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1.
OBJECTIVE: To describe 2 devices for improving stabilization of inadequately stabilized interlocking nail (ILN) repairs of the humerus, tibia, and femur in dogs and cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Twelve client-owned dogs and cats. METHODS: Two devices to further stabilize ILN repair of inadequately stabilized diaphyseal fractures were developed. Device 1 was an axial extension for the ILN that was connected to a conventional type I external skeletal fixator (ESF) with a short connecting bar. Device 2 had hybrid ILN bolt/ESF pins that were used to lock the ILN and serve as the pins for a type I ESF. Devices were used at the initial surgery when the stability of ILN repair was considered inadequate based on palpable fracture segment movement, insufficient medullary canal filling of the ILN at the fracture site, or when the ILN was used in a buttress mode. Outcome was obtained by recheck examinations, radiography, and telephone interview. RESULTS: Device 1 was applicable to fractures of the humerus and femur, but was not used for fractures of the tibia because the ILN extension would have interfered with the stifle. No gross loosening of the ILN/ESF extension connection to the ILN occurred. Device 2 was easily placed and used in the humerus, femur, and tibia. Device 2 allowed removal of the ILN interlock to one or both main fracture segments non-invasively. Clinically, both devices added stability compared with ILN repair alone. Both devices facilitated controlled destabilization of the fracture repair as healing progressed. Complications of pin tract infection, and premature hybrid bolt/ESF pin loosening resulting in premature ESF removal each occurred in 1 patient. Four of 28 hybrid ILN/ESF pins were grossly loose at 4- or 6-week postoperative recheck examinations. Outcomes were excellent (9), good (1), fair (1), and poor (1). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequately stabilized ILN repair of fractures can be stabilized by use of either device, both of which also permit controlled destabilization of the repair during healing. Device 2 can be used when non-invasive removal of the ILN interlock is desired during healing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These 2 devices should be considered as alternative methods for stabilization of inadequately stabilized ILN repairs in dogs and cats, or when controlled destabilization of an ILN fracture repair is desired.  相似文献   

2.
Objective— (1) To evaluate resistance to axial extraction of 3 pin designs in avian humerus and tibiotarsus; (2) to assess the effect of pin location within the bone on holding power; and (3) to assess the influence of thread pitch on holding power. Study Design— Resistance of pins to axial extraction was measured immediately after insertion. Animals— Adult common buzzards (Buteo buteo; n=9). Methods— Different pin designs (1 smooth; 2 threaded pins, differing in pitch) were inserted into the proximal and distal metaphysis and the proximal, middle, and distal diaphysis of the humerus and tibiotarsus. Maximum force required for axial extraction of pins was recorded. Results— Smooth pins had the lowest extraction force (P<.05). Pins inserted into the diaphysis (proximal, middle and distal) of the humerus and the distal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus had a greater pullout strength than pins in other locations. Pins with a smaller pitch inserted into the proximal diaphysis and distal metaphysis of the humerus, and the proximal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus had significantly greater holding power than pins with a larger pitch (P<.05). Conclusions— Pins inserted into the diaphysis of humerus and the distal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus are better at resisting extraction. Pins with a smaller pitch possess greater holding power than pins with a larger pitch in avian humerus and tibiotarsus. Clinical Relevance— Consideration should be given to pin location and thread pitch, when choosing external skeletal fixation to repair an avian humeral or tibiotarsal fracture.  相似文献   

3.
An ideal head‐immobilization method provides a high level of accuracy and reproducibility in the immobilization. Various head‐immobilization methods for radiotherapy have been published and are excellent in terms of accuracy; however, these methods are complicated to use, and labor intensive. The present study describes two new bite block‐type head‐immobilization devices designed for higher stability and lower vertical variation. The device designed in our previous study (the bite block‐type head‐immobilization device; Device A) was modified by making a groove on the top the horizontal plate (Device B) for a stable ventral‐dorsal position, or beneath the horizontal plate (Device C) for a stable dorsal‐ventral position. The three devices were objectively compared with respect to setup time, and accuracy of the computed tomography scan images by two authors independently. Five male healthy beagles were used in this study. For each device, the setup time and the variation in the coordinates were measured five times for each dog. The mean setup times for Devices A, B, and C were 3.3, 1.5, and 2.4 min, respectively, showing the groove modifications were able to reduce the setup time (in device B, by at least 50%). Moreover, three‐dimensional analysis of the computed tomography images revealed that the measurement variability of Device A (1.6 ± 1.0 mm) was significantly higher than that of Device C (0.7 ± 0.4 mm; P < 0.001). Collectively, our results show that use of a bite block‐type head‐immobilization device with a groove improves the setup time and head‐immobilization accuracy.  相似文献   

