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1.
Of 100 critically ill dogs and cats, 49 (39 dogs, 10 cats) had bacteremia. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common isolates from the bloodstream of dogs with bacteremia (46%), and gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 36% and 31% of positive cultures, respectively; 15% of positive cultures were polymicrobial. In cats, gram-negative bacilli (especially Salmonella enteritidis) and anaerobic bacteria were the most common isolates, and 30% of positive cultures were polymicrobial. Gram-positive cocci were not isolated from the blood-stream of cats. Odds ratios, adjusted for the combined effects of disease status (severe vs nonsevere), results of bacterial culture of blood result (positive vs negative), and species (dog vs cat) were calculated for mortality in animals in the study. In animals with bacteremia, severe disease increased the risk of death 11.6-fold, compared with the risk in animals with nonsevere disease. Bacteremia increased mortality 10-fold in animals with severe disease, compared with mortality in animals with severe disease without bacteremia. Animals with severe disease and bacteremia were 15.6 times more likely to die than were those with nonsevere disease and negative culture results. In animals with nonsevere disease, culture results (positive vs negative) were not related significantly to mortality. Disease status (severe vs nonsevere) in animals without bacteremia also was not significantly related to mortality. There was no significant difference in overall mortality in dogs, compared with that in cats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine existence of portal and systemic bacteremia in dogs with induced severe hepatic disease, compared with clinically normal dogs, before and after vena caval banding. ANIMALS: 6 control dogs and 10 dogs with induced severe hepatic disease and multiple portosystemic shunts (PSS). PROCEDURE: Dogs of the diseased group were given dimethylnitrosamine (2 mg/kg of body weight, PO) twice weekly until multiple PSS developed. Surgery was performed on dogs of both groups, and blood for baseline aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture was collected from catheters placed in the portal and hepatic veins and caudal vena cava. All dogs underwent vena caval banding, and blood for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture was collected from the portal and hepatic venous catheters at 120, 240, and 360 minutes after banding. RESULTS: Compared with control dogs (16% gram-positive and 84% gram-negative bacteria), diseased dogs had significantly higher percentage of gram-positive bacteria (42% of positive culture results, P < or = 0.01) and significantly lower percentage of gram-negative bacteria (58% of positive culture results, P < or = 0.01) isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated most frequently from dogs of both groups; more than 1 organism was isolated from 5 dogs of each group. Antimicrobial susceptibility included that to aminoglycosides (particularly amikacin), fluorinated quinolones, and imipenem. CONCLUSION: Portal and systemic, predominantly gram-negative, bacteremia is present in catheterized, clinically normal dogs and dogs with dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic disease and multiple PSS.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate retrospective data from 140 dogs and 39 cats with positive blood cultures that were presented to the Clinic for Small Animal Medicine in Munich from 1995 to 2004. METHODS: The identity of bacteria isolated from blood cultures of dogs and cats with bacteraemia was determined, and clinical and laboratory findings and outcome of animals with Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteraemia were compared. RESULTS: Sepsis was diagnosed in 81.7 per cent of dogs and 59.5 per cent of cats with bacteraemia. Escherichia coli was isolated in one third of the animals. Dogs with bacteraemia more often showed monocytosis and increased alkaline phosphatase activity, while in cats, hyperglycaemia was found more commonly. Dogs with Gram-negative bacteraemia had hypoalbuminaemia significantly more often than dogs with Gram-positive bacteraemia, while among the remaining parameters, there were no statistically significant differences. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Not all dogs and cats with a positive blood culture met the criteria for sepsis. Bacteraemia caused by Gram-positive versus Gram-negative bacteria cannot be distinguished based on clinical or laboratory parameters, and bacterial culture and susceptibility testing have to be performed for the right choice of antibiotic treatment.  相似文献   

4.
Objective — This study evaluates the efficacy of three perioperative warming protocols to improve control of body temperature in anesthetized dogs.
Study Design — A randomized controlled clinical trial.
Animals or Sample Population — Thirty-two client-owned dogs.
Methods — We prospectively studied dogs entering the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Teaching Hospital for orthopedic or dental procedures and assigned them to one of three perianes-thetic warming protocols. Group 1 (n = 10) had a single circulating warm water mattress applied over the trunk (single-trunk warming). Group 2 (n = 12) had two circulating warm water mattresses, one placed over and one under the trunk (double-trunk warming). Group 3 (n = 10) had warm circulating mattresses applied only around the feet and legs of all available limbs (peripheral warming). The warm water mattresses were prewarmed and maintained at 40°C (104°F) and applied immediately after induction of general anesthesia. All dogs had a layer of thick terry cloth toweling beneath and above the trunk. Body temperature measurements were recorded every 15 minutes for the first 2.5 hours of anesthesia.
Results — The lowest mean temperature for dogs in group 3 was 37.4 ± 0.2°C (99.5°F), compared with 36.4 ± 0.2°C (97.4°F) and 36.7 ± 0.2°C (98.0°F) in groups 1 and 2, respectively.
Conclusions — Dogs in the peripheral warming group maintained significantly higher core body temperatures than dogs in either trunk warming groups throughout the 2.5-hour study period.
Clinical Relevance — To maintain body heat in dogs during anesthesia, it is more effective to warm the feet and legs than to warm the trunk.  相似文献   

