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1.
M Stauffacher 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》1992,134(3):115-125
The Swiss Federal Act on Animal Protection (1978) requires the sale of mass-produced housing systems for farm animals to be authorized by the Federal Veterinary Office. Authorization is only granted for housing systems that safeguard the animals' welfare. A concept for the assessment of Animal Welfare has to provide a high forensic value. The capacity of farm animals to adapt to an intensive housing system can be directly examined, whereas the existence and extent of subjective feelings can only be assumed. In our concept the examination focuses on the interaction of individuals with their artificial environment. The main question is whether or not the individuals are able to cope with given nonspecific (e.g. temperature, humidity) and specific (e.g. drinking troughs, behaviour of conspecifics) stimuli in order to reach the immediate (e.g. drinking, make way for) and ultimate (survival, reproduction success) goals. Animals of the same breed are observed in a highly diverse environment in order to determine normal behaviour. Whether behavioural expressions which differ significantly from normal behaviour are adaptive to the restrictive housing conditions is judged by the behaviours' consequences for both, the individuals and the environment. Many studies prove the concept's high forensic value and the authorities prefer conclusions based on this concept to others referring to the animals' motivational and emotional state. However more research has to be done with respect to animal welfare in farm and laboratory animal breeding as well as in the use of laboratory animals for experimental studies. 相似文献
2.
M Stauffacher 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》1992,134(1):13-25
The process of behaviour ontogeny occurs epigenetically, i.e. from the interaction at any one time between phenotype, active genes and the environment within the range of the phylogenetically formed "Reaktionsnorm". Particularly during the post-embryonic stage, learning processes, such as habituation, classical and operant conditioning, imitation, perceptive learning and imprinting, will influence behaviour ontogeny. In view of the restrictive housing conditions of farm and laboratory animals and of neurophysiological findings it may be postulated etiologically speaking that abnormal behaviour should be attributed to a changed network and differentiation within the brain which may have occurred during early ontogeny (e.g. deprivation and missing or misdirected imprinting). In addition, behaviour disorders may result directly from a dysfunction at the level of information coordination. Animals strive without success to adapt to a rigid, unavoidable and artificial housing environment and as a result develop coping strategies which are maladaptive (e.g. stereotypies, learned helplessness). In order to prevent behaviour disorders, research into their origin is indispensable, as indeed is an examination of the ontogeny of normal behaviour. Only in this way can new housing systems be developed where in spite of restriction crucial stimuli may nevertheless be provided which will enable animals to develop and to breed without suffering harm. 相似文献
3.
Geret C Riond B Cattori V Meli M Hofmann-Lehmann R Lutz H 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》2011,153(4):157-164
Increased public awareness of the welfare and well-being of laboratory animals in biomedical research and related ethical considerations inspired us to review recent developments and recommendations for the care and housing of laboratory cats. The present review focuses on the practical requirements for maintaining domestic cats as laboratory animals - from the construction of animal shelters to the termination of an experiment. An excellent standard of housing and care will reduce the bias of experimental results due to stress. To provide cats with living conditions that best meet their natural physical requirements and permit natural social behaviour, laboratories should spare no effort to achieve high housing standards. Hence, the present report not only aims to be a practical reference for those who are involved in the care and husbandry of cats, but it also aims to motivate researchers to improve their knowledge in this field and to provide humane conditions for all cats kept for scientific purposes. 相似文献
4.
Current German law on animal rights requires protection and appropriate treatment of animals. However, information on breeding and raising swine is incomplete, and comparison studies of alternative housing systems are needed. Therefore, the effects of single and group housing of pregnant sows on piglet production was investigated in the 120-sow herd of the Institute for Animal Breeding and Husbandry of the University of Kiel. Reproductive traits, general health and behaviour studies were evaluated over one year. Type of housing system was found to have no effect on number of piglets born alive or dead or on days open. Daily gain was influenced. Daily gain of single-housed sows increased but without any difference in feed intake. General health was measured by nutritional condition, soiling, callosity, and injuries at time of evaluation. Single-housed sows had more calluses and were more soiled compared with group-housed sows. Injuries occurred more often in group housing, especially when new animals were integrated into the group. However, injuries were not serious. Animal behaviour was recorded on video during one pregnancy period of 60 sows. The housing system effected "sitting" and "lying" behaviour. Behaviour also is influenced by pregnancy in both housing systems. Equal incidences of abnormal behaviour, considered as sham-chewing, were found in both housing systems. 相似文献
5.
