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1.
This study aimed to investigate and compare the antagonistic effects of atipamezole, yohimbine, and prazosin on xylazine-induced diuresis in clinically normal cats. Five cats were repeatedly used in each of the 9 groups. One group was not medicated. Cats in the other groups received 2 mg/kg BW xylazine intramuscularly, and saline (as the control); 160 μg/kg BW prazosin; or 40, 160, or 480 μg/kg BW atipamezole or yohimbine intravenously 0.5 h later. Urine and blood samples were collected 10 times over 8 h. Urine volume, pH, and specific gravity; plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration; and creatinine, osmolality, and electrolyte values in both urine and plasma were measured. Both atipamezole and yohimbine antagonized xylazine-induced diuresis, but prazosin did not. The antidiuretic effect of atipamezole was more potent than that of yohimbine but not dose-dependent, in contrast to the effect of yohimbine at the tested doses. Both atipamezole and yohimbine reversed xylazine-induced decreases in both urine specific gravity and osmolality, and the increase in free water clearance. Glomerular filtration rate, osmolar clearance, and plasma electrolyte concentrations were not significantly altered. Antidiuresis of either atipamezole or yohimbine was not related to the area under the curve for AVP concentration, although the highest dose of both atipamezole and yohimbine increased plasma AVP concentration initially and temporarily, suggesting that this may in part influence antidiuretic effects of both agents. The diuretic effect of xylazine in cats may be mediated by α2-adrenoceptors but not α1-adrenoceptors. Atipamezole and yohimbine can be used as antagonistic agents against xylazine-induced diuresis in clinically normal cats.  相似文献   

2.
This study aimed to compare the antagonistic effects of atipamezole (40, 120, and 320 μg/kg, IM), yohimbine (110 μg/kg, IM), and saline on neurohormonal and metabolic responses induced by medetomidine (20 μg/kg, IM). Five beagle dogs were used in each of the 5 experimental groups in randomized order. Blood samples were taken for 6 h. Medetomidine significantly decreased norepinephrine, epinephrine, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acid levels, and increased plasma glucose levels. Both atipamezole and yohimbine antagonized these effects. The reversal effect of atipamezole was dose-dependency, except on epinephrine. Yohimbine caused prolonged increases in plasma norepinephrine and insulin levels compared to atipamezole, possibly because of its longer half-life elimination. Only yohimbine increased the cortisol levels. Neither glucagon nor lactate levels changed significantly. Based on these findings, when medetomidine-induced sedation is antagonized in dogs, we recommend using atipamezole IM, from 2- to 6-fold the dose of medetomidine, unless otherwise indicated.  相似文献   

3.
The effects of 2 different continuous rate infusions (CRIs) of medetomidine over an 8-hour period on sedation score, selected cardiopulmonary parameters, and serum levels of medetomidine were evaluated in 6 healthy, conscious dogs using a crossover study design. The treatment groups were: CONTROL = saline bolus followed by saline CRI; MED1 = 2 μg/kg body weight (BW) medetomidine loading dose followed by 1 μg/kg BW per hour CRI; and MED2 = 4 μg/kg BW medetomidine loading dose followed by 2 μg/kg BW per hour CRI. Sedation score (SS), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), temperature (TEMP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), arterial and mixed venous blood gas analyses, lactate, and plasma levels of medetomidine were evaluated at baseline, at various intervals during the infusion, and 2 h after terminating the infusion. Statistical analysis involved a repeated measures linear model. Both infusion rates of medetomidine-induced dose-dependent increases in SS and dose-dependent decreases in HR, SAP, MAP, and DAP were measured. Respiratory rate (RR), TEMP, central venous pH, central venous oxygen tension, and oxygen extraction ratio also decreased significantly in the MED2 group at certain time points. Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were not significantly affected by either infusion rate. In healthy dogs, both infusion rates of medetomidine-induced clinically relevant sedative effects, accompanied by typical alpha2 agonist-induced hemodynamic effects, which plateaued during the infusion and subsequently returned to baseline. While additional studies in unhealthy animals are required, the results presented here suggest that medetomidine infusions at the doses studied may be useful in canine patients requiring sedation for extended periods.  相似文献   

