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1.
由于饲料中多种霉菌毒素并存的几率比较高，本研究以仔猪肠上皮细胞（IPEC-J2）为模型，研究黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）和呕吐毒素（DON）的叠加细胞毒性。细胞毒性试验选用AFB1、ZEA和DON三种毒素作为响应面Box-Behnke设计的三个因素，以AFB1：10、20、30 μg/L，ZEA：150、300、450 μg/L，DON：500、1000、1500 μg/L作为Box-Behnke设计的三个编码水平。利用响应面设计构建得到17组复合霉菌毒素组合，以其对IPEC-J2细胞活力的影响作为参考指标，得到对细胞损伤程度最高和最低的霉菌毒素添加比例。结果表明：经方程预测后，得到细胞活力最低（霉菌毒素毒性最高）的AFB1、ZEA和DON组合为30、150 μg/L和1500 μg/L，经测定细胞活力为32.32%|得到细胞活力最高（霉菌毒素毒性最低）的AFB1、ZEA和DON组合为10、150 μg/L和600 μg/L，经测定细胞活力为53.01%。该结果为多种霉菌毒素叠加毒性的研究提供了依据。 [关键词] IPEC-J2细胞|黄曲霉毒素B1|玉米赤霉烯酮|呕吐毒素|细胞毒性  相似文献   

2.
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are typically present in grain and feed ingredients used for animal feeds. An analytical method using LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed to quantify nine mycotoxins, consisting of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler feeds. In total, 100 samples of broiler feeds were collected from poultry farms in Central Thailand. The survey found that AFB1 and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins in the feed samples at percentages of 93% and 63%, respectively. The limit of detections (LODs) of investigated mycotoxins was 0.20–0.78 ng/g. AFB2, DON, AFG1, NIV and T-2 toxin were also detectable at low contamination levels with percentages of 20%, 9%, 7%, 5% and 1%, respectively, whereas OTA and AFG2 were not detected in any of the feed samples. These results suggest that there is a very low level of risk of the exposure to mycotoxins in feeds obtained from broiler farms in Central Thailand.  相似文献   

3.

Background

The current study was carried out to provide a reference for the control of mycotoxin contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds for swine.

Methods

A total of 55 feed ingredients, including 14 corn, 13 wheat bran, 11 soybean meal and 17 dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as well as 76 complete swine feeds including 7 creep feeds, 14 starter feeds, 14 grower feeds, 18 grower-finisher feeds, 10 gestating sow feeds, and 13 lactating sow feeds were randomly collected from 15 swine farms located in the Beijing region of China from July to August 2011. Immunoaffinity clean-up, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in combination with UV or Fluorescence Detection, was used for quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the ingredients and complete feeds.

Results

DON and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins found. DON was detected at percentages of 93, 92, 54, 100 and 97% with a mean level of 1.01, 0.44, 0.05, 1.36 and 0.65 ppm in the samples of corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, DDGS and complete feeds, respectively. The detected percentages of ZEA were 100, 100, 54, 100 and 100 with mean levels of 109.1, 14.9, 9.2, 882.7 and 58.9 ppb in the same samples. In the wheat bran and soybean meal samples, the content of all four mycotoxins were below the maximum limits set by Chinese regulations while the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 7, 57 and 7% for corn, and 7, 14 and 3% for the complete feeds for AFB1, DON and OTA respectively. DDGS showed the most serious mycotoxin contamination and the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 6, 88 and 41%, for AFB1, DON and ZEA, respectively.

Conclusions

This paper is the first to present data on the natural occurrence of AFB1, DON, ZEA and OTA in ingredients and complete feeds obtained from swine farms in China’s Beijing region. The data shows that feed ingredients and complete swine feeds obtained from these farms are most often contaminated with DON followed by contamination with AFB1 and ZEA.  相似文献   