4.
Repeatable head immobilization is important for minimizing positioning error during radiation therapy for veterinary patients with head neoplasms. The purpose of this retrospective cross‐sectional study was to describe a novel technique for head immobilization (Device II) and compare this technique with a previously described technique (Device I). Device II provided additional support by incorporating three teeth (vs. two teeth with Device I). Between 2011 and 2013, both devices were applied in clinically affected cats (Device I, n = 17; Device II, n = 11) and dogs (Device I, n = 85; Device II, n = 22) of various breeds and sizes. The following data were recorded for each included patient: variability in the angle of the skull (roll, yaw, and pitch), coordinates of the isocenter, and distance from the reference mark to the tumor. Devices I and II differed for skull angle variability during the treatment of dogs (roll, P = 0.0007; yaw, P = 0.0018; pitch, P = 0.0384) and for yaw of during the treatment of cats (P < 0.0001). In each case, Device II was superior to Device I. The distance from the reference mark to the center of the tumor was significantly decreased for Device II vs. Device I (dogs, P < 0.0001; cats, P = 0.0002). Device II also provided more accurate coordinates for the isocenter. Authors recommend the use of, Device II for future clinical patients.  相似文献   

5.
Xenogenic bone grafts have been widely researched because they are not limited in terms of volume and size like autogenous and allogenic grafts, and the favored bone for xenografts is bovine bone. However, the efficacy of cortical bone from bovine limb for xenografts is not clearly known. In this study, the distribution of cortical bone in bovine humerus, radius, femur, and tibia were investigated. Each experimental bone was split longitudinally with a bone saw and bone marrow and cancellous bone were removed. The thicknesses of cortical layers in sample diaphyses were measured at 1cm intervals using a micrometer. The mean lengths of cortical portions were; humerus 14.7 +/- 2.3 cm, radius 19.0 +/- 2.6 cm, femur 19.0 +/- 3.2 cm, and tibia 23.0 +/- 3.1 cm. Thickest cortical bone was found at the distal caudal metaphysis of the humerus, the proximal caudal metaphysis of the radius, the craniolateral and caudomedial midshaft of the femur and the lateral and medial midshaft of tibia. The mean surface areas of cortical bone were humerus 187.4 +/- 15.44 cm2, radius 229.2 +/- 43.31 cm2, femur 295.8 +/- 8.93 cm2, and tibia 290.0 +/- 30.44 cm2. And, mean volumes of cortical bone were humerus 149.42 +/- 15.35 cm3, radius 166.26 +/- 20.02 cm3, in femur 220.45 +/- 22.73 cm3, and tibia 214.89 +/- 20.05 cm3. The results of this study can be used to produce cortical bone-based plates and screws.  相似文献   

6.
采用玉米淀粉-大豆分离蛋白纯合基础饲粮及不同来源纤维,配制6种试验饲粮:1、基础饲粮(不加纤程);2、纤维素;3、小麦麸;4、米糠;5、高粱糠;6、苜蓿粉。饲于7日龄肉鸡(星布罗),结果如下:1、苜蓿组采食量和体增重显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),其它各组间的体增重无显著差异(P>0.05)。2、鸡不能行走,腿病严重百分率最高者是米糠组,无腿病百分率较高的是基础组和苜蓿组。3、小麦麸组、米糠组、高粱糠组、苜蓿组胫骨中锰含量显著低于基础组和纤维素组(P<0.05),小麦麸组和米糠组胫骨锌显著低于基础组(P<0.05),纤维素组和小麦麸组胫骨铁显著高于基础组(P<0.05),苜蓿组胫骨镁显著高于基础组(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

