeated 5 min (T5) and 20 min (T20) following the intravenous administration of ketamine‐midazolam combination and saline in both groups. Results Measurements showed normal IOP values in both groups. The mean ± SD baseline IOP values for treatment and control groups were 13.00 ± 1.47 and 10.33 ± 2.20, respectively. For baseline IOP values, there was no significant difference between treatment and control groups (P = 0.162). In the treatment group, the subsequent post‐treatment mean ± SD values were 15.64 ± 2.17 (5 min), and 14.92 ± 1.98 (20 min). There was no evidence of statistical difference between baseline values and post‐treatment values after treatment with ketamine‐midazolam (P5 = 0.139; P20 = 0.442). In control eyes, the mean ± SD values at 5 and 20 min were 10.41 ± 2.01 and 10.16 ± 1.69, respectively. There was no significant difference between baseline values and post‐treatment values in control group (P5 = 1.000; P20 = 1.000). Conclusion Ketamine‐midazolam combination has no clinically significant effect on IOP in the dog.  相似文献   

16.
Background: Feline systemic arterial hypertension (SHT) is associated with a wide spectrum of left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns as well as diastolic, and to a lesser extent, systolic myocardial dysfunction. However, little is known about SHT‐related cardiac changes in dogs. Hypothesis: SHT in dogs is responsible for morphological and functional cardiac alterations. Animals: Thirty dogs with spontaneous untreated SHT and 28 age‐ and body weight‐matched healthy dogs as controls. Methods: Prospective observational study. Conventional echocardiography and 2‐dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging were performed in SHT dogs by trained observers and compared with controls. Results: Forty‐seven percent of SHT dogs (14/30) had diffuse concentric hypertrophy. None had left atrial dilatation and 10/30 (33%) had aortic insufficiency (AoI) associated with proximal aortic dilatation. Longitudinal diastolic left ventricular free wall (LVFW) motion was altered in all SHT dogs at the base (early to late diastolic wave ratio, E/A = 0.5 ± 0.1 versus 1.3 ± 0.3 for controls, P < .0001) and the apex (E/A = 1.6 ± 1.7 versus 3.9 ± 3.1, P < .05). Longitudinal motion of the interventricular septum at the base (E/A = 0.7 ± 0.4 versus 1.1 ± 0.1, P < .01) and radial LVFW motion in the subendocardium (E/A = 0.9 ± 0.5 versus 1.6 ± 0.3, P < .01) were also altered in dogs with SHT. Longitudinal LVFW systolic velocities and gradients were also significantly decreased (P < .05) in SHT dogs. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: As in SHT in cats, SHT in dogs is associated with myocardial dysfunction independently of the presence of myocardial hypertrophy. However, unlike feline SHT, it results in a homogeneous LV geometric pattern with a relatively high prevalence of AoI.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of extended experimental hepatic blood flow occlusion (ie, portal triad clamping [PTC]) in dogs by measuring acid-base status and plasma lactate concentrations in arterial, mixed venous, and portal blood and evaluating the relationship between metabolic and concurrent hemodynamic changes. ANIMALS: 6 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURE: During anesthesia with isoflurane, cardiac output and arterial blood pressure were measured. Arterial, mixed venous, and portal blood samples were collected simultaneously for blood gas analyses and plasma lactate measurements before PTC and at 8-minute intervals thereafter. RESULTS: PTC resulted in severe hemodynamic and metabolic alterations. Eight minutes after PTC, significant decreases in cardiac index from a baseline value of 3.40 +/- 0.27 to 1.54 +/- 0.26 L/min/m2 and in mean arterial blood pressure from a baseline value of 74 +/- 6 to 43 +/- 6 mm Hg were recorded. After PTC, results indicative of lactic acidosis were found in portal blood at 16 minutes, in mixed venous at 32 minutes, and in arterial blood at 48 minutes. Significant differences in measured variables were also found between arterial and portal blood samples, between mixed venous and portal blood samples, and between arterial and mixed venous blood samples after PTC, compared with differences at baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of mixed venous blood is preferable to analysis of arterial blood in the assessment of metabolic derangement. In a clinical setting, occluded portal blood is released to the systemic circulation, and the degree of reperfusion injury may depend on the metabolic status of pooled portal blood.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) are increased in dogs with gastric dilatationvolvulus (GDV) and whether concentrations correlate with severity of ECG abnormalities or outcome. DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: 85 dogs with GDV. PROCEDURE: Serum cTnl and cTnT concentrations were measured 12 to 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after surgery. Dogs were grouped on the basis of severity of ECG abnormalities and outcome. RESULTS: cTnl and cTnT were detected in serum from 74 (87%) and 43 (51%) dogs, respectively. Concentrations were significantly different among groups when dogs were grouped on the basis of severity of ECG abnormalities (none or mild vs moderate vs severe). Dogs that died (n = 16) had significantly higher serum cTnI (24.9 ng/ml) and cTnT (0.18 ng/ml) concentrations than did dogs that survived (2.05 and < 0.01 ng/ml, respectively). Myocardial cell injury was confirmed at necropsy in 4 dogs with high serum cardiac troponin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that concentrations of cTnI and cTnT suggestive of myocardial cell injury can commonly be found in serum from dogs with GDV and that serum cardiac troponin concentrations are associated with severity of ECG abnormalities and outcome.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To measure 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 (11-dTXB2) in urine of healthy control dogs, dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy, and dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) and assess the relationship between urinary 11-dTXB2 concentrations in dogs with GDV and postoperative outcomes. SAMPLE POPULATION: Urine samples from 15 nonsurgical control dogs, 12 surgical control dogs, and 32 dogs with GVD. PROCEDURE: Urine samples were obtained from healthy pet dogs (ie, nonsurgical control dogs), dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy at anesthetic induction and 1 hour following surgery (ie, surgical control dogs), and dogs with GDV at hospital admission and 1 hour following surgical derotation of the stomach (ie, GDV dogs). Urinary 11-dTXB2 concentrations were determined with an ELISA and normalized to urinary creatinine (Cr) concentrations by calculation of the 11-dTXB2 -to-Cr ratio. Differences in median 11-dTXB2 -to-Cr ratios among dogs and before and after surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: Urinary 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratios did not differ between nonsurgical control dogs and surgical control dogs before or after surgery. Urinary 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratios were significantly higher in GDV dogs at the time of hospital admission and 1 hour after surgery, compared with those of nonsurgical control dogs. Postoperative urine samples from GDV dogs had significantly higher 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratios than postoperative urine samples from surgical control dogs. Median urinary 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratios increased significantly in GDV dogs that developed postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Urinary 11-dTXB2 concentration is increased in GDV dogs at the time of hospital admission and after surgical derotation of the stomach, compared with that of healthy dogs. An increased urinary 11-dTXB2-to-Cr ratio following surgery is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative complications in dogs with GDV.  相似文献   