4.
To analyze the effects of ZEA or/and DON on the immunologic function,CTLL-2 cell was used as experimental materials. After exposing the CTLL-2 cell to different concentrations of ZEA (0,5,10,20 μg/mL),DON (0,0.5,1,2 μg/mL) and ZEA+DON (blank group,5 μg/mL ZEA,0.5 μg/mL DON,5 μg/mL ZEA+0.5 μg/mL DON) for 48 h,the concentration of GZMB,PFP,IFN-γ and TNF-α in CTLL-2 cell and supernatant fluid were detected by ELISA method. The result showed that DON and ZEA could reduce the concentration of PFP,GZMB and IFN-γ in the CTLL-2 cells and the culture supernatant fluids,and increase the concentration of TNF-α. The intoxicated group had significant or extremely significant difference compared to control group (P <0.05;P <0.01),which showed the dose effect. The group exposed to the combined of ZEA and DON showed an additive effect. The result indicated that ZEA,DON and the two combined could reduce the killing activity of immunological cell by affecting the secretion of immunological cytokines, and indirectly affect the negative feedback regulation of humoral immunity and cellular immunity,which led to the decline of immune function in animals.  相似文献   

5.
为研究镰刀菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）及其联合作用对动物免疫功能的影响,试验以CTLL-2细胞（细胞毒性T淋巴细胞株）为材料,用不同浓度的ZEA （0、5、10、20 μg/mL）、DON （0、0.5、1、2 μg/mL）及联合（空白组、5 μg/mL ZEA、0.5 μg/mL DON、5 μg/mL ZEA＋0.5 μg/mL DON）处理CTLL-2细胞48 h,采用ELISA法检测了细胞内及培养上清液中颗粒酶B （GZMB）、穿孔素（PFP）、干扰素γ（IFN-γ）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）等细胞因子的含量。结果显示,ZEA、DON能够降低CTLL-2细胞胞内及培养上清液中PFP、GZMB、IFN-γ的浓度,增加TNF-α浓度,染毒组与对照组相比均有显著或极显著差异（P＜0.05;P＜0.01）,且均呈剂量效应关系;ZEA、DON联合染毒表现为加性效应。结果表明,ZEA、DON及其联合作用可通过影响免疫细胞因子的分泌,降低免疫细胞杀伤活力,间接影响机体体液免疫和细胞免疫的负调节,从而导致动物机体免疫机能下降。  相似文献   

6.
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, a secondary metabolite produced by mould fungi belonging to several Aspergillus and Penicillium species. It is formed during the storage of cereal grains and other plant-derived products. OTA ingested by humans and animals with the food or feed may exert deleterious effects on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ochratoxin contamination of the most important potential sources of OTA. The OTA content of cereal samples for human consumption (36 baking wheat, 16 wheat flour and 6 maize coarse meal samples) and feed grain samples (30 feeding wheat, 32 feeding maize and 20 feeding barley samples) collected in the mid-phase or at the end of the storage period and of 50 commercial coffee samples was determined. The analyses were performed by immunoaffinity column--high-performance liquid chromatography (IAC-HPLC). The limit of detection of the method was 0.1 ng/g. Of the wheat samples intended for human consumption, 8.3% contained OTA at 0.29 ng/g on the average (OTA ranges: 0.12-0.5 ng/g; Table 2). The OTA contamination of wheat flour and maize meal samples for human consumption was similar to that of the baking wheat samples. OTA contamination was found in 26.7% of the feeding wheat, 15.6% of the feeding maize and 35% of the feeding barley samples. The average values and the ranges of OTA levels found in the above samples were 12.2 and 0.3-62.8 ng/g, 4.9 and 1.9-8.3 ng/g, and 72 and 0.14-212 ng/g, respectively (Table 3). Sixty-six percent of the coffee samples were contaminated with OA (average level: 0.57 ng/g, ranges: 0.17-1.3 ng/g; Table 4). OTA contamination of baking wheat samples was found to be relatively low, presumably as a result of the favourable weather at harvest and the optimal storage conditions. Calculations made on the basis of the obtained results show that the daily OTA intake of an adult human from edible cereals is only 6.7 ng, while the amount taken up with coffee is 4.1 ng daily. The high prevalence and high levels of OTA contamination in feed grains can be explained by the unfavourable storage conditions, and this finding suggests that OA-related health problems may arise in animals, and that foods of animal origin may be contaminated with this mycotoxin.  相似文献   

