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1.
AIMS: To survey current anaesthesia practices for dogs and cats in small and mixed animal practices in New Zealand in order to improve anaesthesia education.

METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 440 small and mixed animal practices, including questions regarding the type of practice, preanaesthetic examination, anaesthetic drugs and management, anaesthetic machines, monitoring and topics of interest for continuing professional development.

RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 113/440 (26%) practices, with 78 (69%) respondents from small and 35 (31%) from mixed animal practices. A preanaesthetic physical examination was carried out by >95% of respondents and premedication was usually given to dogs (112/113; 99%) and cats (95/113; 85%). Acepromazine was the preferred sedative for dogs and cats, with morphine or buprenorphine. Propofol and alfaxalone were the preferred induction agents, and isoflurane was preferred for maintenance in both dogs and cats. A venous catheter was usually placed for anaesthesia in dogs (59/113; 52%), but less so in cats (39/113; 35%). Perioperative fluid was administered at 10?mL/kg/hour by 62/110 (56%) respondents. Intubation was usually used for anaesthesia in dogs (111/112; 99%), and cats (87/112; 78%). Almost 40% of respondents usually administered supplementary oxygen if patients were not intubated. Local analgesia was used by 69/111 (88%) respondents sometimes or always if applicable. Morphine or buprenorphine, and meloxicam were common choices for post-operative analgesia after neuter surgery in dogs and cats. A semiclosed (non-rebreathing) system was used in animals weighing <10?kg, and a Mapleson E or F non-rebreathing circuit was used by 66/109 (61%) practices. Only 15/111 (14%) practices had a ventilator in their practice. A dedicated anaesthetist was usually used by 104/113 (92%) practices, and apnoea alarms, pulse oximeters, thermometers and oesophageal stethoscopes were the main monitoring devices available in practices. Loco-regional block, pain management, and anaesthetic drugs were the main topics of interest for continuing education.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Responses by the veterinarians taking part in this survey indicated that they had a reasonably good standard of anaesthetic practice. A physical examination was carried out preanaesthesia, and premedication including analgesia was routinely administered to most patients. A dedicated anaesthetist usually monitored patients and most respondents reported they had access to basic anaesthetic monitoring equipment. Areas where changes could lead to improved anaesthetic practice were increased use of I/V catheterisation, endotracheal intubation, and supplementary oxygen, and reduced I/V fluid rates.  相似文献   

2.
The clinical efficacy and safety of an emulsion containing 10 mg/ml of the intravenous anaesthetic propofol were evaluated in cats and dogs by veterinary surgeons in eight practices in the United Kingdom. A total of 290 dogs and 207 cats were anaesthetised with propofol either as a single injection for procedures of short duration, or as an induction agent with maintenance provided by further incremental injections or as an induction agent with maintenance by gaseous agents. The mean induction doses of propofol for unpremedicated dogs and cats were respectively 6.55 mg/kg and 8.03 mg/kg. The mean induction doses after premedication with a tranquilliser were 4.5 mg/kg and 5.97 mg/kg for dogs and cats, respectively. Mean recovery times ranged, depending on the method of anaesthesia, from 23 to 40 minutes in dogs and from 27 to 38 minutes in cats; recovery was defined as the time at which the animals were alert and able to stand. Adverse side effects were infrequent, apnoea during induction being the commonest. Acepromazine and atropine were most often used as premedicants although in a few cases diazepam, xylazine and other agents were employed. No clinical incompatibility was observed between propofol and any of the other agents administered during the study. The rapid and usually excitement-free recovery of the animals was a valuable feature of anaesthesia with propofol.  相似文献   