20.
Objective —The purpose of this study was to determine the hemodynamic effects of epidural ketamine administered during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. Study Design —Prospective, single-dose trial. Animals —Six healthy dogs (five males, one female) weighing 25.3 ± 3.88 kg. Methods —Once anesthesia was induced, dogs were maintained at 1.5 times the predetermined, individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane. Dogs were instrumented and allowed to stabilize for 30 minutes before baseline measurements were recorded. Injection of 2 mg/kg of ketamine in 1 mL saline/4.5 kg body weight was then performed at the lumbosacral epidural space. Hemodynamic data were recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes after epidural ketamine injection. Statistical analysis included an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures over time. All data were compared with baseline values. A P < .05 was considered significant. Results —Baseline values ±standard error of the mean (X ± SEM) for heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, and rate-pressure product were 108 ± 6 beats/min, 85 ± 10 mm Hg, 10 ± 2 mm Hg, 3 ± 1 mm Hg, 5 ± 2 mm Hg, 2.3 ± 0.3 L/min/m2, 21.4 ± 1.9 mL/beat/m2, 3386 ± 350 dynes/sec/cm5, 240 ± 37 dynes/sec/cm5, and 12376 ± 1988 beats/min±mm Hg. No significant differences were detected from baseline values at any time after ketamine injection. Conclusions —The epidural injection of 2 mg/kg of ketamine is associated with minimal hemodynamic effects during isoflurane anesthesia. Clinical Relevance —These results suggest that if epidural ketamine is used for analgesia in dogs, it will induce minimal changes in cardiovascular function.  相似文献   

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