7.
本试验旨在研究脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)与玉米赤霉烯酮与(ZEA)联合暴露对体外培养鸡脾脏淋巴细胞内环境稳态的影响。分别以0.012 50μg/mL DON+0.006 25μg/mL ZEA、0.050μg/mL DON+0.025μg/mL ZEA、0.2μg/mL DON+0.1μg/mL ZEA、0.8μg/mL DON+0.4μg/mL ZEA对体外培养鸡脾脏淋巴细胞进行联合暴露培养,48 h后测定细胞膜ATP酶(Ca~(2+)-ATP酶、Na~+/K~+-ATP酶)活性以及细胞内pH、Ca~(2+)水平和钙调蛋白(CaM)的mRNA表达水平。同时设不添加毒素的空白对照组。结果表明:添加毒素的各试验组间,细胞内Ca~(2+)水平、CaM mRNA表达水平随毒素浓度的升高而增加,且添加毒素的各试验组均显著或极显著高于空白对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。细胞内pH以及细胞膜Ca~(2+)-ATP酶与Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性均随毒素浓度的升高而降低,且添加毒素的各试验组均显著或极显著低于空白对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。由此得出,DON、ZEA联合暴露导致体外培养鸡脾脏淋巴细胞内酸化、离子平衡失调等一系列细胞内环境稳态失衡,且呈剂量依赖性。  相似文献   

8.
霉菌毒素是真菌产生的有毒的二级代谢产物,经常在奶牛饲料及其原料中发现。最常见的霉菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素（AF）、伏马菌素（FB）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、T-2毒素和赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）。当饲料中霉菌毒素的浓度超过一定水平时,会导致奶牛发生免疫抑制、肝肾毒性、繁殖障碍等诸多健康问题。奶牛饲料原料在生长、收获、加工和储藏过程中不可避免受到霉菌毒素的污染,应用脱毒方法是预防霉菌毒素危害奶牛健康的关键控制点。物理、化学和生物脱毒是实现霉菌毒素脱毒的常见技术措施。其中,物理吸附和生物降解脱毒具有安全、绿色、去除率高、不破坏饲料营养物质等诸多优势,是国内外研究的重点和方向。本文主要介绍了奶牛饲料中常见霉菌毒素的生物特性、致病机理及其对奶牛的危害和物理、化学、生物脱毒方法,为防控霉菌毒素污染,实现健康养殖提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
A total of 53, 54, 57, 52 and 60 wheat samples for feed use were collected randomly after the 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 crops, respectively, from farms in an area of southwest Germany. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-, 15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) were determined by gas chromatography, combined with mass selective detection (GC-MS), zearalenone (ZEA), alpha- and beta-zearalenol (alpha-beta-ZOL) were determined by HPLC. DON was the major toxin, with incidences at 77 to 93% and mean contents at 167 to 735 micrograms/kg. In contrast, incidences of ZEA, 3-ADON, NIV, HT-2, and T-2 were at 13 to 37%, 10 to 44%, 15 to 67%, 0 to 11%, and 0 to 12%, respectively, with mean contents in positive samples between 2 and 73 micrograms/kg, except for 948 micrograms/kg 3-ADON in samples from 1993. 15-ADON and FUS-X were assayed in samples from 1991, 1992 and 1993. 15-ADON was found in 0 to 11% of samples at mean levels < or = 17 mu/kg, DAS, alpha- and beta-ZOL, and FUS-X were not detected in any sample. Over the years, incidences and levels of toxins remained constant, decreased or increased, with most differences between years being slight and insignificant. The risk for livestock due to DON, HT-2 and ZEA was estimated based on maximum tolerated levels recommended for these toxins in some countries.  相似文献   