5.
Periodontal disease has been shown to be caused by bacteria. Periodontal inflammation results as the plaque bacteria change from a predominantly non-motile, Gram-positive, aerobic coccoid microbiotal flora to a more motile, Gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped flora. A review of the literature related to aerobic flora is included. The important effects of aerobic flora as well as their importance in contributing to periodontal disease development is reported.  相似文献   

6.
Background: Bacteremia in sick foals is associated with survival, but the association of bacteremia and diarrhea is not reported.
Hypothesis: Neonatal foals with diarrhea will commonly be bacteremic.
Animals: One hundred and thirty-three neonatal foals.
Methods: Records of all foals <30 days of age presenting with diarrhea between January 1990 and September 2007 were reviewed.
Results: Sixty-six of 133 foals (50%) were bacteremic at admission, with 75 isolates from the 66 samples. The blood culture from a further 18 foals (13.5%) grew coryneform bacteria. Nine foals (6.8%) had 2 or more organisms grown on blood culture. One foal had 5 different organisms, interpreted as contamination. Forty-eight foals (36%) had no growth on admission blood cultures. No cultures isolated fungal organisms. Excluding coryneform bacteria, 43 isolates (57%) were Gram-negative organisms and 32 isolates (43%) were Gram-positive organisms. The most common isolate was Enterococcus spp. (22 isolates, 29%), followed by Pantoea agglomerans (13 isolates, 17%). IgG concentration at admission was not associated with blood culture status. Blood culture status was not associated with survival to hospital discharge.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Bacteremia is common in neonatal foals with diarrhea. Decisions regarding antimicrobial selection should be made with these differences in mind.  相似文献   

7.
Background — Thrombocytopenia is a common disorder in dogs and development of an objective diagnostic assay to measure platelets newly released from bone marrow into the blood would provide a noninvasive way to predict megakaryocytopoiesis. Reticulated platelets are newly released platelets with increased concentrations of RNA that can be detected by flow cytometric analysis of blood stained with thiazole orange (TO).
Objectives — The goals of this study were to establish a reproducible method to quantitate reticulated platelets in dogs, to establish a reference interval for reticulated platelet percentages in healthy dogs, and to determine whether the percentage of reticulated platelets was nonspecifically increased in nonthrombocytopenic dogs with clinical disease.
Methods — Blood samples were obtained from healthy dogs and from nonthrombocytopenic dogs presented for a variety of disorders. An aliquot of whole blood was stained with TO and a phycoerythrin-labeled monoclonal antibody to platelet CD61, then analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results — The coefficients of variation were 7.8% to 15.6% (intra-assay precision) and 6.1% to 19.5% (interassay precision). Overnight storage for 18 to 26 hours, under variable conditions, resulted in an increase in the percentage of platelets staining with TO. The reference interval for reticulated platelets in the healthy control group was 0–4.3% (0–12,095/μL). No significant differences were found in the mean percentage of reticulated platelets or absolute concentration of reticulated platelets between control and affected dogs.
Conclusions — These studies demonstrate a reliable, noninvasive diagnostic assay for measurement of reticulated platelets in whole blood and provide a baseline for assessment of the clinical utility of the assay.  相似文献   

8.
Dogs with periodontitis were used to determine the efficacy of an oral regimen of clindamycin versus chlorhexidine acetate oral rinse in reducing the total number of bacteria and the incidence of bacteremia before and after dental scaling. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, isolated from blood and gingival swab cultures, were identified to genus using an automated system.  相似文献   