After introducing remarks on the meaning of the ethology of farm animals about the evaluation of housing systems the own examinations about piglets in the rearing period and about housing systems of rabbits held in groups respectively will be demonstrated. By these examinations choice experiments have proved true. For estimating and evaluating the ethological experimental results the concept of the meeting of requirements and avoidance of damage is an important point. The animals requirement can be found out in reference systems. Those investigated results are used as guiding-line for the evaluation of the dates found under practical conditions. The merits of Tschanz concerning the ethology of farm animals will be appreciated. 相似文献
6.
Classically, biologists have considered adaptation of behavioural characteristics in terms of long-term functional benefits to the individual, such as survival or reproductive fitness. In captive species, including the domestic horse, this level of explanation is limited, as for the most part, horses are housed in conditions that differ markedly from those in which they evolved. In addition, an individual horse's reproductive fitness is largely determined by man rather than its own behavioural strategies. Perhaps for reasons of this kind, explanations of behavioural adaptation to environmental challenges by domestic animals, including the capacity to learn new responses to these challenges, tend to concentrate on the proximate causes of behaviour. However, understanding the original function of these adaptive responses can help us explain why animals perform apparently novel or functionless activities in certain housing conditions and may help us to appreciate what the animal welfare implications might be. This paper reviews the behavioural adaptation of the domestic horse to captivity and discusses how apparently abnormal behaviour may not only provide a useful practical indicator of specific environmental deficiencies but may also serve the animal as an adaptive response to these deficiencies in an “abnormal” environment. 相似文献
7.
Puppe B 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,115(11-12):445-452
The nursing and suckling behaviour of the domestic pig is a complex social behavioural interaction aimed to ensure the milk flow from the sow to the piglets. Ultimately caused theoretical frameworks from basic ethology and/or sociobiology are increasingly used to explain such social behavioural patterns. The present paper gives a short survey of ethophysiological aspects of the nursing and suckling behaviour in domestic pigs and, thereafter, discusses the development and consequences of some parts of the suckling behaviour and the maternal lactation performance in terms of a possible parent-offspring and weaning conflict. It is concluded that--additional to proximately caused mechanisms--the ontogeny of domestic pigs can be interpreted with such principles. In housing systems allowing the animals more control over their behaviour (e.g. their investment) ultimate causes should be more considered. Especially the pathways on which the ultimate strategies become effective via proximate mechanisms do not seem to be understood in total and require specific research. However, it is suggested that effective improvements of welfare, health and productivity can only be reached with the knowledge and integration of both ultimate and proximate causes of behaviour. 相似文献
8.
In this study of two common housing systems of dairy cattle, the tie-in system and the loose housing system, check lists were created to evaluate whether these husbandry systems fulfill the needs of the animals. Furthermore, a combination of questionnaires and interviews were employed to assess the qualification of dairy stockmen to handle the animals. These checklists should provide a useful tool for those persons involved in the examination of husbandry systems, both by providing a written record and by providing a clear outline of all the points that need to be covered during such an examination. The study, done in the way of an explorative analysis of data, included 22 farms (14 with tie-in systems and 8 with loose housing systems) and a total of 802 animals. With regard to the economic effects of poor management and housing conditions, several interesting and statistically noteworthy correlations emerged. TIE-IN SYSTEM: Positive correlations were found between severity of behavioural abnormalities (behave)and number of injuries due to husbandry system (injury); injury and number of inseminations per pregnancy (preg); injury and age of cow (age); preg and cell count of milk (cell). Negative correlations were found between cell and milk yield (milk) as well as between the qualification of stockmen (equal) and inappropriate technical design of the housing environment (tech). LOOSE HOUSING SYSTEM: Positive correlations existed between behave and injury, and between tech and injury. Negative correlations were found between milk and cell, equal and tech, and milk and age. The magnitudes of these correlations were quantified by means of linear regression analysis. Comparison of the two husbandry systems revealed that while the loose housing systems is associated with significantly more problems related to tech, it is associated with significantly fewer problems related to injury. It seems that in this housing system cows are better able to avoid injury since they are allowed to move freely. No significant differences in behavior were found between the two husbandry systems. The present study shows the importance of proper technical design of housing environments, both in relation to animal welfare and to economic profitability. 相似文献
9.