4.
Raekallio M., M. Hackzell and L. Eriksson: Influence of medetomidine on acid-base balance and urine excretion in goats. Acta vet. scand. 1994,35,283-288.– Seven goats were given medetomidine 5 μg/kg as an iv bolus injection. Venous blood samples were taken repeatedly and urine was collected continuously via a catheter up to 7h after the injection.Medetomidine caused deep clinical sedation. Base excess, pH and PCO2 in venous blood rose after medetomidine administration. There were no significant changes in plasma concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, creatinine or osmolality, whereas potassium and bicarbonate concentrations increased, and phosphate and chloride decreased. Medetomidine increased plasma glucose concentration, and in 4 of 7 goats glucose could also be detected in urine. Medetomidine did not influence urine flow rate, free water clearance, bicarbonate and phosphate excretion or pH, but renal chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and creatinine excretion were reduced.The results suggest that the metabolic alkalosis recorded after medetomidine administration is not caused by increased renal acid excretion.  相似文献   

5.
Renal effects of the selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, medetomidine, were investigated in anesthetized dogs. Animals were administered medetomidine 20 and 40 microg/kg intravenously (IV) and 80 mug/kg intramuscularly (IM) or 1 ml of saline IV. Urine and blood samples were collected before and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following medetomidine injection. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine volume (U(v)), urine osmolality (U(osm)), free water clearance (C(H2O)), fractional clearance of sodium (F(Na)), plasma osmolality (P(osm)), plasma glucose levels and plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentrations were measured. The results showed that IV administration of medetomidine initially increased MABP 5-15 min followed by long-lasting decrease. The initial hypertension was not observed after IM administration, which was accompanied by a more profound hypotensive effects. RBF, GFR, U(v), C(H2O) increased after IV injection and decreased after IM. Medetomidine increased FNa and Posm and decreased U(osm). Plasma glucose levels initially increased and subsequently decreased. Plasma ADH concentration was decreased by IV injection but increased by IM administration. Our data imply that: 1) IV administration of medetomidine at dose rates of 20 and 40 microg/kg results in profound diuresis up to 2 hr; 2) Suppression of ADH release from the CNS is one of the mechanisms of medetomidine-induced diuresis although it may not be the principal one.  相似文献   

6.
Antagonism of medetomidine sedation by atipamezole in pigs.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The efficacy of atipamezole as a medetomidine antagonist was evaluated in pigs. The atipamezole doses (intramuscularly) were 80, 160, 320 and 480 micrograms/kg of body weight, which were one, two, four and six times higher than the preceding medetomidine dose (80 micrograms/kg, intramuscularly). Atipamezole effectively reversed medetomidine-induced sedation, and the optimal action was seen at doses of 160 and 320 micrograms/kg. Recovery from sedation was quick and smooth, and adverse effects such as hyperactivity or tachycardia were minimal with either dose.  相似文献   

7.
The efficacy of atipamezole, a recently introduced alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, in reversing medetomidine-induced effects in dogs was investigated in a clinical study. Dogs from eight Finnish small-animal hospitals were sedated with a 40-microgram/kg dose of the alpha 2-agonist medetomidine i.m. In the first part of the study (n = 319), a randomized, double-blind design with respect to the dose of atipamezole (0, 80, 160 and 240 micrograms/kg i.m.) was used. In a separate study (n = 358), which was an open trial, the selected dose of atipamezole was 200 micrograms/kg i.m. Atipamezole at dose rates of 80-240 micrograms/kg rapidly and effectively reversed medetomidine-induced deep sedation-analgesia, recumbency and bradycardia. The median arousal time after atipamezole was 3-5 min, and walking time was 6-10 min compared to greater than 30 min for both effects after placebo. Heart rate also increased in a dose-related manner after atipamezole administration. The investigators' overall evaluation of the ability of atipamezole to reverse the effects of medetomidine was 'good' in 90%, and 'moderate' in 9% of cases. Relapse into sedation was reported in three individual cases. Side-effects were minimal. It is concluded that at doses four- to sixfold the medetomidine dose, atipamezole is a highly effective and safe agent in reversing medetomidine-induced sedation-analgesia, recumbency and bradycardia in dogs in veterinary practice.  相似文献   

