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1.
Thyroid disease is common in dogs and conventional ultrasonography is a standard diagnostic test for diagnosis and treatment planning. Strain elastography can provide additional information about tissue stiffness noninvasively after applying external or internal compression. However, natural carotid artery pulsations in the canine thyroid gland are too weak to maintain sufficient internal compression force. The objective of the present study was to describe the feasibility of strain elastography for evaluating the canine thyroid gland and the repeatability of dobutamine‐induced carotid artery pulsation as an internal compression method. In seven healthy Beagle dogs, strain on each thyroid lobe was induced by external compression using the ultrasound probe and internal compression using carotid artery pulsation after dobutamine infusion. The thyroid appeared homogeneously green and the subcutaneous fat superficial to the thyroid lobe appeared blue. Strain values and strain ratios did not differ among dogs or between the left and right lobes. Interobserver repeatability was excellent for both compression methods. Intraobserver repeatability of the strain ratio measured using the carotid artery pulsation method (intraclass coefficient correlation = 0.933) was higher than that measured using the external compression method (0.760). Mean strain values of thyroid lobes for the external compression method (142.93 ± 6.67) differed from the internal method (147.31 ± 8.24; P < 0.05). Strain ratios between the two methods did not differ. Strain elastography was feasible for estimating thyroid stiffness in dogs. Carotid artery pulsation induced by dobutamine infusion can be used for canine thyroid strain elastography with excellent repeatability.  相似文献   

2.
A large amount of overlap exists in the B‐mode ultrasound appearance of normal and abnormal liver, spleen, and kidney tissues in cats. Therefore, invasive tissue sampling procedures remain the standard method for diagnosing diseases in these organs. The purpose of our study was to assess the feasibility of ultrasound elastography as a technique for improving noninvasive characterization of the feline liver, spleen, and kidneys. Elastography was performed on 10 unsedated, clinically healthy cats. Numeric (strain) values (0 = softest to 255 = firmest) assigned to color pixels within regions of interest resulted in median scores (interquartile ranges) of body wall, 207.50 (189.75–224.00); liver, 119.00 (105.00–138.25); spleen, 127.50 (121–00–142.00); right renal cortex, 83.50 (64.00–130.00); right renal near field, 125.50 (110.75–139.75); left renal cortex, 77.50 (52.00–116.25); and left renal near field, 126.00 (114.00–145.25). Strain values were not different between organs. Body wall median was the only significantly different value (P < 0.05). Strain ratio values of body wall:organ were as follows: liver, 1.76 (1.38–2.00); spleen, 1.68 (1.47–1.83); right renal cortex, 2.31 (1.61–3.15); right renal near field, 1.62 (1.41–2.01); left renal cortex, 2.66 (1.45–4.13); and left renal near field, 1.51 (1.29–1.89). Subjectively, hepatic and splenic parenchymal tissues were homogeneous in compressibility and similar in elasticity to one another. Renal cortical tissue was softer compared to medullary tissue. Findings indicated that ultrasound elastography is a feasible technique for objectively and subjectively characterizing the feline liver, spleen, and kidneys. Further research is needed in cats with confirmed diseases of these organs, to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasound elastography vs. B‐mode ultrasonography.  相似文献   

3.
This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
The aims of this study were to determine the total volume of the horse kidney and volume fractions of its functional subcomponents (cortex, medulla, renal pelvis) using stereological methods and investigate any possible difference in the functional subcomponents of the right and left kidneys that may arise from differences in shape. The study was carried out on the kidneys of 5 horses of different breed and sex. The weight of the kidneys was measured by a digital scale, and kidney volume was calculated by Archimedes' principle. Total kidney volume and volume fractions of subcomponents of the right and left kidneys were estimated by the Cavalieri's principle. The weights of the right and left kidneys were 550 ± 25 g and 585 ± 23 g, respectively. The volumes of the right and left kidneys estimated using the Cavalieri method were 542 ± 46 ml and 581 ± 29 ml. The relative organ weight of the kidneys was calculated as 1:330. The densities of the right and left kidneys were determined to be 1.01 and 1.00, respectively. The mean volume fractions of the cortex, medulla and renal pelvis were determined as 55.6, 42.7 and 1.7 in both kidneys. No statistically significant difference existed between morphometric data pertaining to the right and left kidneys (P > 0.05). To determine precisely whether differences in shape cause any difference in the functional subcomponents of the right and left kidneys requires further investigation of differences in the number of microscopically functional unit of the kidney such as renal glomeruli and nephrons.  相似文献   