W Everts 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1989,96(3):125-126
Keeping wild animals in captivity is still object of criticism, above all due to the fact that room is restricted for these animals. But wild animal husbandry is basing on several factors: It has to concern physiological requirements as well as natural behaviour patterns, so as actions and reactions of wild living animals caused by ecological occasions have to be replaced by suitable arrangements. Most of the time proper animals husbandry is valued by quantity; in that way, that the measurements of artificial homes are often supposed to be more important than the quality of this enclosures. Optimal feeding, social structure, stimula for behaviour patterns like playing, breeding an rearing in calmness and well trained keepers are other basic requirements for wild animal husbandry. Criteria for keeping wild animals should not be scheduled by restrictive arrangements; innovations would be complicated by any regulations. 相似文献
10.
P Hollmann 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1990,97(4):151-154
Keeping of small pet animals is still increasing and, in most cases, has a well-meaning motivation in the sense of a charitable engagement. However, false estimation of the specific requirements of these animals often results in inadequate keeping, feeding and housing conditions. The most frequent mistakes, which finally may cause abnormal behaviour or even illness, are a restricted radius of action, missing of social contacts and absence of adequate sexual partners. 相似文献
11.
M Stauffacher 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1992,99(1):9-15
The commercial breeding of rabbits in individual cages presents a number of problems with respect to animal protection legislation. These problems are first presented in an overview of the subject. Starting from the behaviour shown by domestic rabbits in a richly structured near-to-nature enclosure, a new concept for keeping breeding groups is presented. In the housing system for breeding groups (4-5 does, one buck, plus young until weaned) which is then developed, the main characteristics of near-to-nature surroundings required for normal behaviour are replaced by manageable artificial substitutes. The individual components of the housing system and the spatial arrangements are described and discussed. Ethological examination of group breeding has shown that this housing system is both more suitable to the requirements of the rabbits themselves and more in the interest of breeders than the present commercial cage system. However, since cages will certainly remain the most important means of housing laboratory and fattening rabbits in the medium term, the ethological requirements for keeping domestic rabbits in cages will also be discussed. 相似文献
12.
P Keller 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》1989,131(10):605-6, 611-5
By means of a kinetic UV-assay, lipase activity was determined in various organs of the fowl as well as laboratory, domestic and zoo animals and the resulting tissue distribution patterns were established for the respective species. For the validation of the assay, lipase contained in canine pancreatic extracts was inhibited by tetrahydrolipostatin, a selective inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. In all examined species, the pancreas proved to be the organ with the highest lipase activity. Apart from considerable individual variation with regard to the pancreatic content of lipase, important species differences were observed and the possible causes of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
13.
The commercial housing of African Ostriches in Germany for the breed and meat production still represents a disputed topic under the criterion of the animal's welfare. Above all critics state that the frequently wet-cold weather in Germany impairs the well-being and health of the animals. So far however there are just a few scientifically documented data about requirements for housing conditions of ostriches in Central Europe and thus hardly answers whether housing in Germany is possible under the criteria of the animal's welfare. This study tried to evaluate ostrich housing under South German climatic conditions (Rhine level), on the basis of behavioral observations of breeding ostriches. The use of the stable and the influence of different climatic parameters on the behavior were considered. In addition the behavior of 18 adult animals in 5 breeding groups from January to December 2002 was observed. Parallel various climatic data were raised. The housing of the animals took place in open stables with unrestricted pasture possibility. The ostriches reacted in their behavior to different climatic conditions. Particularly at cold weather and adverse soil conditions they used the open stable increasingly as weather protection. In addition, with increased wind velocities the animals spent more time in the stables. The daily amount of precipitation showed no influence on the frequency or duration of the stable use. Rainfall did not animate the animals to look for protection within the stable, but more to set itself on the ground in the external enclosure. The locomotion activity of the animals was strongly in dependence to the reproduction time and the territorial behavior and therefore highest in spring. On cold days the animals performed their reproduction behavior mainly in the stable. For the comfort behaviour distinct weather dependence was seen particularly for sand bathing. Warm temperatures and dry sand were the preconditions for it. Regarding the results it seems, that with the conditions existing on the examined farm, housing of ostriches under respect of animal welfare in Germany is possible. New regulations are to be demanded, adjusted to the newest level of knowledge about ostrich husbandry, with requirements for care, support, accommodation and nutrition of the animals as well as about the qualification of the owners. An occasional hobby animal husbandry limited to few single ostriches is to be rejected. Further scientific investigations at other farms, possibly also under variable climatic conditions are however necessary. 相似文献
14.