10.
【目的】 了解广西地区不同饲养模式下不同季节水牛奶霉菌毒素污染状况。【方法】 随机采集2020年10-11月（秋季）和2021年4月（春季）每季3种饲养模式（规模化、养殖合作社或养殖小区、散养）原料水牛奶样品各8个,共计48个样品,利用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定水牛奶的霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素M1（AFM1）、赭曲霉毒素A （OTA）、HT-2毒素（HT-2）、T-2毒素（T-2）、α-玉米赤霉烯醇（α-ZEL）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON））污染状况。【结果】 在48个样品中,有16个样品（33.33%）检测出AFM1,养殖合作社或养殖小区模式检出率最高（43.75%）,散养模式检出率最低（18.75%）。检出样品的AFM1含量均低于中国的国家限量标准0.5 μg/kg,其中2个样品（4.17%）超过欧盟限量标准（0.05 μg/kg）。原料水牛奶中HT-2、T-2、α-ZEL、ZEN和DON的成人每日最大容许摄入量（PMTDI）均远低于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的食品添加剂联合专家委员（JECFA）设定值,原料水牛奶中OTA的成人每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）也低于JECFA设定值,且OTA含量均低于欧盟限量标准（<2 ng/mL）。与养殖合作社或养殖小区模式相比,散养和规模化模式生产的原料水牛奶中HT-2含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。规模化模式生产的原料水牛奶T-2含量显著低于散养模式（P<0.05）。原料水牛奶中秋季AFM1平均含量和超欧洲限量标准率高于春季,但春季AFM1的检出率高于秋季;3种饲养模式中,春秋两季散养模式样品中AFM1检出率均最低;秋季各养殖模式原料水牛奶中OTA和DON的平均含量均高于春季。【结论】 目前广西地区原料水牛奶质量在安全范围（AFM1含量低于0.5 μg/kg,HT-2、T-2、α-ZEL、ZEN和DON的成人PMTDI及OTA的成人PTWI均低于JECFA设定值）,但多种霉菌毒素在水牛奶中均有检出,污染风险仍应引起人们的警惕。  相似文献   

11.
To test the complex, acute biochemical effects of combined, naturally co‐occurring fusariotoxins, a 5‐day rat study was performed. Mycotoxin treatment was invented by intraperitoneal injection: FB1 (F): 9 µg/animal/day (approx. 30 µg/kg bw/day), DON (D): 16.5 µg/animal/day (approx. 55 µg/kg bw/day) and ZEN (Z): 12.75 µg/animal/day (approx. 42.5 µg/kg bw/day). The binary groups (FB1 and DON [FD], FB1 and ZEN [FZ] and DON and ZEN [DZ]) as well as the ternary (FB1, DON and ZEN [FDZ]) group were dosed at the same combined level as the individual mycotoxins. Body weight, feed intake and mortality were not affected by any of the treatments. FB1 and DON in combination (FD) increased the plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity synergistically (compared to the individual FB1 and DON). In the liver, both the total glutathione (GSH) and the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were increased (p < 0.05) by the binary FB1 and ZEN (FZ) and the DON and ZEN (DZ) groups as well as the ternary FB1, DON and ZEA group (FDZ) compared to the control. The GSH level of the ternary group was significantly increased compared to the FB1 group, whereas the GPx activity of the ternary group was significantly increased compared to all three the individual mycotoxin groups. The Bliss independence method revealed synergism between DON and ZEN (DZ), as well as FB1 and DON (FD) on liver GPx activity. None of the toxins alone or in combination exerted strong genotoxicity on lymphocytes, neither on the gross histopathological characteristics. However, even at these low levels acute exposure of more than one of these mycotoxins (FB1, DON and ZEN) affected metabolic and detoxification changes.  相似文献   

12.
The contamination of cereal grains with toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, mycotoxins, is a permanent challenge in animal nutrition as health and performance of the animals may be compromised as well as the quality of animal derived food. Therefore the present article reviews the issue of mycotoxins in animal nutrition. As the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) are of particular importance under the production conditions in central Europe and Germany, with respect to their frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations, special emphasis is layed on those mycotoxins. The effects of DON and ZON on susceptible animals as well as management strategies to cope with the contamination of grain with those toxins are reviewed.  相似文献   