6.
A reliable method for obtaining renal ultrasonographic measurements in the horse is important for diagnosis and monitoring of clinical renal disease. The aims of this prospective study were to develop and validate a novel translumbar ultrasound technique for measuring renal dimensions in horses. Six Thoroughbred or Thoroughbred part bred horses were recruited. All horses were scheduled for euthanasia due to reasons unrelated to the kidneys. Two observers recorded renal length, width, and depth; and dimensions of the cortex, medulla, pyramids, and pelvis for both kidneys in each horse using novel translumbar and conventional transabdominal ultrasound methods. The same measurements were recorded from post‐mortem renal specimens. Both kidneys were consistently identified by both methods in the 15–17th intercostal spaces and paralumbar fossa. Using the translumbar technique, maximal dimensions were obtained for the left kidney in the 16th intercostal space (length 16.2 ± 2.0 cm, width 11.8 ± 0.5 cm, depth 6.4 ± 0.9 cm) and for the right kidney in the 15th intercostal space (length 16.1 ± 1.2 cm, width 13.4 ± 1.2 cm, depth 6.7 ± 0.7 cm). Renal dimensions obtained by transabdominal and translumbar projections did not differ (P > 0.05). Good correlations were found between overall renal dimensions and post‐mortem measurements for both ultrasound techniques (r2 > 0.8), but were better for the translumbar method (mean r2 = 0.92 cf. 0.88). Good‐to‐excellent reliability was found for all translumbar ultrasound measurements except for the renal cortex. Reproducibility was better for the larger (overall length, width, and depth) than the smaller (cortex, medulla, and pyramids) structures. Findings indicated that translumbar ultrasonography is a valid method for measuring renal dimensions in horses.  相似文献   

7.
Little information is available on medical imaging of the adrenal glands in horses. We investigated the feasibility of transrectal ultrasonography to characterize the normal equine adrenal gland. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed in 25 healthy horses using a 7.5 MHz linear array probe at a displayed depth of 8 cm. Transrectal ultrasonography of the right adrenal gland was not feasible. For the left adrenal gland, the left kidney, the abdominal aorta, the left renal artery, the left renal vein, and the cranial mesenteric artery were used as landmarks. The size of the left adrenal gland was variable, but it generally appeared as a long, flat structure with a hyperechoic medulla surrounded by a hypoechoic cortex. The most cranial part of the gland could not be delineated appropriately in 11 horses (44%). The mean (±SD) thickness of the gland and medulla was 0.66±0.15 cm (n=25) and 0.28±0.09 cm (n=25) near the caudal pole, 0.87±0.25 cm (n=14) and 0.40±0.18 cm (n=12) near the cranial pole, and 0.89±0.18 cm (n=25) and 0.36±0.13 cm (n=25) in the middle of the gland, respectively. The mean (±SD) length of the entire adrenal gland and of the medulla was 6.22±0.77 cm (n=14) and 5.45±0.71 cm (n=6), respectively. Transrectal ultrasonography allowed adequate visualization of the left adrenal gland in horses.  相似文献   

8.
The aims of this study were to establish a normal reference range (mean ± 2 SD) and assess reliability of renal dimensions obtained using transabdominal ultrasonography in Thoroughbred horses (n = 7). A minimum of three ultrasonographic cineloops were obtained from each intercostal space and the left paralumbar fossa by two observers daily for three consecutive days. Renal length, width, and thickness and cortex, medulla, and pelvic dimensions were obtained. Measurements were undertaken by both observers, who were unaware of prior measurements, to assess reproducibility and measured on three separate occasions to evaluate short-term measurement repeatability. Measurements from images obtained by both operators were compared to evaluate image repeatability. The left kidney was consistently identified in the left 15th-17th intercostal space and the paralumbar fossa with maximal length in the 16th intercostal space (12.7 ± 2.0 cm) and maximal width in the paralumbar fossa (7.9 ± 1.1 cm). The right kidney was consistently identified in the right 15th-17th intercostal space with maximal length and maximal width in the 15th intercostal space (16.0 ± 0.7 cm and 7.9 ± 1.0 cm). Reproducibility, image repeatability, measurement repeatability were good to excellent, although were less good for the smaller structures. There were no differences in renal dimensions between horses. Overall renal ultrasonography was reliable and a normal reference range for Thoroughbred horses was established. Renal dimensions vary between rib spaces. As repeatability and reproducibility were excellent for renal length and width, it may be prudent to use those measurements in rib spaces where parameters were maximal.  相似文献   