7.
Evaluation of full cortical allografts in 25 dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Twenty-five dogs received 26 cortical allografts from Apr 9, 1976 through Jan 31, 1982. Cortical allografts were used to reconstruct fractures of the femur, humerus, tibia, radius, and ulna. These grafts were used to replace comminuted fragments; to lengthen bones; to correct malunions, delayed unions, and nonunions; and in one case, to replace bone lost to sequestrum formation in an infected fracture site. All fractures were stabilized by use of standard ASIF techniques and dynamic compression plates. Frozen bone allografts were used in all cases. These were harvested aseptically and stored in a household freezer for 3 days to one year before use. Clinically normal function was achieved in 96% of the dogs.  相似文献   

8.
The objective of this study was to identify access portals for ultrasonographic evaluation of canine long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia). A 7.5 MHz linear transducer was used in five medium-sized dogs (range of 25-35 kg body weight). Good approaches could be identified for all long bones. For the proximal humerus, a cranial portal, and the distal humerus, a lateral portal is suggested. For the radius and ulna, a craniolateral approach seemed to be the best. In the hindlimb, a medial approach for the femur and a craniolateral approach for the tibia were the most effective approaches.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of the present study was to provide a method for evaluating bone toxicity induced by drugs in various bones in aged rats. Male Crl:CD (SD) rats at 46 weeks of age were administered 15 mg/m(2) body surface area of doxorubicin, which effects the growth plate in weanling rats, weekly for 9 weeks by intravenous injection, and the femur, sternum, humerus and tibia were examined histopathologically. In the doxorubicin-treated group, thinning of the growth plate was remarkably observed in the proximal tibia and humerus; however, these changes were not observed in other regions. In addition, the osteoclast number per bone perimeter in the proximal tibia was significantly higher than others in control aged rat. Thus, recognizing the various histological reactions related to the time of epiphyseal closure is important for evaluating bone toxicity in aged rats.  相似文献   

10.
大豆黄酮对产蛋后期蛋鸡内分泌及骨代谢的影响   总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3  
1000只455日龄伊莎褐蛋鸡，随机分为2组，即对照组和大豆黄酮组。日粮处理：对照组为基础日粮，大豆黄酮组为基础日粮＋10mg／kg大豆黄酮。试验为期9周。结果显示：与对照组比较，大豆黄酮显著提高蛋鸡的生产性能，其血浆钙和降钙素水平，在试验中期分别增加27．05％（P〈0．05）、29．19％（P〈0．05）；在试验后期分别增加22．69％（P〈0．05）和20．28％（P〈0．05）；整个试验期，大豆黄酮组左胫骨、左肱骨骨密度（BMD）增加18．59％（P〈0．05）、11．41％（P〉0．05）。结论：大豆黄酮可提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的生产性能并改善骨代谢。  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To compare ease of insertion, load to failure, and mode of failure of cortical and cancellous screws, BoneBiter, IMEX, and TwinFix suture anchors in canine metaphyseal tibial bone. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental biomechanical study. ANIMALS: Canine cadaveric tibias. METHODS: One investigator inserted all anchors and subjectively evaluated ease of placement. Anchor systems were loaded to failure along axis of insertion with audio-video recording to determine failure mode. RESULTS: BoneBiter was the most difficult anchor to insert successfully. Mean+/-SD loads to failure were cancellous screw (711+/-193 N), IMEX 4.7 mm 18 g wire (661+/-163 N), IMEX 4.0 mm 18 g wire (661+/-165 N), cortical screw (635+/-184 N), BoneBiter #5 Kevlar suture (393+/- 109 N), and TwinFix 5.0 mm #2 polyester (267+/-73 N). No significant differences were noted among the cortical screw, cancellous screw, IMEX 4.7 and 4.0 mm, all of which were significantly (P<.001) greater than BoneBiter and TwinFix . Failure modes were pullout of bone, suture-wire breakage, eyelet breakage, or no failure to 1000 N: screws (18,0,0,2), IMEX (18,1,1,0), BoneBiter (2,8,0,0), and TwinFix (0,10,0,0). CONCLUSIONS: Fixation devices were user friendly, with the exception of BoneBiter. Mode of failure is dependent on suture material and anchor design. Cortical and cancellous screws, and IMEX anchors with 18 g wire have significantly greater load to failure compared with BoneBiter and TwinFix suture anchors. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on load to failure, ease of use, design characteristics, and cost, IMEX anchors may have advantages over other comparable soft tissue fixation devices.  相似文献   