Stereotypies are invariant and repetitive behaviour patterns that seemingly have no function, which tend to develop in captive animals faced with insoluble problems and may be indicative of reduced welfare. A 4 year prospective study of the factors influencing the development of stereotypic and redirected behaviours (abnormal behaviour) in a population of 225 young Thoroughbred and part-Thoroughbred horses was conducted between 1995 and 1999. Abnormal behaviour affected 34.7% of the population. Multivariable analysis showed that foals of low- or middle-ranking mares were less likely to develop abnormal behaviour than foals of dominant mares (rate ratio (RR) 0.23, P<0.01; RR 0.48, P<0.01, respectively). Weaning by confinement in a stable or barn was associated with an increased rate of development of abnormal behaviour, compared with paddock-weaning (RR 2.19, P<0.05), and housing in barns, rather than at grass after weaning, was associated with a further increase (RR 2.54, P<0.01). Specific stereotypic and redirected behaviours were then considered as separate outcomes. Crib-biting was initiated by 10.5% of horses at median age 20 weeks, weaving by 4.6% of horses at median age 60 weeks, box-walking by 2.3% of horses at median age 64 weeks and wood-chewing by 30.3% of horses at median age 30 weeks. Wood-chewing developed at a lower rate in horses born to subordinate or mid-ranking mares than in horses born to dominant mares (RR 0.29, P<0.01; RR 0.41, P<0.01, respectively), and at a higher rate in horses kept in barns or stables rather than at grass after weaning (RR 4.49, P<0.001; RR 1A6, P<0.001, respectively). Feeding concentrates after weaning was associated with a 4-fold increase in the rate of development of crib-biting (RR 4.12, P = 0.02). The results of this study support the idea that simple changes in feeding, housing and weaning practices could substantially lower the incidence of abnormal behaviour in young horses. 相似文献
15.
Animal scientists have an extraordinary burden to promote the health and well-being of all animals in their care. Promoting species- or breed-appropriate behaviors through proper training and enrichment, regardless of animal housing, should be a paramount concern for all animal scientists working with exotic animals, laboratory animals, shelter animals, or privately owned pet animals. Developing ideal training and enrichment programs for any species begins with understanding basic behavior patterns and emotional systems of animals. The basic emotional systems in mammals have been extensively mapped; however, most of these studies are in the neuroscience literature and seldom read by animal science professionals. The emotional circuits for fear have been well documented through studies demonstrating that lesions to the amygdala will block both conditioned and unconditioned fear behaviors. Additionally, other core emotional systems including seeking (i.e., approaching a novel stimulus), rage, panic (e.g., separation stress), play, lust (i.e., sex drive), and care (e.g., mother-young nurturing behavior) have been identified. More recent neuroscience research has discovered the subcortical brain regions that drive different types of seeking behaviors. Research to increase the understanding of the emotional systems that drive both abnormal and normal animal behaviors could greatly improve animal welfare by making it possible to provide more effective environmental enrichment programs. Enrichment devices and methods could be specifically designed to enable the expression of highly motivated behaviors that are driven by emotional circuits in the brain. The objective of this paper is to increase awareness of animal scientists to the field of neuroscience studying animal emotions and the application of that science to improve the welfare of captive exotic animals, laboratory animals, and pets with environmental enrichment. 相似文献
16.
C. K. Brain 《African Zoology》2013,48(1):13-27
A series of investigations on the vertical migration behaviour of estuarine zooplankton have been carried out in recent years. Several of these investigations have been carried out in collaboration with other zoologists and the detailed findings are being published separately. The work is reviewed here and an attempt is made to draw some general conclusions regarding the behaviour patterns observed. Attention is concentrated particularly on the behaviour of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus, Aspects investigated include behaviour in the field under natural conditions, light reactions and swimming speeds in the laboratory, reactions to layers of low salinity water, the role of endogenous rhythm in this behaviour and the significance of these behaviour patterns to the organisms. 相似文献
17.