9.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands was performed in 14 fasted healthy adult dogs. Frequency of visualization was 100% for both the left and right adrenal glands. Moderate correlation was present between Ultrasonographic and gross measurements of thickness for both left (rs= 0.727; p < .005) and right (rs= 0.537; p < .05) adrenal glands. However, no correlation was found between Ultrasonographic and gross measurements for length or width of either adrenal gland. Differentiation of adrenal cortex and medulla was possible in 79% of left adrenal glands and 64% of right adrenal glands. The echogenicity of the adrenal glands was less than that of the renal cortex in all dogs. Factors which made evaluation of the adrenal glands more difficult included pyloric gas, intestinal gas, and deep-chested body conformation.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
A noninvasive method for quantifying adrenal gland vascular patterns could be helpful for improving detection of adrenal gland disease in dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) characteristics of adrenal glands in 18 dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) vs. four clinically healthy dogs. Each dog received a bolus of the contrast agent (SonoVue®, 0.03 ml/kg of body weight) into the cephalic vein, immediately followed by a 5 ml saline flush. Dynamic contrast enhancement was analyzed using time–intensity curves in two regions of interest drawn manually in the caudal part of the adrenal cortex and medulla, respectively. In healthy dogs, contrast enhancement distribution was homogeneous and exhibited increased intensity from the medulla to the cortex. In the washout phase, there was a gradual and homogeneous decrease of enhancement of the adrenal gland. For all dogs with PDH, there was rapid, chaotic, and simultaneous contrast enhancement in both the medulla and cortex. Three distinct perfusion patterns were observed. Peak perfusion intensity was approximately twice as high (P < 0.05) in dogs with PDH compared with that of healthy dogs (28.90 ± 10.36 vs. 48.47 ± 15.28, respectively). In dogs with PDH, adrenal blood flow and blood volume values were approximately two‐ to fourfold (P < 0.05) greater than those of controls. Findings from the present study support the use of CEUS as a clinical tool for characterizing canine adrenal gland disease based on changes in vascular patterns.  相似文献   

12.
Radiographic liver size was established in 27 clinically normal deep-chested dogs. In addition, the influence on radiographic liver size of technical factors such as positioning, respiratory phase and position of the central X-ray beam was evaluated. Exact measurement was complicated by two facts. First, the outline of the ventral and caudoventral borders of the liver shadow was not clearly delineated in all dogs. Secondly, in some dogs merging of the silhouettes of liver and spleen was present. As a result in only 14 out of 27 dogs used for this study could exact measurements be made. In this group of deep-chested dogs, the liver shadow was better delineated in left lateral recumbency. In left lateral recumbency less merging of the silhouettes of liver and spleen was noticed. Normal radiographic liver length measured on right lateral views made on expiration and expressed as a ratio to the length of the 11 th thoracic vertebra varied between 4·8 and 7·8 with a mean and standard deviation of 6·1 ± 0·8. The length of the liver tip protruding behind the curve of the 12th rib varied between -0·5 and 1·7 with a mean and standard deviation of 0·6 ± 0.7. This great variability in radiographic liver size between normal dogs of the same thoracic conformnation makes it rather difficult to diagnose hepatomegaly in individual cases. No difference in radiographic liver size of statistical significance could be found between right and left lateral recumbency. The respiratory phase during which the radiograph was made was the only factor causing a difference of statistical significance in radiographic liver size. In all dogs the length of the liver tip protruding behind the costal arch was longer on the view made during inspiration.  相似文献   