3.
A survey of the routine anaesthetic management of dogs and cats during sterilisation by veterinarians in South Africa was conducted. This report describes the premedication, induction and maintenance agents most commonly used in dogs and cats. Information about monitoring of patients during the procedure and who is responsible for induction of anaesthesia and monitoring was obtained. Questionnaires were analysed with regard to demographic data, practice size, continuing education, the number of surgical procedures and sterilisations performed per week and an estimate of yearly mortality. Acetylpromazine is the most commonly used premedication in dogs and xylazine in cats. Thiopentone in dogs and alphaxalone/alphadolone in cats were the induction agents most commonly used. Alphaxalone/alphadolone in cats and halothane in dogs are the most commonly used maintenance agents. Records of anaesthesia are poorly kept and monitoring of patients is poorly performed. Respiratory rate is the parameter most commonly monitored (90.7%), and in most cases is the sole parameter. On average 10.34 +/- 8.25 cats were operated per week, of which 5.45 +/- 5.60 were sterilised; 17.79 +/- 11.61 dogs were operated per week, of which 8.65 +/- 7.10 were sterilised. In total, 190 patients died under anaesthesia, a mortality rate of 1:1,243. Just over 50% of practitioners had attended continuing education courses during their careers.  相似文献   

4.
Propofol formulated in a mixed medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides emulsion has been recently introduced for clinical use as an alternative to the conventional long-chain triglycerides formulation. This prospective multicentric study evaluated the clinical effectiveness and the complications associated with the use of this new formulation of propofol in dogs. Forty-six Spanish veterinary clinics participated in this study. A total of 541 anaesthesias (118 ASA I, 290 ASA II, 101 ASA III and 32 ASA IV) performed for various diagnostic and therapeutic purposes were evaluated. The anaesthetic protocol was not controlled, with the exception that propofol had to be used at least for induction of anaesthesia. The induction dose of propofol and the incidence of anaesthetic complications throughout the procedure were recorded. A chi-square test compared the incidence of complications according to the maintenance agent used (propofol vs. inhalatory anaesthesia), anaesthetic risk (ASA classification) and the reason for the anaesthesia. The patients premedicated with alpha2 agonists needed lower doses (mean +/- SD, 2.9 +/- 1.3 mg/kg i.v.) than the animals premedicated with phenothiazines (3.9 +/- 1.4 mg/kg i.v.) or benzodiazepines (4.0 +/- 1.4 mg/kg i.v.). The most frequent complications were difficult endotracheal intubation (1.3%), postinduction apnoea (11.3%), cyanosis (0.6%), bradypnoea (2.6%), tachypnoea (2.8%), bradycardia (2%), tachycardia (2.6%), hypotension (0.2%), shock (0.2%), vomiting (4.6%), epileptiform seizures (2.8%), premature awakening (7.4%) and delayed recovery (0.9%). There were no cases of pain on injection or aspiration pneumonia. Three dogs died (0.55%), one during induction and two during recovery from anaesthesia. This study demonstrates that the new formulation of propofol is an useful and effective drug to induce general anaesthesia in dogs.  相似文献   

5.
Four groups of 20 dogs were anaesthetised by means of target-controlled infusions of propofol designed to achieve 2.5 microg/ml, 3.0 microg/ml, 3.5 microg/ml or 4.0 microg/ml of propofol in blood. The dogs' pulse rate and respiratory rate were recorded before premedication and induction, immediately after endotracheal intubation and three and five minutes later (times 0, 3 and 5, respectively), and their arterial blood pressure was recorded oscillometrically just before induction and at times 0, 3 and 5. The targets of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 microg/ml resulted in the successful induction of anaesthesia in 13 (65 per cent), 16 (80 per cent), 20 (100 per cent) and 20 (100 per cent) of the dogs, respectively. The incidence of postinduction apnoea was 0 (0 per cent), one (5 per cent), two (10 per cent) and eight (40 per cent) at time 5 for groups 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 mug/ml, respectively, and its incidence at time 5 was significantly higher in the 4.0 microg/ml group (P<0.05) than in the other groups. In all the groups there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in blood pressure between just before induction and the later measurements. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of inducing anaesthesia at a specific target, a target of 3.5 microg/ml appears to ensure a successful induction of anaesthesia without a significant increase in the incidence of apnoea.  相似文献   