12.
正常公母犬四肢长骨间骨量相互关系的研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
用双光子吸收法 (DPA)测定 81只健康大型犬 (其中公犬 45只 ,母犬 36只 )远端桡尺骨、肱骨、胫骨及股骨的骨矿含量 (BMC)和骨密度 (BMD)。结果表明 ,公犬各骨骼间BMC和BMD相关系数 (r)分别平均为 0 90和 0 71,估计标准误 (SEE)分别平均为 11 32 %和 10 67% ;母犬r分别平均为 0 89和 0 59,SEE分别平均为 11 32 %和 10 67%。公犬肱骨和母犬股骨相关性高 ,预测性好 ,尤其两者对胫骨预测性更好 (公犬BMC ,r =0 91,SEE =9 67% ;BMD ,r =0 76 ,SEE =8 67% ;母犬BMC ,r =0 91,SEE =7 69% ;BMD ,r =0 70 ,SEE =6 90 % )。  相似文献   

13.
硒对STZ诱发糖尿病大鼠骨密度影响的研究初报   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
比较了在低硒饲料的基础上补充不同形态硒对糖尿病大鼠骨密度的影响。健康SD大鼠 1 2 8只 ,体重 50～ 60 g,随机分为 4组 ,每组 32只 ,雌雄各半 ,其中Ⅰ组为低硒对照组 (饲料含硒量 0 0 37mg/kg) ;Ⅱ组为补充亚硒酸钠组 (饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg) ;Ⅲ组为补充富硒麦芽组(饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg) ;Ⅳ组为补充富硒酵母组 (饲料含硒量 0 3mg/kg)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的饲料均是在Ⅰ组低硒饲料的基础上分别添加适量的亚硒酸钠、富硒麦芽、富硒酵母后配制而成。喂饲 5周后 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组用链脲佐菌素 (streptozotocin ,STZ)按 60mg/kg腹腔注射诱发糖尿病 ,继续饲喂 6周。用单光子吸收法测定各组大鼠的肱骨、股骨、胫骨、桡骨的骨密度。结果表明 :①STZ致糖尿病大鼠的骨密度随时间的延长有逐渐下降的趋势。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ补硒组大鼠可以在一定时间内延缓STZ致糖尿病大鼠的骨密度下降。在此期间骨密度的下降以肱骨出现最早 ,股骨次之 ,桡骨、胫骨再次之。②饲料补硒组糖尿病大鼠的肱骨、股骨中硒的含量较饲料低硒组糖尿病大鼠的肱骨、股骨中硒的含量显著提高。③补充硒的形态 ,即有机硒 (富硒麦芽、富硒酵母 )或无机硒 (亚硒酸钠 )对糖尿病大鼠肱骨、股骨、胫骨、桡骨的骨密度影响差异不显著。  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a free vascularized tibial bone graft based on the periosteal saphenous blood supply. STUDY DESIGN: Preliminary anatomic study of medial tibial blood supply. In vivo comparison of a vascularized and avascular tibial bone graft. ANIMALS: Nine canine cadavers; 14 healthy adult dogs that weighed 25 to 32 kg. METHODS: An anatomic study of the vascular supply of the medial aspect of the tibia was performed using the Spalteholz technique. A bone graft consisting of the medial aspect of the tibia was transferred to a mandibular defect as a vascularized graft in 7 dogs and as an avascular graft in 7 dogs. Bone scans were performed to evaluate graft perfusion. Radiographic evaluation of the mandibles and tibias was performed. The dogs were killed after 60 days, five mandibles from each group were examined histologically, and two from each group were evaluated using the Spalteholz technique. RESULTS: The saphenous vascular pedicle provides vascular perfusion to the medial tibial cortex. Bone scans and radiographic evaluations were consistent with viable bone in the vascularized grafts, and nonviable bone in the avascular grafts. Histological examination revealed live, healing bone in vascular grafts and necrotic bone in avascular grafts. Spalteholz evaluation revealed many small arborizing vessels in the vascular grafts and no organized vasculature in the avascular grafts. CONCLUSIONS: The vascularized medial tibial cortical bone graft survived and proceeded to bony union in the mandibular body defect more readily than the avascular graft in this experimental model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A vascularized medial tibial bone graft is a suitable free graft for use in reconstructing bone defects in dogs.  相似文献   