8.
Effects of medetomidine on intestinal and colonic motility in the dog   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The motor responses of the jejunum and colon to stimulation of α2-adrenoceptors by medetomidine and clonidine were investigated in four dogs. In fasting dogs, medetomidine, at a dose rate of 30 μg/kg i.v., disrupted the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) pattern of the small intestine for about 2 h. Similar, but shorter-lasting effects were also induced by clonidine (30 μg/kg i.v.) on the jejunum. The administration of α2-agonists inhibited colonic motility in fasting dogs, although medetomidine-induced inhibition was preceded by a short period of increased muscle tone. All these effects were reversed by the α2-antagonists atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg i.v.) and yohimbine (0.20 mg/kg i.v.). In fed dogs, medetomidine (30 μg/kg i.v.) induced a strong increase of the tone on the proximal colon, while the activity of the medium and distal colon was completely suppressed. Yohimbine (0.50 mg/kg i.v.) immediately restored the activity of the colon and induced a propagated giant contraction and defaecation by the animal. These data confirm the importance of a2-adrenergic receptors in the control of intestinal and colonic motility in the dog.  相似文献   

9.
This study was aimed to investigate and compare the effects of medetomidine and xylazine on the blood level of some stress-related neurohormonal and metabolic variables in clinically normal dogs, especially focusing on time and dose relations of the effects. A total of 9 beagle dogs were used for 9 groups, which were treated with physiological saline solution (control), 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg/kg medetomidine, and 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg xylazine, intramuscularly. Blood samples were taken at 10 times during 24 h from a central venous catheter. Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, glucose, insulin, glucagon, and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were determined. Both medetomidine and xylazine similarly and dose-dependently inhibited norepinephrine release and lipolysis. Medetomidine suppressed epinephrine release dose-dependently with greater potency than xylazine. Xylazine also tended to decrease epinephrine levels dose-dependently. The cortisol and glucagon levels did not change significantly in any treatment group. Both drugs suppressed insulin secretion with similar potency. Both medetomidine and xylazine increased glucose levels. The hyperglycemic effect of medetomidine, in contrast with xylazine, was not dose-dependent at the tested dosages. The results suggested that the effect of medetomidine on glucose metabolism may not be due only to α2-adrenoceptor-mediated actions.  相似文献   

10.
The objectives of this trial were to determine the ability of atipamezole, 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine to reverse the anaesthetic effects of a combination of medetomidine and ketamine in cats. Forty healthy cats were anaesthetised with 80 micrograms/kg medetomidine combined with 5 mg/kg ketamine. Thirty minutes later atipamezole (200 or 500 micrograms/kg), 4-aminopyridine (500 or 1000 micrograms/kg) or yohimbine (250 or 500 micrograms/kg) were injected intramuscularly. The doses of antagonists were randomised, so that each dose was administered to five cats, and 10 cats were injected only with physiological saline. Atipamezole clearly reversed the anaesthesia and bradycardia induced by medetomidine and ketamine. The mean (+/- sd) arousal times were 28 (+/- 4.7), 5.8 (+/- 1.8) and 7 (+/- 2.1) minutes in the placebo group, and the groups receiving 200 and 500 micrograms/kg atipamezole, respectively. The heart rates of the cats receiving 200 micrograms/kg atipamezole rapidly returned to values close to the initial ones, but 15 minutes after the injection of 500 micrograms/kg atipamezole a significant tachycardia was observed. All the cats showed moderate signs of ataxia during the recovery period. A dose of 500 micrograms/kg yohimbine also clearly reversed the anaesthetic effects of medetomidine/ketamine but 250 micrograms/kg was not effective. The dose of 500 micrograms/kg allowed a smooth recovery with no particular side effects except for some signs of incomplete antagonism of the ketamine effects, ie, ataxia and muscular incoordination. With 4-aminopyridine there were no statistically significant effects on the recovery, or the heart and respiratory rates of the cats anaesthetised with medetomidine/ketamine.  相似文献   