6.
The quality of induction of general anesthesia produced by ketamine and propofol, 2 of the most commonly used anaesthetic agents in cats, was assessed. Eighteen cats admitted for elective procedures were randomly assigned to 3 groups and then premedicated with xylazine 0.75 mg/kg intramuscularly before anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 15 mg/kg intramuscularly (KetIM group), ketamine 10 mg/kg intravenously (KetIV group) or propofol 4 mg/kg intravenously (PropIV group). Quality of induction of general anaesthesia was determined by scoring ease of intubation, degree of struggling, and vocalisation during the induction period. The quality of induction of anaesthesia of intramuscularly administered ketamine was inferior to that of intravenously administered ketamine, while intravenously administered propofol showed little difference in quality of induction from ketamine administered by both the intramuscular and intravenous routes. There were no significant differences between groups in the ease of intubation scores, while vocalisation and struggling were more common in cats that received ketamine intramuscularly than in those that received intravenously administered ketamine or propofol for induction of anaesthesia. Laryngospasms occurred in 2 cats that received propofol. The heart rates and respiratory rates decreased after xylazine premedication and either remained the same or decreased further after induction for all 3 groups, but remained within normal acceptable limits. This study indicates that the 3 regimens are associated with acceptable induction characteristics, but administration of ketamine intravenously is superior to its administration intramuscularly and laryngeal desensitisation is recommended to avoid laryngospasms.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To discern the effects of anaesthesia protocols and decreasing core body temperature on time to recovery from general anaesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy adult dogs undergoing desexing surgery were enrolled. More excitable dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine and morphine; calmer dogs were not premedicated. Anaesthesia was induced using halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane delivered by mask, or by intravenous propofol, and maintained in standard fashion using one of the three inhalant agents. Thermostat controlled heat mats were used during surgical preparation and surgery. Oesophageal temperature was recorded throughout surgery. The time from cessation of anaesthetic administration until the dog successfully raised itself to sternal recumbency was considered the time of recovery. RESULTS: Sixty-nine dogs completed the study, 42 males anaesthetised for 60.4 +/- 20.5 min, and 27 females anaesthetised for 85.4 +/- 33.2 min. Oesophageal temperature at the end of surgery was 36.8 +/- 0.80 degrees C. Oesophageal temperature had a significant effect on recovery time, with lower temperatures contributing to slower recoveries. Premedication significantly lengthened recovery times. The choice of induction or maintenance anaesthetic agent had no effect on recovery time. DISCUSSION: Hypothermia is a common complication of general anaesthesia and surgery. Amongst other deleterious effects, it is associated with slower recovery from anaesthesia, likely due to a number of different mechanisms.  相似文献   

8.
Experiences with a new technique of closed circuit anaesthesia used for 1003 surgical cases involving cats and dogs are described. The technique utilises the combined vapors of methoxyflurane and halothane from dual, low-resistance vaporisers situated in series, and supported by low flow rates of 100% oxygen in the inspiratory limb of the anaesthetic machine. This anaesthetic circuit can be adapted for many surgical procedures involving both controlled and spontaneous ventilation techniques and for young and old animals. The technique is considered safe, economical and easily managed and pollution of the operating theatre is eliminated by the use of the completely closed circuit.  相似文献   

9.
Propofol as an intravenous anaesthetic agent in dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Studies in dogs with an emulsion formulation of the intravenous anaesthetic, propofol, showed that induction of anaesthesia was smooth and it was possible to maintain anaesthesia by intermittent injection. The mean dose for induction of anaesthesia in unpremedicated dogs was 5.95 mg/kg body-weight. When no premedication was administered anaesthesia was maintained by a total dose of approximately 0.806 mg/kg/minute. Premedication with between 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg of acepromazine reduced the mean induction dose by about 30 per cent and the maintenance dose by more than 50 per cent. In 68 unpremedicated dogs given one dose, recovery was complete in a mean time of 18 minutes and after maintenance of anaesthesia by intermittent injection in 65 dogs the mean recovery time was 22 minutes from administration of the last dose. Premedication with acepromazine did not produce statistically significant increases in these recovery times. The quiet, rapid and complete recovery proved to be most valuable in cases where the animal had to be returned to the owners' care with the minimum of delay.  相似文献   