15.
1. Tibia and humerus breaking strength of Lohmann Silver hybrids kept in conventional cages, furnished cages and an aviary with outdoor run were examined in two production cycles. Each trial lasted a full laying period; feeding, management and healthcare were identical for all hens. In both trials bone strength was investigated at the end of laying months 6, 9 and 14. 2. The objective was to determine if bone strength increases when hens are kept in alternative housing systems, especially in furnished cages, and whether hen age affects bone stability. 3. The results indicated that housing system influenced bone breaking strength, which was consistently higher for hens in the aviary compared to hens in conventional and furnished cages. Furthermore, humerus breaking strength was higher for hens in furnished cages compared to conventional cages. No significant difference regarding tibia breaking strength was found between conventional and furnished cages. 4. Our results showed that lack of exercise contributed to the problem of weak bones more than did calcium depletion from eggshell formation. 5. Tibia breaking strength increased during the last third of the production cycle, whereas humerus breaking strength remained unaffected by hen age. 6. Genetic group affected only tibial bone breaking strength, which was lower overall in genetic group A than in group B, which in turn was lower than group C. 7. The increased bone strength in the aviary and in the furnished cages probably reduced the incidence of recently broken bones in these systems compared to the conventional cages. This increase in bone strength can be regarded as an improvement in welfare. Furnished cages, like the aviary system, might be considered an alternative housing system for laying hens, because both resulted in enhanced bone strength.  相似文献   

16.
The history, clinical signs, laboratory and radiological findings of a cat with polyostotic osteomyelitis are described. A disseminated periosteal reaction involving the femur, humerus and tibia bilaterally was evident on radiographs. The joints were not affected. Diagnosis of osteomyelitis was confirmed by bone marrow aspiration and bone biopsy. Clostridium novyi was cultured from the bone marrow.  相似文献   

17.
A feline tibial nonunion model was used to evaluate the efficacy of fresh autogeneic and deep-frozen allogeneic cortical chip grafts for bone repair. Rigidly fixated tibial ostectomies with a segmental defect length of 1 cm were grafted with 3 mm X 2 mm chips of cortical bone in 12 skeletally mature cats. Six cats were given fresh autogeneic bone (group A) and 6 were given deep-frozen allogeneic bone (group B). Bone healing was evaluated radiographically and histologically over a 12-week period. Consolidating bony callus and palpable stability of the tibia after bone plate removal were evident in all group A cats and 4 of the 6 group B cats by 12 weeks after surgery. Bone remodeling had progressed to intermediate restoration of diaphyseal structure in 2 cats of each group. Fibrous replacement of graft chips, absence of bony callus, and instability of the tibia after bone plate removal were evident in 1 group B cat at 12 weeks. The remaining group B cat was withdrawn from the study at 6 weeks due to loosening of the bone plate and screws.  相似文献   