13.
Differential diagnoses for canine liver disease are commonly based on radiographic estimates of liver size, however little has been published on breed variations. Aims of this study were to describe normal radiographic liver size in Pekingese dogs and to compare normal measurements for this breed with other dog breeds and Pekingese dogs with liver disease. Liver measurements were compared for clinically normal Pekingese (n = 61), normal non‐Pekingese brachycephalic (n = 45), normal nonbrachycephalic (n = 71), and Pekingese breed dogs with liver disease (n = 22). For each dog, body weight, liver length, T11 vertebral length, thoracic depth, and thoracic width were measured on right lateral and ventrodorsal abdominal radiographs. Liver volume was calculated using a formula and ratios of liver length/T11 vertebral length and liver volume/body weight ratio were determined. Normal Pekingese dogs had a significantly smaller liver volume/body weight ratio (16.73 ± 5.67, P < 0.05) than normal non‐Pekingese brachycephalic breed dogs (19.54 ± 5.03) and normal nonbrachycephalic breed dogs (18.72 ± 6.52). The liver length/T11 vertebral length ratio in normal Pekingese (4.64 ± 0.65) was significantly smaller than normal non‐Pekingese brachycephalic breed dogs (5.16 ± 0.74) and normal nonbrachycephalic breed dogs (5.40 ± 0.74). Ratios of liver volume/body weight and liver length/T11 vertebral length in normal Pekingese were significantly different from Pekingese with liver diseases (P < 0.05). Findings supported our hypothesis that Pekingese dogs have a smaller normal radiographic liver size than other breeds. We recommend using 4.64× the length of the T11 vertebra as a radiographic criterion for normal liver length in Pekingese dogs.  相似文献   

14.
Radiographic and ultrasonic examinations were performed in 12 normal dogs. Initial ultrasound examinations were performed in normally hydrated dogs. The ultrasonic appearance of the diuresed kidney was evaluated after excretory urography and intramuscular administration of furosemide. The dogs were euthanized for anatomic correlation with the sonographic appearance of the kidneys. Renal cortex, medulla, pelvic diverticula, intrarenal vessels, renal pelvis, and renal sinus fat were identified sonographically. Kidney enlargement during diuresis was due to increase renal medullary size. Veterinary Radiology, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1984; pp 173–178.  相似文献   

15.
A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the echogenicity of the renal cortex relative to the liver in healthy dogs. Twenty-five normal adult dogs were examined ultrasonographically. Three standard B-mode images (8.0 MHz) and three tissue harmonic images of the cranial pole of the right kidney adjacent to the caudate lobe of the liver were obtained. Renal and hepatic echogenicities were qualitatively compared by two observers. Subsequently, regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn in the renal cortex and the adjacent liver parenchyma at equal depths on each image, using two different ROI geometries: deep adjacent half-annular ROIs centered at the focal zone and small superficial adjacent squares placed in the near field. Renal and hepatic mean pixel intensities were quantified and averaged for individual subjects. Qualitatively, the right renal cortex was more commonly hyperechoic to liver. Quantitatively, the renal cortical mean pixel intensity was significantly higher than that of liver using deep half-annular ROIs, but not superficial square ROIs, for both standard (P = 0.0007) and harmonic (P = 0.0107) tissue imaging. These findings suggest that the renal cortex can be slightly hyperechoic to adjacent liver. The framework within which the canine renal cortical parenchyma is routinely evaluated in abdominal ultrasonography should be reconsidered, and mild hyperechogenicity relative to the liver (at 8.0 MHz) interpreted as a normal finding.  相似文献   

16.
本试验对健康犬进行了彩色多普勒超声探查,建立了健康犬多普勒超声参数的参考值。首先对19只健康犬进行普通B型超声,彩色多普勒血流成像(color doppler flow imaging,CDFI),脉冲多普勒频谱检查,对探查的数据进行统计分析,得出健康犬正常多普勒超声参数的参考值（以平均值±标准差表示）。对健康犬进行多普勒超声探查统计后发现,肾动脉阻力指数有较好的重复性,左、右肾脏之间的相似度较高,可以作为健康犬正常超声参数的指标。  相似文献   