11.
Studies were undertaken to determine maximal urine osmolality and urine specific gravity following water deprivation for 20 dogs with normal renal function. In addition, the reliability of body weight, skin pliability, total plasma protein concentration, and packed cell volume as indices of negative water balance was assessed. Following water deprivation for periods sufficient to induce dehydration, the mean maximal urine osmolality was 2,289 mOsm/kg. The corresponding mean maximal urine specific gravity was 1.062 and ranged from 1.050 to 1.076. The ratio of mean maximal urine osmolality to mean serum osmolality at the time of peak urine concentration was 7.3. There was no detectable difference in urine concentration indices between males and females. Changes in skin pliability and packed cell volume proved unreliable as estimates of dehydration. Weight loss and increases in total plasma protein concentration proved to be more consistent indicators of hydration status. Abnormal increases in serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations occurred rarely, even though some dogs had water withheld for periods of up to 96 hours.  相似文献   

12.
Effects of intravenous yohimbine and atipamezole on haemodynamics and electrocardiogram (ECG) were studied after lumbosacral subarachnoid administration of medetomidine in eight goats. All goats received lumbosacral subarachnoid medetomidine at a dosage of 0.01 mg/kg followed by yohimbine (0.25 mg/kg) or atipamezole (0.005 mg/kg) intravenously 45 min after administration of medetomidine, in a randomized crossover design, in right lateral recumbency keeping a gap of 1 week between each trial. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean central venous pressure (MCVP) and ECG were determined. Goats were observed for sedation and urination. All goats showed sedation and depression after medetomidine administration became alert within 2-5 min after reversal. Bradycardia and bradypnoea were the consistent findings after medetomidine injection. Tachycardia and tachypnoea were recorded within 2-5 min after reversal in both groups. A decrease in MAP and an increase in MCVP were seen after medetomidine administration in both groups. Effects of yohimbine and atipamezole on the reversal of MAP and MCVP were more or less the same and statistically non-significant (P > 0.05) in all animals. The ECG changes were non-significant (P > 0.05) in both groups. It is concluded that in the given dose rates both yohimbine (0.25 mg/kg) and atipamezole (0.005 mg/kg) produced equal reversal of the sedation, CNS depression, cardiopulmonary and ECG changes induced by subarachnoid administration of medetomidine in goats indicating that most of the actions of medetomidine were mediated via activation of alpha2-adrenergic receptors.  相似文献   

13.
The pharmacokinetics of two potent α2-adrenoceptor agents that can be used for immobilization (medetomidine) and reversal (atipamezole) of the sedation in mammals, were studied in three reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in winter and again in summer. Medetomidine (60 μg/kg) was injected intravenously (i.v.), followed by atipamezole (300 μg/kg) intravenously 60 min later. Drug concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC. The administration of atipamezole resulted in an immediate 2.5–3.5 fold increase in the medetomidine concentration in plasma. Clearance for medetomidine (median 19.3 mL/min·kg) was lower than clearance for atipamezole (median 31.0 mL/min·kg). The median elimination half-lives of medetomidine and atipamezole in plasma were 76.1 and 59.9 min, respectively. The animals became resedated 0.5–1 h after the reversal with atipamezole. Resedation may be explained by the longer elimination half-life of medetomidine compared to atipamezole.  相似文献   

14.
Two hundred and twelve dogs were treated either intravenously or intramuscularly with either dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in a randomised double-blinded multicentre clinical study during procedures such as dental care, radiography and otitis treatment. Sedative, analgesic and cardiorespiratory parameters and body temperature were assessed for three hours after the treatments. Approximately half the dogs were given atipamezole intramuscularly after the completion of the procedure, and the other dogs were allowed to recover spontaneously. Dexmedetomidine and medetomidine induced similar clinical effects, and the procedure was completed successfully in 97 per cent of cases. There were few adverse side effects, but they included prolonged sedation, hypothermia, apnoea and bradycardia; no adverse effects were observed after the administration of atipamezole, which effectively reversed all the clinical effects of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine.  相似文献   