9.
Bacterial blood culture results of 292 privately owned cats presented to the Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich with signs of sepsis were evaluated retrospectively. Of the blood cultures, 23% were positive. In 88%, a single bacterial species was isolated. Of all bacterial isolates, 45% were Gram-positive, 43% were Gram-negative, and 12% were obligate anaerobes. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, obligate anaerobic species, Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species. Of the cats with positive blood cultures, 32% were pretreated with antibiotics. Of all bacterial isolates, 77% were susceptible to enrofloxacin, 69% to chloramphenicol, 67% to gentamicin, and 64% to amoxycillin clavulanic acid. Only enrofloxacin reached an in vitro efficacy of more than 70% against Gram-positive and more than 74% against Gram-negative bacteria.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Tooth brushing is considered a superior technique for reducing plaque accumulation. Chemical agents may be used to reduce plaque accumulation on tooth surfaces since many owners may not be willing or able to brush their dog's teeth. Following a professional teeth cleaning procedure, a dental gel containing chlorhexidine was applied in 11 dogs BID for 7-days, while 11 other dogs received a control dental gel applied in the same manner. Dogs in the treatment group had significantly less plaque accumulation during the trial period compared with dogs in the control group. The dental gel applied in the study reported here decreases plaque accumulation in the short-term and may be beneficial in reducing the severity of gingivitis and associated periodontal disease if provided on a long-term basis.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVES: To analyse antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria associated with ulcerative keratitis in dogs. METHODS: Bacteria isolated from 190 eyes with ulcerative keratitis were identified, and the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was studied. RESULTS: In total, 258 species of bacteria were isolated from the 190 eyes. Of the isolates, 78 per cent were Gram-positive and 28 per cent were Gram-negative bacteria. The most commonly isolated Gram-positive bacteria in dogs were Staphylococcus spp (49 per cent), Streptococcus spp (7 per cent) and Corynebacterium spp (7 per cent); while Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.6 per cent) and Escherichia coli (5.8 per cent) were the commonest Gram-negative pathogens. Resistance to commonly used ophthalmic antibiotics was seen in Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas and Escherichia species isolates. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Isolates from dogs with corneal ulcers in Taiwan may be resistant to several commonly used ophthalmic preparations. Ciprofloxacin showed good action against most isolates, with the notable exception of Streptococcus species. Chloramphenicol or cephalothin had the best in vitro action against the Streptococcus species isolates.  相似文献   

13.
Blood culture of the canine patient   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Blood for bacteriologic culture was obtained from 581 sick dogs. Of these, 134 (23%) were considered to have bacteremia. The conditions most frequently associated with bacteremia were malignant neoplasms and infections of the skeletal, cardiovascular, and urogenital systems. The most frequently isolated bacteria were members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and coagulase-positive staphylococci, in sum accounting for more than 50% of the 150 isolates. Most of the dogs with bacteremia had high proportions of immature neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, and monocytes in blood. Dogs with bacteremia and osteomyelitis due to staphylococci had normal hemograms. Blood from dogs with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacteria was more likely to have a high proportion of immature and segmented neutrophil leukocytes than was blood from dogs with bacteremia due to a gram-positive species. Toxic neutrophils were observed more often in blood obtained from patients with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacteria. The development of fever correlated with the bacteremic state regardless of the species of bacteria in the blood.  相似文献   

14.
Objective —To describe six dogs with congenital abnormalities involving the portal vein, caudal vena cava, or both.
Animals —Six client-owned dogs with congenital interruption of the portal vein or the caudal vena cava, or both.
Methods —Portal vein and caudal vena cava anatomy was evaluated by contrast radiography and visualization at surgery. Vascular casts or plastinated specimens were obtained in three animals.
Results —Portal blood shunted into the caudal vena cava in four dogs and the left hepatic vein in one. Two of these five dogs also had interruption of the caudal vena cava with continuation as azygous vein, as did an additional dog, in which the portal vein was normally formed. Portal vein interruption was present in 5 of 74 (6.8%) dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts evaluated at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the study period.
Conclusions —Serious malformations of the abdominal veins were present in more than 1 in 20 dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts.
Clinical Relevance —Veterinarians involved in diagnosis and surgery for portosystemic shunts should be aware of these potential malformations, and portal vein continuity should be evaluated in all dogs before attempting shunt attenuation.  相似文献   

15.
Periodontal disease is the most common acquired oral disease in cats. It starts with plaque accumulation and gingivitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of kibble and teeth brushing after professional dental cleaning. To this end, the ratio of facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria was determined, and the amount of plaque and tartar and the severity of gingivitis were measured. Eighty-eight cats with gingivitis and tartar were randomly divided into four groups and given different treatments after professional dental cleaning. The dental treatments were: group 1, cats were fed on small kibbles with mechanical cleaning qualities; group 2, cats were fed on small kibbles without mechanical cleaning qualities, and owners were instructed to brush the cats' teeth; group 3, cats were fed on large kibbles with mechanical cleaning qualities; and group 4, cats were fed on the same kibbles as group 2, but owners were not asked to brush their cats' teeth. A supragingival plaque sample was taken, and used for bacteriological analysis scores for tartar, plaque, and gingivitis were determined at the initial presentation and at 3 and 6 months after professional dental cleaning. Cats fed on the large kibbles with mechanical cleaning qualities (group 3) had significantly less gingivitis and tartar.  相似文献   