10.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the sedative and analgesic effects of intramuscular buprenorphine with either dexmedetomidine or acepromazine, administered as premedication to cats and dogs undergoing elective surgery.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded clinical study.AnimalsForty dogs and 48 cats.MethodsAnimals were assigned to one of four groups, according to anaesthetic premedication and induction agent: buprenorphine 20 μg kg?1 with either dexmedetomidine (dex) 250 μg m?2 or acepromazine (acp) 0.03 mg kg?1, followed by alfaxalone (ALF) or propofol (PRO). Meloxicam was administered preoperatively to all animals and anaesthesia was always maintained using isoflurane. Physiological measures and assessments of pain, sedation and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) were made before and after premedication, intraoperatively, and for up to 24 hours after premedication. Data were analyzed with one-way, two-way and mixed between-within subjects anova, Kruskall–Wallis analyses and Chi squared tests. Results were deemed significant if p ≤ 0.05, except where multiple comparisons were performed (p ≤ 0.005).ResultsCats premedicated with dex were more sedated than cats premedicated with acp (p < 0.001) and ALF doses were lower in dex cats (1.2 ± 1.0 mg kg?1) than acp cats (2.5 ± 1.9 mg kg?1) (p = 0.041). There were no differences in sedation in dogs however PRO doses were lower in dex dogs (1.5 ± 0.8 mg kg?1) compared to acp dogs (3.3 ± 1.1 mg kg?1) (p < 0.001). There were no differences between groups with respect to pain scores or MNT for cats or dogs.ConclusionChoice of dex or acp, when given with buprenorphine, caused minor, clinically detectable, differences in various characteristics of anaesthesia, but not in the level of analgesia.Clinical relevanceA combination of buprenorphine with either acp or dex, followed by either PRO or ALF, and then isoflurane, accompanied by an NSAID, was suitable for anaesthesia in dogs and cats undergoing elective surgery. Choice of sedative agent may influence dose of anaesthetic induction agent.  相似文献   

11.
The philtrum point VG 26 (Jen Chung) was needled in 69 cases of respiratory depression or apnoea in dogs and cats during induction or maintenance of general anaesthesia. Respiration was restored to normal or near normal rates within 10 to 30 seconds of insertion of the needle in all the cases. In seven cases of anaesthetic apnoea with concurrent cardiac arrest and absence of vital signs, the revival rate was 43 per cent. Those which recovered required four to 10 minutes of acupuncture stimulation. In eight cases of collapse due to other causes, the revival rate was 25 per cent. The cases included five sheep in shock following liver biopsy, two cases of haemorrhagic shock (dog, cat) and one terminal collapse in chronic congestive heart failure (dog).  相似文献   

12.
Objective   To describe and evaluate the use of Alfaxan-CD ® as an intravenous anaesthetic in young cats.
Design   Thirty-five Domestic Short-hair cats aged from 3 to 12 months were admitted into the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital-Sydney for elective surgery. Anaesthesia was induced with Alfaxan-CD® and maintained with isoflurane: 22 cats received no premedication and 13 cats received acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg) subcutaneously 30 min prior to induction.
Qualitative and quantitative data for induction and recovery were recorded. Physiological parameters were recorded at 0, 2 and 5 min post induction, and every 5 min thereafter until the end of the procedure.
Results   Intravenous injection of Alfaxan-CD® resulted in rapid induction of anaesthesia with a mean time to intubation of 122 s. The mean dose of Alfaxan-CD® used was 4.2 mg/kg in unpremedicated cats and 2.7 mg/kg in premedicated cats. All cats maintained a heart rate above 95 beats/min. No cat developed hypoxaemia. Hypercapnoea was detected in 4 cats and hypotension was observed in 18 cats. Time to extubation ranged from 1 to 9 min. The mean time to sternal recumbency for premedicated cats was 11 min; 77% of premedicated cats and 23% of unpremedicated cats had a recovery score of 1 or 2.
Conclusion   Alfaxan-CD® is an effective anaesthetic agent in young healthy cats, providing a smooth induction and rapid recovery. Cats that were premedicated with acepromazine and butorphanol prior to induction with Alfaxan-CD® had better recovery scores than those that were not premedicated.  相似文献   