15.
Medetomidine is the most potent and selective alpha2-agonist used in veterinary medicine and its effects can be antagonized by the alpha2-antagonist atipamezole. The pharmacokinetics of medetomidine and atipamezole were studied in a cross-over trial in eight lactating dairy cows. The animals were injected intravenously (i.v.) with medetomidine (40 microg/kg) followed by atipamezole i.v. (200 microg/kg) or saline i.v. after 60 min. Drug concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC. After the injection of atipamezole, the concentration of medetomidine in plasma increased slightly, the mean increment being 2.7 ng/mL and the mean duration 12.1 min. However, atipamezole did not alter the pharmacokinetics of medetomidine. It is likely that the increase in medetomidine concentration is caused by displacement of medetomidine by atipamezole in highly perfused tissues. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) for medetomidine followed by saline and medetomidine followed by atipamezole was 1.21 and 1.32 L/kg, respectively, whereas the total clearance (Cl) values were 24.2 and 25.8 mL/min x kg. Vss and Cl values for atipamezole were 1.77 mL/kg and 48.1 mL/min x kg, respectively. Clinically, medetomidine significantly reduced heart rate and increased rectal temperature for 45 min. Atipamezole reversed the sedative effects of medetomidine. However, all the animals, except one, relapsed into sedation at an average of 80 min after injection of the antagonist.  相似文献   

16.
An investigation was made to determine the effects of water deprivation induced dehydration on changes in urine specific gravity (Usg) and urine osmolality (Uosm) in 6 horses with normal renal function. In addition, the effects of dehydration on serum and urine urea nitrogen, creatinine and various electrolytes as well as the effects of dehydration on acid-base status were studied.Following water deprivation sufficient to produce 12–15% decrease in body weight, 95% of the normal horses should have a Usg of at least 1.042, a Uosm of 1310 mOsmg/kg and a urine osmolality/serum osmolality ratio of 4.14.After 72 hours of water deprivation, the mean weight loss was 13.5% of previous body weight. Serum and urine urea nitrogen concentrations increased by 68% and 130%, respectively, while plasma sodium and chloride concentrations increased by 10% and 14%, respectively. In contrast, urine chloride and calcium concentrations decreased by 90.8% and 52.5%, respectively. There was little change in plasma potassium, phosphorus or calcium concentrations. Urine sodium and potassium concentrations increased initially but were near normal after 72 hours of water deprivation. Azotemia developed and was considered to be of extrarenal origin on the basis of normal routine urinalysis and renal clearance ratio of sodium.  相似文献   

17.
The efficacy of atipamezole to reverse medetomidine induced effects in cats was investigated in a clinical study (n=160) including placebo. The atipamezole doses (intramuscularly) were two, four and six times (2X, 4X and 6X) the preceding medetomidine dose, which was 100 ug/kg body weight intramuscularly. Medetomidine was shown to produce moderate to deep sedation, recumbency and bradycardia in cat. Atipamezole was clearly able to reverse these effects of medetomidine. The median arousal time in the atipamezole dose groups was five minutes and walking time, 10 minutes, compared with more than 30 minutes in the placebo group. Heart rate was increased towards normal by atipamezole in a dose related manner. The clinical evaluation of the ability of atipamezole to reverse the effects of medetomidine was found to be ‘good’ in 82-5, 75 or 65 per cent of cases in dose groups 2X, 4X and 6X, respectively. The effect of atipamezole was evaluated as being ‘too potent’ in 2–5, 5 or 25 per cent of the cases in these respective groups. The incidence of side effects was negligible. In conclusion, atipamezole at the dose of two to four times the preceding dose of medetomidine seems to be an effective medetomidine antagonist for clinical use in cats.  相似文献   