This literature review gives information about important behaviour patterns concerning feeding, reproduction and dust bathing of laying hens kept in aviary systems. The behaviour of hens in aviaries is compared to the behaviour of hens living under "close to natural" conditions. Feeding behaviour can be performed to a great extent in aviaries. The same is true for nesting behaviour, while mating behaviour can only be shown in mixed flocks. Dust bathing behaviour in aviaries should be further investigated. Although a litter area is provided and therefore dust bathing is basically possible, further research is needed, to which amount dust bathing behaviour is performed and how it is influenced by composition and height of the dust bathing substrate. Feather pecking and cannibalism can cause more deaths in housing systems with large groups of birds than in cage systems. Considering these results and the results of a first paper dealing with social and resting behaviour, aviaries provide an environment, where hens can perform a large part of their species typical behaviour repertoire. Therefore, under the aspect of behaviour, for laying hens in aviaries the potential to experience good welfare can be evaluated as fairly high. 相似文献
18.
L. Lidfors 《Veterinary research communications》1989,13(4):307-324
The aim of this review is to find out if getting up and lying down movements can be used as one of several parameters when evaluating different cattle environments. Getting up and lying down movements are performed according to innate movement patterns. An unsuitable environment can cause these movements to become incomplete or abnormal and so lead to injuries. Physiological measurements at lying down show a greater change in tethered cattle than in cattle kept on deep litter. In short stalls the use of certain types of tethers and the height of the manger edge affect the normal getting up and lying down movements. Unsuitably designed cubicles in loose housing systems can lead to changed movement patterns. Calves and fattening bulls have fewer lying down and getting up movements and longer lying intervals on slatted floors than on deep litter. Calves kept in small individual crates carry out a large percentage of their lying down and getting up procedures abnormally. In this review it is shown that it is possible to make improvements in the environment of cattle by using results from studies of these behaviour patterns. The conclusion is that getting up and lying down movements can be used as one of several parameters when evaluating different cattle environments. 相似文献
19.
运输动物可能发生在各个动物生产或使用单位的内部,也可能发生在动物供应商与用户之间,对于野生动物,还可能会发生在捕捉地点与饲养设施之间。动物的运输过程中,许多的方面可能对动物福利产生直接的影响。包括搬运,从熟悉的同种中隔离及可能的单独饲养,被装载在不熟悉的运输容器中,装卸,运输途中的运动、震动、包括加速和减速,为保证平衡导致的紧张(特别是大动物),不熟悉的信息、声音和气味,温度和湿度的波动及极端温度,黑暗(避光设置),被停止供食或无采食和饮水意愿,最终用户提供的新环境和程序,不熟悉的人和可能社会等级竞争重构健等均是潜在造成动物应激的因素。认真评估和组织运输中的各个方面,人道对待所运输的动物对保障研究的质量和动物福利是必须的。本文简单论述了运输对实验动物福利的影响及造成这些影响的潜在因素、评价指标。推荐了一个人道运输实验动物的通行准则,以及一些有价值的文献数据。更加详细的内容可以阅读参考文献的原文。 相似文献
20.
Hemsworth PH 《Australian veterinary journal》2007,85(5):194-200
The objective of this review is to consider the ethics of stockmanship, particularly from the perspective of the nature and extent of the duties of stockpeople to their farm animals. It will consider what science tells us about the impact of stockmanship on the animal, particularly the welfare of the farm animal. The effects of human-animal interactions on the stockperson will also be considered, since these interactions affect the work performance and job satisfaction of the stockperson and thus indirectly affect animal welfare. Animal ethics is broader than animal welfare and includes economic as well as philosophical, social, cultural and religious aspects. This paper is predicated on the view that farm animals can suffer, and that animal suffering is a key consideration in our moral obligations to animals. Housing and husbandry practices affect farm animal welfare and thus farmers and stockpeople have a responsibility to provide, at minimum, community-acceptable animal housing and husbandry standards for their animals. The farmer's or stockperson's attitudes and behaviour can directly affect the animal's welfare and thus they also have a responsibility to provide specific standards of stockmanship for these animals. However, research suggests that the behaviour of some stockpeople is not as correct as it might be. Such situations exemplify the inevitably unequal human - domestic animal relationship, and this inequality should be considered in analysing the boundary between right and wrong behaviour of humans. Thus ethical discussion, using science and other considerations and involving stockpeople, livestock industries, government and the general public, should be used to establish and assure acceptable stockperson competencies across the livestock industries. Training programs targeting the key attitudes and behaviour of stockpeople presently offer the livestock industries good opportunities to improve human-animal interactions. 相似文献