13.
Induction of anaesthesia in dogs and cats with propofol   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Propofol was used to induce anaesthesia in 89 dogs and 13 cats of either sex, various breeds and of widely different ages and weights; they varied considerably in physical condition and were anaesthetised for a variety of investigations and surgical procedures. They were premedicated with acepromazine, papaveretum, diazepam, pethidine, atropine and scopolamine in different combinations. After induction with propofol, anaesthesia was maintained with halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane and enflurane and, or, nitrous oxide. The mean (+/- sd) induction doses of propofol in unpremedicated and premedicated animals were 5.2 +/- 2.3 mg/kg and 3.6 +/- 1.4 mg/kg respectively for dogs, and 5.0 +/- 2.8 mg/kg and 5.3 +/- 4.3 mg/kg for cats. There were no differences between the sexes. Premedication did not affect recovery times. The incidence of side effects was very low. One dog showed evidence of pain when propofol was injected. No incompatibility was observed between propofol and the premedicants and other anaesthetic agents used.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of premedication with four different intramuscular doses of medetomidine (5.0,10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 μg.kg-1) and a saline placebo were compared in a group of six adult beagle dogs anaesthetised with propofol on five separate occasions. Anaesthesia was induced 30 minutes after premedication and maintained by intravenous injection and continuous infusion of propofol. The effects of medetomidine were reversed with atipamezole 30 minutes after anaesthetic induction. The marked synergistic effects of medetomidine with propofol were demonstrated by a dose related reduction in the induction and infusion requirements for a similar degree of anaesthesia. The effect appeared exponential in nature; lower medetomidine doses produced a disproportionately greater effect.
The maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol following a saline placebo or low doses of medetomidine proved to be difficult. Higher doses of medetomidine required less propofol for induction and infusion and allowed a more stable anaesthesia to be maintained. Propofol produced no statistically significant change in heart rate during infusion. Changes in respiratory rate were markedly group specific. A significant reduction in respiratory rate was seen in dogs given either 5 μg.kg- or 10 μ-g.kg-1 medetomidine. No change was recorded in dogs given 20 /μg.kg-1 medetomidine and a significant increase was seen in dogs given 40 μg.kg-1 medetomidine. Recovery was monitored following the termination of propofol infusion after the reversal of medetomidine using atipamezole at five times the medetomidine dose. Recovery was slower for dogs given lower doses of medetomidine and consequently higher doses of propofol.  相似文献   

15.
Feline anaesthesia survey   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Information regarding anaesthetic agents and techniques currently employed in feline anaesthesia in Scotland is presented. The information relates to over 10,000 feline anaesthetics and was obtained by questionnaire from members of the Scottish Region of the BSAVA.
Over 75% of the cats being anaesthetized were classified as being both young and healthy. The vast majority were not weighed or premedicated, and anaesthesia was induced for the most part by intravenous injection. Routine intubation was rare, and maintenance of anaesthesia was mostly by intermittent intravenous infusion of an anaesthetic agent, or by the inhalation of halothane or ether. The latter agents, however, tended only to be used for protracted procedures.
The overall mortality in this survey was 0.3%.  相似文献   

16.
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17.

Objective

To compare the effects of two concentrations of oxygen delivered to the anaesthetic breathing circuit on oxygenation in mechanically ventilated horses anaesthetised with isoflurane and positioned in dorsal or lateral recumbency.