18.
Reasons for performing study: Studies investigating the clinical efficacy of albuterol administered with the same propellant and commercially available delivery devices in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) are not currently available. Objectives: To determine the efficacy of aerosolised albuterol administered to horses with RAO by means of 2 commercially available, hand‐held delivery devices. Methods: Ten horses with RAO were kept in a dusty environment and fed mouldy hay to induce airway obstruction. Lung mechanics were measured before and after the procedure. ΔPmax was measured 5 min after administration of 180 µg of albuterol from a pressurised metered dose inhaler, using an aerosol delivery device chosen randomly. This process was repeated every 5 min until maximal bronchodilation was achieved. After a 24 h washout period, lung mechanics data were again collected using the other aerosol delivery device. Results: Aerosolised albuterol induced a significant and rapid bronchodilation in the horses using both aerosol delivery devices. No statistically significant difference in pulmonary function was observed in response to albuterol therapy between the 2 devices. The dose required to achieve 50% of maximal bronchodilation was not statistically different between the 2 devices (173.35 ± 78.35 µg with Device 1 and 228.49 ± 144.99 µg with Device 2, P = 0.26). The decrease in lung resistance tended to be more pronounced after albuterol administration with Device 1 (P = 0.066). Conclusions: Aerosolised albuterol is an effective bronchodilator in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. There is no statistically significant difference between the 2 commercially available aerosol delivery devices in terms of efficacy. Potential relevance: Aerosolised albuterol is effectively delivered using currently available devices leading to maximal bronchodilation in horses with RAO at an average dose of 540 µg.  相似文献   

19.
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of beta-tricalcium phosphate and poly L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-epsilon-caprolactone (TCP/PLGC) membrane in the repair of partial bone defects in canine proximal humerus. Three adult mixed-breed dogs were used during the experimental period. The length of the defect was quarter of the full length of humerus, and width of the defect was quarter of middle diameter of the lateral aspect of humerus. The humeri of each dog were divided into treatment (TCP/PLGC) and control groups. The defect was covered with TCP/PLGC membrane in treatment group. To evaluate regeneration of the bone, computerized tomography (CT) and histopathologic examination were performed. The radiopaque lines were appeared at the original defect sites in TCP/PLGC group but below the original site in control at 4th week. Radiopacity and thickness of the defect sites, and radiopaque lines were more increased at 8th week than those of 4th week. Histopathologic findings revealed fibrous connective tissue migration into the defect and the migration inhibited the structure of new cortex to be placed in the original level in control whereas new cortex growth was found in the level of original line in TCP/PLGC group. However, the new cortical bone in the TCP/PLGC group was thinner and less organized than the adjacent intact cortex, and the amount of new cancellous bones were also scanty. The result suggested that TCP/PLGC membrane is a good guided bone regeneration material to restore the original morphology of humerus in partial defect.  相似文献   

20.
The corpus fibulae (CF) in sheep is represented by a cartilaginous anlage during early embryogenesis, which may calcify and ossify with ongoing gestation and finally towards term is supposed to be replaced by a connective tissue cord called ligamentum fibulare (LF). A recent study in goat (Boos A and T Bartels, 2002), however, revealed that 58 % of the animals examined exhibited a pin‐shaped bone within the LF. This indicates that a complete transformation of the anlage of the CF to a connective tissue cord is not performed in all goats raising the question of existing parallels in sheep. Forty‐two fetuses and lower legs of 18 lambs and 100 sheep being elder than 2 years were collected at the slaughterhouse. Radiographs and macerated or enzymatically cleared and stained lower legs were assessed for the expression of a CF. In 28 of 42 fetuses (66%), 11 of 18 lambs (61%) and 48 of 100 adult sheep (48%) at least one cartilaginous – only fetal period – or osseous CF could be detected. Differences between groups were significant (Chi‐square test, P < 0.05). In 2, 3 and 15 animals, respectively, only a unilateral expression was evident. In early fetuses, the fibula either consisted of a long anlage having the length of the tibia or of a long proximal and a short distal part paralleling the tibia. In somewhat larger fetuses the CF was composed only of the proximal part or even completely lacked (crown rump length 7.5 ± 1.5 vs. 11.2 ± 2.4 and 12.2 ± 2.0 cm, respectively). Pre‐term fetuses, lambs and adult sheep were devoid of a CF (n = 5/7, 7/11 and 52/100, respectively) or exhibited a pin‐shaped bone of varying length within the LF. This osseous CF was either in close contact to the caput fibulae (n = 6 animals) – always separated by connective tissue – or located more distally. In the latter cases the centre of the osseous pin was usually situated at a level between the proximal and intermediate thirds of the tibia. Results suggest that the corpus fibulae in sheep may persist in many individuals (50%) as a pin‐shaped bone throughout life. Reference Boos, A., and T. Bartels, 2002: Ann. Anat. 184, 289–293  相似文献   

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