17.
Ultrasonography is important in the clinical examination of the foal. The ultrasonographic appearance and size of the neonatal kidneys were defined and an imaging protocol established in 6 normal Thoroughbred foals (mean age +/- s.d. 5.0 +/- 3.2 days). Characteristically, in both the heart-shaped right kidney and bean-shaped left kidney, the renal cortex was more echogenic than the medulla. The terminal recesses, renal crest and pelvis were identified, as was the ureter, which contained anechoic urine in its lumen. The renal, interlobar and arcuate vessels were seen. For the right kidney, the ultrasonographic probe was placed at the 14-17th intercostal spaces and paralumbar fossa. For the left kidney, the probe was at the 16th or 17th intercostal spaces and paralumbar fossa. Perirenal structures, including the caudate lobe of the liver, the dorsal extremity of the spleen, the adrenals, the aorta and caudal vena cava were also identified. An understanding of the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal neonatal kidney, accompanied by a routine imaging protocol to ensure that all regions of each kidney are examined, permit a more informed interpretation of renal images in the first few days postpartum.  相似文献   

18.
Most prostatic diseases in dogs are associated with prostatomegaly, and transabdominal ultrasonography has become the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of the prostate gland in the dog. The aim of the present study was to assess the reproducibility, the repeatability and interobserver variations of sonographic measurements of prostate and to determine which measurement had the lowest variability. Length and height of prostate gland were measured on longitudinal views, width of the prostate gland and height of left and right lobes of the gland on transversal views. The within‐day and between‐day variabilities of the prostatic parameters were determined by performing 1350 (270 length, 270 height, 270 width, 270 height of right lobe and 270 height of left lobe) examinations on ten healthy intact beagle dogs on six different days, in a two‐week period (three days for the five dogs, three different days for the five others). Three observers with different levels of experience in ultrasonography performed the examinations. The lowest within‐day and between‐day standard deviation and coefficient of variation values were observed for the width of the prostate. The width of the gland measured on transverse frozen images seems to be the most reliable measurement for evaluating size of prostate glands in healthy dogs, although the shape, position, outline, and echogenicity of the prostate should also be assessed.  相似文献   

19.
Under controlled, but varied dietary conditions 35 geriatric, uninephrectomized, spayed Beagle bitches (dogs) observed for 4 years, renal cortical and renal medullary echogenicity was measured relative to hepatic and splenic echogenicity. Regardless of the diet fed, 60-75% of these aged dogs had renal cortical echogenicity less than that of either the liver or spleen across time; 25-35% of these dogs had renal cortical echogenicity equal to that of the liver, but less than that of the spleen across time. Less than 3% of these dogs had renal cortical echogenicity greater than that of the liver, but less than that of the spleen. Only 1 (one) of these dogs had renal cortical echogenicity equal to that of the spleen and that occurred at only one of the 14 chronologic assessments. Therefore, in either mature or aged dogs imaged with 4.0 to 5.0 MHz equipment, the renal cortical echogenicity should be considered normal if it is less than or equal to that of the liver and less than that of the spleen. In 29 dogs imaged with the 4.0/5.0 MHz equipment and 6 dogs imaged with 7.5 MHz equipment, there was no significant diet or individual dog effect. The 7.5 MHz (6 dog) group had significantly higher average cortical echogenicity scores than the 4.0/5.0 MHz (29 dog) group. However, the occurrence of renal cortical echogenicity greater than liver echogenicity was seen in only 5 of 83 samples (approximately 6.0%) made on 6 dogs imaged with 7.5 MHz equipment and only 1 of 375 samples (approximately 0.27%) made on 29 dogs with 4.0/5.0 MHz equipment. With the exception of one occurrence, all dogs had renal medullary echogenicity less than that of the liver or spleen regardless of imaging equipment frequency. The renal medulla was always hypoechoic compared to the cortex.  相似文献   

20.
Renal dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal differentiation of renal tissue. The ultrasonographic appearance of dysplastic canine kidneys has been reported in the late stage of the disease where inflammatory and degenerative changes are already present and the dogs are in chronic renal failure. In this study, we describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the kidneys of five related Cairn Terriers affected with renal dysplasia before the onset of clinical or laboratory evidence of renal failure. Common findings included poor corticomedullary definition and multifocal hyperechoic speckles in the renal medulla, or a diffusely hyperechoic medulla. Severity of ultrasonographic changes was related to the severity of histopathologic findings. The ability to detect dysplastic changes before clinical signs develop makes ultrasound a potentially useful screening method for canine renal dysplasia.  相似文献   

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