Methods

Selected respiratory parameters and blood lactate were measured and oxygenation indices calculated, before and during general anaesthesia, in 24 laterally or dorsally recumbent horses. Horses were randomly assigned to receive 100% or 60% oxygen during anaesthesia. All horses were anaesthetised using the same protocol and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was commenced immediately following anaesthetic induction and endotracheal intubation. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed and oxygenation indices calculated before premedication, immediately after induction, at 10 and 45 min after the commencement of mechanical ventilation, and in recovery.

Results

During anaesthesia, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen was adequate in all horses, regardless of position of recumbency or the concentration of oxygen provided. At 10 and 45 min after commencing IPPV, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen was lower in horses in dorsal recumbency compared with those in lateral recumbency, irrespective of the concentration of oxygen supplied. Based on oxygenation indices, pulmonary function during general anaesthesia in horses placed in dorsal recumbency was more compromised than in horses in lateral recumbency, irrespective of the concentration of oxygen provided.

Conclusion

During general anaesthesia, using oxygen at a concentration of 60% instead of 100% maintains adequate arterial oxygenation in horses in dorsal or lateral recumbency. However, it will not reduce pulmonary function abnormalities induced by anaesthesia and recumbency.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
ObjectiveTo determine if body condition score (BCS) influences the sedative effect of intramuscular (IM) premedication or the dose of intravenous (IV) propofol required to achieve endotracheal intubation in dogs.Study designProspective clinical study.AnimalsForty–six client–owned dogs undergoing general anaesthesia.MethodsDogs were allocated to groups according to their BCS (BCS, 1 [emaciated] to 9 [obese]): Normal–weight Group (NG, n = 25) if BCS 4–5 or Over–weight Group (OG, n = 21) if BCS over 6. Dogs were scored for sedation prior to IM injection of medetomidine (5 μg kg?1) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg?1) and twenty minutes later anaesthesia was induced by a slow infusion of propofol at 1.5 mg kg?1 minute?1 until endotracheal intubation could be achieved. The total dose of propofol administered was recorded. Data were tested for normality then analyzed using Student t–tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, chi–square tests or linear regression as appropriate.ResultsMean ( ± SD) propofol requirement in NG was 2.24 ± 0.53 mg kg?1 and in OG was 1.83 ± 0.36 mg kg?1. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = 0.005). The degree of sedation was not different between the groups (p = 0.7). Post–induction apnoea occurred in 11 of 25 animals in the NG and three of 21 in OG (p = 0.052).ConclusionsOverweight dogs required a lower IV propofol dose per kg of total body mass to allow tracheal intubation than did normal body condition score animals suggesting that IV anaesthetic doses should be calculated according to lean body mass. The lower dose per kg of total body mass may have resulted in less post–induction apnoea in overweight/obese dogs. The effect of IM premedication was not significantly affected by the BCS.Clinical relevanceInduction of general anaesthesia with propofol in overweight dogs may be expected at lower doses than normal–weight animals.  相似文献   

20.
Ventilatory effects at induction of anaesthesia were studied following intubation in 66 dogs anaesthetised using thiopentone (10 mg/kg) or propofol (4 mg/kg, injected rapidly or 4 mg/kg, injected slowly). Acepromazine and morphine preanaesthetic medication was administered, and anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in nitrous oxide and oxygen. The time from connection of the breathing system to the first breath was measured. Apnoea was defined as cessation of spontaneous respiration for 15 seconds or longer. Respiratory rate and minute volume were measured for the first five minutes of anaesthesia. Propofol was associated with a greater incidence of apnoea than thiopentone (59 per cent and 64 per cent compared with 32 per cent), but this difference was not statistically significant. Time to first breath was significantly longer with propofol than thiopentone and longest with the slower injection of propofol (P<0.05) (median of four seconds for thiopentone, 19.5 seconds for the propofol rapid injection, and 28.8 seconds for the propofol slow injection). In conclusion, the induction agent and speed of injection affect the incidence and duration of post-intubation apnoea.  相似文献   

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