13.
The aim of the present study was to determine the mycobiota and natural levels of mycotoxins such as zearalenone, fumonisin B1, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A present in raw materials and finished fattening pig feed. Samples were examined for total fungi and genera distribution. Zearalenone, FB1, AFB1 and OTA contamination were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Milled maize and finished feed samples showed fungal contamination over than 1 × 104 CFU/g. All samples contained at least one of the main mycotoxigenic genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. A. flavus and F. verticillioides were the most prevalent species. Only some Aspergillus section Nigri strains from suckling pig to growing pig samples were able to produce OTA. A. flavus strains from milled maize, wheat bran, suckling pig to growing pig samples were able to produce AFB1. All samples were positive for FB1. Sucking pig, piglet, growing and boar feed samples showed ZEA natural contamination. AFB1 and OTA contamination were not detected. There was a 100% correlation between FB1 and ZEA contamination in sucking pig, piglet, growing and boar feed samples; 50% piglet samples and 67% suckling pig samples showed ZEA levels over the recommended limits. The present study has shown the occurrence of two mycotoxins, FB1 and ZEA in feed intended for fattening pig consumption. In animal production, the simultaneous presence of toxicogenic fungi and low dietary levels of mycotoxins in field conditions can cause possible health impacts and lost performance in pigs from feeding spoiled feeds.  相似文献   

14.
本研究旨在采用免疫亲和柱高效液相色谱法测定北京地区猪场饲料及饲料原料中赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的含量,以了解北京地区饲料中OTA污染情况。试验抽样采集北京市昌平区、大兴区、延庆区、平谷区、顺义区5个区县15个猪场131份饲料样[玉米14份、豆粕11份、麸皮13份、干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)17份、猪全价配合饲料76份]进行OTA含量的测定。结果表明:玉米、豆粕、麸皮和DDGS中OTA的检出率分别为92.86%、63.64%、76.92%和100.00%,平均含量分别为22.12、10.81、7.78和22.46μg/kg,仅发现玉米中OTA含量超标,超标率为7.14%。乳猪料、仔猪料、中猪料、大猪料、怀孕母猪料和哺乳母猪料中OTA的检出率分别为100.00%、85.70%、85.70%、94.44%、90.00%和100.00%,平均含量分别为4.39、15.74、11.66、13.07、47.75和15.40μg/kg,仅发现怀孕母猪料中OTA含量超标,超标率为20.00%,其他配合饲料中OTA含量均较低。综上所述,不同饲料或饲料原料中OTA含量存在差异,本调研结果发现玉米和怀孕母猪料中OTA含量部分超标,其他猪全价配合饲料及饲料原料中OTA含量均未超标。  相似文献   

15.
为了解青海省部分地区猪饲料中霉菌毒素的污染情况,应用ELISA方法对2012年采集的青海省部分地区205份猪饲料样品进行了赭曲霉毒素A （OTA）、黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、呕吐毒素（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZON）的检测与分析.结果表明.156份商品化饲料中,OTA、AFB1、DON、ZON阳性率分别为7.05％、16.03％、83.33％和69.87％,49份自制饲料中,OTA、AFB1、DON、ZON阳性率分别为6.12％、28.57％、85.71％和73.4％;156份商品化饲料中,总单污率为11.54％,总混污率为79.49％,在49份自制饲料中,总单污率为8.16％,总混污率为91.84％;试验显示,青海省部分地区饲料中存在霉菌毒素的污染,且混合污染现象严重,同时自制饲料的污染程度较商品化饲料高.  相似文献   

16.
We evaluated the effects of short-term (up to 60 min) irradiation of corn silage with ultraviolet (UV) light (intensity: 1.5 mW/cm(2) at 254 nm UV-C wavelength), along with constant stirring of the silage, on the concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON), a major feed-contaminating mycotoxin, and those of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) and β-carotene (pro-vitamin A). The initial DON concentration in artificially contaminated silage was set at approximately 60 μg/g dry silage weight. After irradiation, the level of DON was decreased significantly (P<0.05) by approximately 13 μg/g (22%) on average at 30 min, and by 12 μg/g (21%) at 60 min. However, the concentrations of the vitamins remained relatively unaffected. Although further improvement is needed, short-term UV irradiation seems a promising on-farm method for reducing the level of DON in feedstuffs.  相似文献   

17.
呕吐毒素是饲料原料中最为常见，对畜禽健康危害最大的一种霉菌毒素，其给畜牧业生产造成极大经济损失。大量研究结果发现，动物肠道可能是呕吐毒素进入机体内产生毒理作用的重要靶器官，因此，呕吐毒素诱导的动物肠道健康损伤也成为目前的一个研究热点。本文结合近年来国内外相关研究进展，综述了饲料中呕吐毒素污染对畜禽肠道健康的影响与毒理机制，以及相关防治措施，为饲料生产及畜禽健康养殖提供一些参考。 [关键词] 饲料|呕吐毒素|畜禽|肠道健康  相似文献   