16.
Diagnosis of bacterial septicemia was confirmed by results of bacteriologic culture of antemortem blood samples and/or necropsy specimens obtained from 47 foals up to 8 days old. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from all 47 foals, and mixed infections with more than one organism were involved in 26 (55%). Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus spp, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequent isolates, infecting 55, 34, and 23% of foals, respectively. Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria were isolated only from foals with mixed infections with gram-negative organisms. Clostridium perfringens was the only anaerobe isolated. In 38 (81%) of 47 foals with confirmed septicemia, blood samples were culture-positive. Thirty-two septicemic foals subsequently died, allowing a comparison to be made between the species of bacteria isolated by culture of blood with those recovered by culture of internal organs at necropsy. Blood failed to yield any gram-negative organisms in 12 (37.5%) of 32 foals from which a gram-negative pathogen was isolated at necropsy. Forty-three percent of the gram-negative bacteria, including 59% of the E coli, and 10% of the gram-positive bacteria found in septicemic foals at necropsy were not detected earlier by results of bacteriologic culture of blood.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
Bacteria in blood cultures in 30 dogs undergoing high-speed dental scaling and tooth extraction were examined. One or more positive blood cultures were identified in 9 of 30 (30%) dogs. Pasteurella spp. were most frequently (5 dogs) isolated and were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and sul-famethoxazole with trimethoprim. Twg groups of 15 dogs each, anesthetized or sedated but not undergoing dental procedures, served as non-dentistry controls. There were no significant (p < .05) differences between the number of positive cultures in dentistry and non-dentistry groups. In healthy dogs undergoing high-speed dental scaling and tooth extraction, the occurrence of bacteria in blood cultures was much lower than previously reported. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures was uncertain.  相似文献   

19.
Objective — The purpose of this study was to describe four dogs with intestinal entrapment and strangulation caused by a rupture of the duodenocolic ligament.
Study Design — This case series documents historical findings, physical examination findings, diagnostic workup, surgical intervention, and outcome of four dogs confirmed at surgery with duodenocolic ligament rupture.
Results — Three of four dogs were German shepherds, and two of three German shepherds were intact males. The history, clinical signs, and physical examination findings were not specific for intestinal entrapment. The clinical signs in three of four dogs included chronic vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and lethargy. In the remaining dog, the clinical signs were vomiting and peracute collapse. This dog rapidly deteriorated over a few hours because of strangulation of the entrapped intestines. In two of four dogs, abdominal radiographs showed a distended colon displaced to the right side of the abdominal cavity. Surgery involved transection of the remaining ventral remnant of the duodenocolic ligament and replacing the colon into its normal anatomic position. The three dogs with chronic clinical signs were either still alive, or were euthanatized for unrelated problems. The dog with strangulation of the entrapped intestines was euthanatized at the time of surgery.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance — Duodenocolic ligament rupture with secondary bowel entrapment can occur in dogs. The prognosis for these animals is favorable provided there is no vascular compromise of the entrapped bowel segments. The peracute history, progression of the disease process, and outcome of the fourth dog in this study indicate that surgery should be performed as an emergency procedure.  相似文献   

20.
Bacterial infections of the jaws are a common cause of death in macropods. Lesions and oral cavities from 50 affected animals yielded wide ranges of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. The most frequent isolate from lesions (81%) was Fusobacterium necrophorum, generally combined with other bacteria, but in 5 lesions, in pure culture. It was also isolated from 61% of mouths and this was the chief difference between the oral flora of affected and normal macropods. Other groups of organisms isolated from over 50% of lesions were: Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic rods, streptococci, and anaerobic Gram-positive cocci. Actinomycetes were isolated from 29% of lesions and from one lesion in pure culture. Differences in the flora were detected between lesions in bone and soft tissue and between closed and open lesions. Antibiotics were given to 22 animals, but without significant differences in frequencies of isolation of organisms between treated and untreated groups, and with no permanent elimination of infection. It was concluded that, while different organisms might be present in the complex of “jaw disease”, the pathogenic agent in the majority of cases was F. necrophorum. Actinomycetes were capable of producing lesions in bone, but their role in “jaw disease” remains undefined.  相似文献   

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