18.
Ten nesting leatherback sea turtles on Trinidad were anaesthetised for electroretinogram (ERG) measurements, using ketamine and medetomidine, reversed with atipamezole. They weighed 242 to 324 kg and were given initial doses of 3 to 8 mg/kg ketamine and 30 to 80 microg/kg medetomidine administered into an external jugular vein; six of the turtles received supplementary doses of 2.6 to 3.9 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0 to 39 microg/kg medetomidine. The lower doses were used initially to ensure against overdosage and reduce the chances of residual effects after the turtles returned to the water, but successful ergs called for step-wise dose increases to the required level of anaesthesia. Respiratory rate, heart rate, electrocardiogram, cloacal temperature, and venous blood gases were monitored, and blood was collected for plasma biochemistry. At the end of the erg procedure, atipamezole was administered at 150 to 420 microg/kg (five times the dose of medetomidine), half intramuscularly and half intravascularly. The turtles were monitored and prevented from re-entering the water until their behaviour was normal. No apparent mortalities or serious anaesthetic complications occurred. The observed within-season return nesting rate of the anaesthetised turtles was comparable with that of unanaesthetised turtles.  相似文献   

19.
Medetomidine/ketamine sedation in calves and its reversal with atipamezole   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Atipamezole was used to reverse the sedation induced in calves by medetomidine/ketamine. Thirteen claves subjected to umbilical surgery received medetomidine 20 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt) and ketamine 0.5 mg/kg bwt intravenously (iv) from a mixture of the drugs in one syringe. Atipamezole was given at doses of 20 to 60 μg/kg iv and intramuscularly (im) to the calves at the end of the operation. Following the administration of medetomidine and ketamine, PaCO2 increased whereas pH, PaO2 and heart rate decreased. Reversing the effects of medetomidine with atipamezole did not cause undesirable effects; recovery was rapid and smooth, most of the animals reached a standing position within 1 to 3 mins after the atipamezole injection.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardio-respiratory effects of the combination of medetomidine and thiopentone followed by reversal with atipamezole as a combination for anaesthesia in 10 healthy German Shepherd dogs breathing spontaneously in a room at an altitude of 1486 m above sea level with an ambient air pressure of 651 mmHg. After the placement of intravenous and intra-arterial catheters, baseline samples were collected. Medetomidine (0.010 mg/kg) was administered intravenously and blood pressure and heart rate were recorded every minute for 5 minutes. Thiopentone was then slowly administered until intubation conditions were ideal. An endotracheal tube was placed and the dogs breathed room air spontaneously. Blood pressure, pulse oximetry, respiratory and heart rate, capnography, blood gas analysis and arterial lactate were performed or recorded every 10 minutes for the duration of the trial. Thiopentone was administered to maintain anaesthesia. After 60 minutes, atipamezole (0.025 mg/kg) was given intramuscularly. Data were recorded for the next 30 minutes. A dose of 8.7 mg/kg of thiopentone was required to anaesthetise the dogs after the administration of 0.010 mg/kg of medetomidine. Heart rate decreased from 96.7 at baseline to 38.5 5 minutes after the administration of medetomidine (P < 0.05). Heart rate then increased with the administration of thiopentone to 103.2 (P < 0.05). Blood pressure increased from 169.4/86.2 mmHg to 253.2/143.0 mmHg 5 minutes after the administration of medetomidine (P < 0.05). Blood pressure then slowly returned towards normal. Heart rate and blood pressure returned to baseline values after the administration of atipamezole. Arterial oxygen tension decreased from baseline levels (84.1 mmHg) to 57.8 mmHg after the administration of medetomidine and thiopentone (P < 0.05). This was accompanied by arterial desaturation from 94.7 to 79.7% (P < 0.05). A decrease in respiratory rate from 71.8 bpm to 12.2 bpm was seen during the same period. Respiratory rates slowly increased over the next hour to 27.0 bpm and a further increases 51.4 bpm after the administration of atipamezole was seen (P < 0.05). This was maintained until the end of the observation period. Arterial oxygen tension slowly returned towards normal over the observation period. No significant changes in blood lactate were seen. No correlation was found between arterial saturation as determined by blood gas analysis and pulse oximetry. Recovery after the administration of atipamezole was rapid (5.9 minutes). In healthy dogs, anaesthesia can be maintained with a combination of medetomidine and thiopentone, significant anaesthetic sparing effects have been noted and recovery from anaesthesia is not unduly delayed. Hypoxaemia may be problematic. Appropriate monitoring should be done and oxygen supplementation and ventilatory support should be available. A poor correlation between SpO2 and SaO2 and ETCO2 and PaCO2 was found.  相似文献   

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