18.
本研究旨在了解我国西南地区肉禽配合饲料中霉菌毒素的污染分布规律。从西南地区(四川、重庆、贵州、广西和云南)不同规模饲料厂随机抽取100份肉禽(肉小鸭前期、肉仔鸡前期和肉仔鸡后期)配合饲料样品,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒初筛和高效液相色谱法复查测定样品中黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZON)、呕吐毒素(DON)和伏马毒素(FB)的含量。结果表明,肉禽配合饲料中AFB_1、DON、ZON和FB的检出率分别为89%、96%、85%和94.74%,AFB_1和ZON的超标率分别为18%和5%,而DON和FB无超标样品;不同地区的肉禽配合饲料中AFB_1、DON和ZON的平均含量之间存在差异,其中,肉禽配合饲料中AFB_1含量最高的是重庆(11.76μg/kg),DON含量最高的是四川(1.23 mg/kg),ZON含量最高的是云南(0.26 mg/kg);不同品种的肉禽配合饲料中AFB_1含量由高到底依次是肉小鸭前期、肉仔鸡后期和肉仔鸡前期配合饲料,DON和FB含量最高的是肉仔鸡前期配合饲料,而ZON含量最高的是肉仔鸡后期配合饲料,不同品种肉禽配合饲料中4种霉菌毒素含量均差异不显著(P0.05);从不同规模饲料厂来看,大规模饲料厂(年产量10万t)的饲料产品的污染水平比小规模饲料厂(年产量2万~5万t)低,但是不同规模饲料厂肉禽配合饲料中4种霉菌毒素的含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,我国西南地区肉禽配合饲料普遍受到AFB_1、DON、ZON和FB的污染,其中AFB_1的超标率较高,4种霉菌毒素在不同地区、不同品种和不同饲料厂规模的饲料产品中的含量之间存在差异。  相似文献   

19.
The influence of pure OTA and an Aspergillus-ochraceus crude toxin on the intracellular expression and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha by the monocytic cell line THP-1 was studied in vitro. After 4 hours exposure, the secretion of TNF alpha was inhibited to 50% by pure OTA in a concentration of 400 ng/ml and by crude toxin in a concentration of 100 ng/ml. The same concentrations of mycotoxins impaired the mitochondrial activity of THP-1 cells only marginally. The intracellular expression of TNF alpha was not disturbed by pure OTA in the concentrations tested, whereas crude toxin showed an inhibitory effect. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Inclemency of weather frequently causes critical water contents in cereal grains above 15%. Ensiling in pre‐mature condition may be an alternative to other techniques of preservation. Aim of this study was to compare apparent total tract digestibility (Dt; barley, wheat, triticale, rye) of proximate nutrients and pre‐caecal digestibility (Dpc; barley, wheat) of amino acids (AA), respectively, from cereal grains in ensiled and almost dry condition. Moistly harvested cereal grains (67–73% dry matter) were milled through a 4‐mm sieve and ensiled with lactic acid bacteria (LAB, 3 × 105 colony forming units/g Lactobacillus plantarum DSMZ 8862 and 8866). To investigate Dt, two trials were conducted with six Mini‐Lewe pigs and four German Landrace pigs, respectively. Dpc of AA was determined using four German Landrace pigs with ileo‐rectal anastomosis. Dt of proximate nutrients did not differ between cereal grains and their silages, except for ether extract, which was more digestible in ensiled than dry wheat, triticale and rye (p < 0.05). Lysine content was lower in ensiled than dry barley and wheat. In barley, ensiling was accompanied by reduced Dpc of lysine and histidine (p < 0.05). In wheat, ensiling increased Dpc of lysine, methionine, threonine and leucin (p < 0.05). Ensiling of pre‐mature cereal grains with LAB can serve as a reasonable storage alternative. However, as limited data are yet available, further research is required to understand completely the impact of ensiling on nutritional value as indicated, for example, by the lysine content and the Dpc of certain AA.  相似文献   

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